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Glutathione responsive hyaluronic acid nanocapsules obtained by bioorthogonal interfacial “click” reaction Grit Baier, Michael Fichter, Andreas Kreyes, Katja Klein, Volker Mailänder, Stephan Gehring, and Katharina Landfester Biomacromolecules, Just Accepted Manuscript • DOI: 10.1021/acs.biomac.5b01279 • Publication Date (Web): 02 Dec 2015 Downloaded from http://pubs.acs.org on December 9, 2015
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Biomacromolecules
Glutathione responsive hyaluronic acid nanocapsules obtained
by
bioorthogonal
interfacial
“click”
reaction Grit Baier1, Michael Fichter2, Andreas Kreyes1, Katja Klein1, Volker Mailänder1,3, Stephan Gehring2, and Katharina Landfester1* 1
Max Planck Institute for Polymer Research, Ackermannweg 10, 55128 Mainz, Germany
2
Children’s hospital, Medicine of the Johannes-Gutenberg University, Langenbeckstr. 1, 55131 Mainz, Germany 3
III. Medical Clinic, University Medicine of the Johannes-Gutenberg University, Langenbeckstr. 1, 55131 Mainz, Germany Corresponding author:
[email protected] Tel.: +49(0)6131 379-170 Fax: +49(0)6131 379-370
KEYWORDS: hyaluronic acid, click reaction, glutathione triggered release, nanocapsules ABSTRACT Azide functionalized hyaluronic acid and disulfide dialkyne have been used for “click” reaction polymerization at the miniemulsion droplets interface leading to glutathione responsive nanocapsules (NCs). Inverse miniemulsion polymerization was chosen, due to its excellent performance properties, e.g. tuning of size and size distribution, shell thickness/density and their high pay loading efficiency. The obtained size, size distribution, and encapsulation efficiency were checked via fluorescent spectroscopy and the tripeptide glutathione was used to release an 1 ACS Paragon Plus Environment
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encapsulated fluorescent dye after cleavage of the nanocapsules shell. To show the glutathione mediated intracellular cleavage of disulfide containing NC shells, CellTracker™ was encapsulated into the nanocapsules. The cellular uptake in dendritic cells and the cleavage of the nanocapsules in the cells were studied using confocal laser scanning microscopy. Because of the mild reaction conditions used during the interfacial polymerization and the excellent cleavage properties, we believe that the synthesis of glutathione responsive hyaluronic acid NCs reported herein are of high interest for the encapsulation and release of sensitive compounds at high yields.
INTRODUCTION Recently, several groups reported having performed the Huisgen 1,3 dipolar cycloaddition of terminal electron deficient alkynes to azides at room temperature without the use of a copper catalyst.1-6 This reaction enables mild conditions for life science application and can be performed in the absence of an inert atmosphere that is needed to protect the copper(I) catalyst from being oxidized. For example, copper salts themselves reduce the stability of emulsions through interaction with surfactants, thus limiting the range of applicable surfactants. Furthermore, copper complexes can be highly toxic to living systems and can induce changes in the cellular metabolism.7 The impact of multiple reactions that are named “click” reaction and the developed applications of the “click” chemistry have been previously described in many publications.8, 9 Polysaccharide chemistry is often used to modify polysaccharides (e.g. cellulose, dextran, chitosan, starch, guar, hyaluronan) to achieve structures with specific properties for a 1,3 dipolar azide alkyne cycloaddition.8, 10, 11 Moreover, the functionalization of nanocarriers with drug-derived clickable biomimetic anchor units is currently part of numerous studies.12 Since “click” chemistry has been shown to work well for protein functionalization, the introduction of 2 ACS Paragon Plus Environment
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azides and acetylenes into biomolecules has become of great interest.13 To form a stable triazole ring, 1,3 dipolar cycloaddition as a highly atom efficient reaction is well suited since no side products are produced. This makes the reaction suitable for many applications (e.g. biomedical application, drug delivery systems, cosmetics, food chemistry). Hyaluronic acid is composed of D-glucuronic
acid and D-N-acetylglucosamine, linked via alternating β-1,4 and β-1,3 glycosidic
bonds. It is biocompatible, biodegradable, has a very low level of immune response, and exhibits a fast degradation profile and clearance within the body. During the last years HA has been modified using different procedures to obtain nanocarriers for various applications (e.g. hydrogels for tissue engineering).14 To perform reactions inside the droplets and at their interface, the miniemulsion technique is a versatile method to obtain nanometer sized (100-500 nm) and narrowly distributed polymeric nanocapsules. Under carefully chosen conditions of miniemulsification, on one hand it is possible to encapsulate fragile molecules and on the other hand it is possible to functionalize the surface of these nanocontainers during the synthesis or afterwards. Recently, we reported the use of ‘‘click’’ reactions to form nanocapsules of low molecular weight difunctional monomers through polymerization at the interface of miniemulsion droplets and we achieved nanocontainers through the interfacial thiol–disulfide exchange reaction between dithiol DNA oligonucleotides and disulfide groups of a comonomer.15, 16 The concept of interfacial step growth addition of electron deficient alkynes and a water soluble azide showed that there is no need of a (copper) catalyst and all polymerizations could be conducted at room temperature, resulting in a high degree of polymerization. Due to of its excellent biological properties, including non-immunogenicity which is an essential prerequisite for biocompatibility, hyaluronic acid (HA) and its derivatives are broadly used in pharmacy and medicine. Recently, we synthesized hyaluronic acid based nanocapsules containing the antimicrobial agent polyhexanide. These nanocapsules are 3 ACS Paragon Plus Environment
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specifically cleaved in the presence of hyaluronidase, an enzyme that is produced by bacteria like Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli.17 Glyconanocapsules were prepared with an oily core by copper(I)-catalyzed azide−alkyne cycloaddition interfacial step growth polymerization in oil-in-water miniemulsion conditions.18 Herein, the formation of NCs consisting of polytriazole shell designed from an electron deficient disulfide dialkyne and hyaluronic acid azide is shown. The miniemulsion “click” reaction polymerization took place at the droplets interface under ambient conditions. Cleavage of pendant disulfide linkages introduced in the polytriazole shell was obtained by glutathione titration. Glutathione as a natural tripeptide is the most abundant thiol species in the cytoplasm and the major reducing agent in biochemical processes.19 As a cellular reducing agent it is found at different concentrations in intracellular (~10 mM) and extracellular (
