W h e n
dling, a n d other costs m a k e u p the dif ference. T h e d e p i t h i n g process is b u t o n e i m p o r t a n t step t o w a r d r e d u c i n g bagasse cost a t mills.
t h e s e hands are old and weak
Conservative Estimates of Bagasse Costs
Cost/Ton Mill-run bagasse, 50% moisture Baling and stacking bagasse Moving baled bagasse from stacks to railroad cars Average railroad freight cost to market
$1.50 3.00 0.25 1.60 S6.35 B.F.G.
I/EC
the pipe will still be™ sound /(^ACE RIVICLOR Corrosion-resistant plastic piping RIVICLOR, newest of all rigid plastic pipe, heads the list for resistance to chemicals and excellent aging characteristics . . . plus high strength, toughness and easy workability.
Approved For Use With Drinking
Riviclor is unplasticized polyvinyl chloride, specially formulated for process piping. Non-toxic, non-flammable, excellent insulating properties. Only half weight of aluminum. Never needs painting. Smooth inner surfaces give you high flow rates with low loss of head. Use Riviclor for all in-plant piping of mild or strong corrosives at normal temperatures . . . for liquid lines where "sweating" or corrosive vapors are problems . . . for underground piping. Pipe, fittings, diaphragm valves from W " to 2".
Water
Ask for Technical Bulletin CE-56.
BASES
Acetic 5 0 % Chromic 2 5 % Hydrochloric 38% Hydrofluoric 50% Nitric 2 0 % Sulphuric 5 0 % Sulphuric 9 8 % S
ACE
\4 24 A
Ethyl Alcohol Methyl Ethyl Ketone Gasoline
HALOGENS Sodium Chloride Sat. Ferric Chloride Sodium Hypo chlorite 5 %
Animal O i l Vegetable O i l Phenol 1 0 % Chlorine 5 % Alum
S S S
S
S
Plating Solutions S
u s s s s s
Photographie Solutions
S
KEY: S—Satisfactory L—Limited to certain applications
L S
U—Unsuitable
processing equipment of rubber and plastics
A M E R I C A N H A R D RUBBER 93
Carbon Tetrachloride
MISCELLANEOUS
Ammonium Hydroxide 2 8 % S Sodium Hydroxide 5 0 % S
WORTH
STREET
·
COMPANY
N E W YORK
13, Ν.
For further information, circle number 24 A on Readers' Service Card, page 123 A
INDUSTRIAL AND ENGINEERING CHEMISTRY
Extremely small amounts of l e a d , bismuth, or thallium speed inhibitor sweetening of sour gaso lines. I o u c a n get a lot of benefits when inhibitor sweetening is conducted w i t h doctor solution (sodium p l u m b i t e ) present in t h e caustic : • Reaction rates a r e boosted to a point w h e r e storage time is cut in half. • T h e s w e e t e n e d gasoline h a s a very l o w peroxide number a n d copper dish g u m . • Less TEL is required finished product to boost ratings.
ABBREVIATED TABLE OF CHEMICAL RESISTANCE ACIDS
Gasoline Gets Sweeter
Υ.
in t h e octane
This money-saving idea, d e veloped b y L . D . R a m p i n o a n d M . J . G o r h a m of T i d e w a t e r O i l Co., definitely improves quality of sweet gasoline. I t is t h e basis for a recently g r a n t e d p a t e n t . S w e e t e n i n g H a s Its P r o b l e m s
D u r i n g sweetening, a cracked gasoline t h a t contains mercaptans·. first treated with phenylened i a m i n e - t y p e inhibitor a n d then b r o u g h t in contact with a i r a n d caustic. After a variable period of time, t h e m e r c a p t a n s disappear a n d t h e gasoline is sweet.
r
REPORTS
I/EC
But the process has certain limitations because it lowers product quality. (Sweetening causes peroxide formation; the peroxides increase gum formation, which lowers engine cleanliness.) Only certain cracked gasolines can be satisfactorily sweetened. Refiners must reduce the gasoline's end point to keep gum formation within accepted limits. Certain metals, however, speed up the sweetening process and allow the refiner to run off his product with a higher end point. Doctor solution, for example, catalyzes the reaction of mercaptans and peroxides. Salts of bismuth and thallium also act as catalysts.
NEW A I D TO BETTER COST CONTROL
Why Some Metals Are Effective
When a sour gasoline is stored over caustic containing doctor solution, lead mercaptides form immediately. These mercaptides destroy peroxides formed during inhibitor sweetening. Although this mechanism accounts for the way peroxides disappear, it does not explain why less than stoichiometric amounts of lead are consumed. Rampino suggests that reaction of peroxide with lead mercaptide produces a solid peroxide—Pb(SR) 2 0 I ; this peroxide oxidizes mercaptans to disulfides. The lead compound formed in this reaction then reacts with more peroxide and the process repeats itself. When the metals in their higher state of oxidation are used, metal mercaptides are also formed. The mechanism of action is believed to take the same course. In commercial practice, Tidewater engineers inject doctor solution into a caustic-gasoline-air mixture. This mixture goes to a rundown tank and caustic is continuously recirculated from the bottom of the tank. For optimum product quality, Rampino says a gasoline must be kept in contact with the caustic until sweetening is complete. To simplify commercial practice, two tanks are used alternately, one receiving fresh gasoline undergoing treatment while the other is being transferred to blending or storage. H.W.H.
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~*^^S5Rp^^^
Please mail to me a Toledo Weight Fact Kit without obligation. NAMF COMPANY
I
ADDRESS CITY
7DNE
STATF
For further information, circle number 25 A on Readers' Service Card, page 123 A VOL. 48, N O . 12 « DECEMBER 1956
1 25 A
