Genetically Modified Crop Approvals and Planted Acreages

Chapter 3

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Genetically Modified Crop Approvals and Planted Acreages V. A. Forster Forster and Associates Consulting, 230 Steeple Chase Circle, Wilmington, DE 19808

In the past few years, genetically modified crops and their resulting food products have been in the headlines. What are these crops and the genes that have been inserted into them? Since 1992, the USDA has granted "nonregulated" status to 50 genetically modified lines of crops. Included in this number are 15 lines of corn, 5 lines of soybeans, 5 lines of cotton, 11 lines of tomato, and 4 lines of potato. The corn lines have been modified to express: tolerance to either the herbicide glyphosate (RoundUp®), or to the herbicide glufosinate-ammonium (Liberty®); resistance to the pest, european corn borer (Ostrinia nubilalis) ECB; or a combination of herbicide tolerance to either glyphosate or glufosinate-ammonium and ECB resistance. Four of the soybean lines have been modified to express tolerance to either glyphosate, or to (Liberty), with one type expressing modified oil (high oleic acid) content. The cotton lines have been modified to express herbicide tolerance to either glyphosate, bromoxynil or sulfonylurea, or insect resistance to the pest, pink bollworm (Pectinophora gossypiella) PBW and tobacco budworm (Heliothis virescens) TBW. One cotton line expresses bromoxynil tolerance and PBW resistance. Nine tomato lines have been modified to delay fruit ripening. One tomato line has been modified to express resistance to the pests tomato pinworm, (Kieferia lycopersicella) TPW and

© 2002 American Chemical Society

Rajasekaran et al.; Crop Biotechnology ACS Symposium Series; American Chemical Society: Washington, DC, 2002.

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tomato fruitworm (Helicoverpa zea) T F W . A n d one tomato line has been modified to express a lower polygalacturonase level which makes for a more meaty tomato for processing. Three modified potato lines are resistant to the Colorado Potato Beetle (Leptinotarsa decemlineata) C P B , and one line expresses resistance to the potato virus Y (PVY) in addition to being resistant to the CPB.

In 1998, approximately 40-50% of the total U S corn planted acreage was genetically modified, with approximately one-half of the 1998 total U S planted soybean acreage genetically modified. Approximately 50% of the cotton was genetically modified and approximately 5-10 % of the potato plants were genetically modified in 1998. More detail with regards to the genetic elements and approvals are given in Table 1.

Planted Acreages to Genetically Modified Crops Figure 1 indicates the adoption rates by farmers, according to N A S S and the Economic Research service, of genetically modified varieties of corn, soybean, and cotton, respectively, from 1996 to 2000. The crops are divided by trait, Bt, crops which express insect resistance that results from expression of the delta-endotoxin protein of the naturally occurring soil microbe Bacillus thuringiensis; and herbicide-tolerant.

Lines and Events of Crops No Longer Regulated by USDA Table 1, Molecular Information and Approval Status of Selected Events, lists some of the major products including the crop, trait (phenotype), registrant, transformation event, inserted genes, and registration status in some of the major commodity trading partners. For a complete listing of the approximately 50 events no longer regulated by U S D A , the reader is directed to the Websites listed in the References section.

Acknowledgements The author would like to thank the following individuals for reviewing this manuscriptto ensure the accuracy of information presented: Jeff Stein, Novartis Seeds; Penny Hunst, Dow AgroSciences; Dirk Klonus, Aventis Crop Sciences and Raymond Dobert, Monsanto Company.


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1996,1997 and 1998 figures are from: ERS, U S D A "Genetically Engineered Crops for Pest Management", 1999 1999 figures are from: NASS, USDA," Prospective Plantings, March 2000". 1999 data are a percent of harvested acres. HT crops include those derived from using both biotechnology and conventional breeding techniques 2000 figures are from: NASS, USDA, "Acreage June 2000". 2000 data are planted acres. No 1996 data is available on HT cotton Figure 1. Extent of Bt and herbicide-tolerant seed technologies used in corn, soybean and cotton production


Rajasekaran et al.; Crop Biotechnology ACS Symposium Series; American Chemical Society: Washington, DC, 2002. YieldGard® Corn ECB resistance, glufosinate tolerance Bt11 Northrup King

1/18/96 1996 6/9/98 (approval for Import and processing only, not for growinp) 10/1996 (Environment); 9/1996 (Food and Feed)

5'CaMV35S pat from S. vlrldochromogenes nos 3' from A. tumefaciens IVS2 intron from Zea mays direct DNA transfer

PEPC promoter (1 copy), Pollen promoter 5'CaMV35S (1 copy) Cry1A(b) from Bacillus thurlnglensls Cry1A(b) from Bacillus thurlnglensls ssp. kurstakl ssp. kurstakl nos 3' from A. tumefaciens 3'CaMV35S iVS intron from Zee mays intron #9 from PEPC gene from lea mays

NatureGard®, Knockout® Corn ECB resistance, glufosinate tolerance Event 176 Clba Geigy

Terminator Other Genotype 2 Promoter 5'CaMV35S pat from S. vlrldochromogenes Gene Terminator 3'CaMV35S Other Method of transformation microprojectlle bombardment Date Nonregulated by USDA 5/17/95 1995 Date FDA Consultation Final EU 90/220 Approval Status/Date 2/4/97 10/1996 (Environment); 9/1996 (Food and Japan Approval Status/Date Feed)

Gene

Product Crop Phenotype Event Petitioner Genotype 1 Promoter

Table 1: Molecular Information and Approval Status of Selected Events

8/3/98 10/1996 (Environment); 5/1997 (Food): and 6/1997 (Feed)

microprojectlle bombardment 3/15/96 1996

5'CaMV35S Cry1A(b) from Bacillus thurlnglensls ssp. kurstakl nos 3' from A. tumefaciens hsp70 intron from Zea mays

YleldGard® Corn ECB resistance MON 810 Monsanto


3'fromCaMV35S

pat from S. vlrldochromogenes

5'CaMV35$ S'CaMV35S CPA EPSPS from Agrobacterlum CrylA(c) gene from Bacillus tumefaciens thurigenslus ssp. kurstakl nos 3' from A. tumefaciens or 7S nos 3' from A. tumefaciens 3* from soybean chloroplast transit peptide frommay use duplicate copy of 5" petunia hybrida - leader CaMV35S (enhancer)

5'fromCaMV35S

BollGard®, InGard® Cotton PBW resistant IPC531 Monsanto

RoundUp Ready® Soybean glyphosate resistant GTS-40-3-2 Monsanto

LlbertyLInk® Corn glufosinate tolerance Events T14 and T25 AgrEvo

5'CaMV35S nptll from E. coll Tn5 nos 3' from A. tumefaciens or 7S 3' from soybean may use duplicate copy of 5" Other CaMV35S (enhancer) particle acceleration A. tumefaciens mediated A. tumefaciens Method of transformation 6/22/95 5/19/94 6/22/95 Date Nonregulated by USDA 1995 1995 1995 Date FDA Consultation Final 5/0796, for import crushing and EU 90/220 Approval food use pending 8/3/98 (Event T25 only) Status/Date 3/1996 (Environment); 9/1996 4/1997 (Environment); 5/1997 Japan Approval Status/Date 12/1997 (Environment); 7/1997 (Food); (Food); and 6/1997 (Feed) (Food and Feed) and 5/1997 (Feed)

Genotype 2 Promoter Gene Terminator

Other

Terminator

Product Crop Phenotype Event Petitioner Genotype 1 Promoter Gene

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References Fernandez-Cornejo, J. and McBride, W.D.. "Genetically Engineered Crops for Pest Management in U.S. Agriculture", Economic Research Service, USDA, Agricultural Economic Report No. 786, April 2000. "Genetically Engineered Crops for Pest Management", Economic Research Service, USDA. Report no longer available. www.aphis.usda.gov/biotech/petday.html www.ers.usda. gov www.usda. gov/nass http://vm.cfsan.fda.gov/~Ird/biocan.html www.epa.gov/fedrgstr/EPA-PEST.htm www.rki.de/GENETIC/INVEHRKEHR/INVKLIST_ E.HTM http://ss.s.affrc.go.ip/docs/sentan/eguide/commercnew.htm


Genetically Modified Crop Approvals and Planted Acreages

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