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T H E J O C R N A L O F I N D C S T R I A L A N D E,YGINEERIlVG C H E M I S T R Y
of the Biological Departmenteof Eli Lilly & Company, as speaker. The new President of the Detroit Section is Mr. C. T. Bragg, a graduate of Purdue University in 1906 and the Technical Director of Berry Bros., Inc., Detroit, Mich. He is a member of the American Society for Testing Materials, the American Institute of Chemical Engineers, the American Institute of Metals and the American Chemical Society. The British Minister of Munitions has constituted a hIunitions Inventions Branch of the Ministry, with M r E. W. Moir as Comptroller. For the present the branch is located in Armaments Building, Whitehall Place and will have the duty of considering projects for inventions relating to munitions for warfare on land or matters appertaining thereto. The Comptroller and staff of the branch will be assisted in their work of examination, and, if thought necessary, in the investigation and development of any projects t h a t may be considered worthy of being developed, by a panel of honorary scientific and other experts. The following gentlemen have accepted Mr. Lloyd George’s invitation to act on this panel : Colonel Goold Adams, Mr. Horace Darwin, Mr. Macdougal Duckham, hlr. W. Duddell, blr~ Sebastian 2 . de Ferranti, Professor Glazebrook, Sir Robert Hadfield, Professor J. S. Haldane, Colonel N . B. Heffernan, Sir Alexander Kennedy, M r . F. W. Lanchester, Professor A. P. Laurie, Professor Vivian Lewes, Mr. Michael Longridge, M r . W. H . Maw, Sir Hiram Maxim, Captain Moore, Sir Henry Norman, Mr. F. G. Ogilvie, Major-General G. K . Scott-Moncrieff, Mr. Wilfrid Stokes, M r . James Swinburne, Sir Joseph John Thomson, M r . A. J. Walter, Mr. C. J. Wilson. M r . F. W. Harbord has been appointed honorary adviser in metallurgy t o the British Munitions Committee, and is now devoting his whole time to the work. The Gold Medal ofthe Company of Dyers, London, has been awarded to Professor Arthur G. Green, University of Leeds, and Mr. W. Johnson, a research student of the University of Leeds, for a n investigation into the constitution of aniline black. The medal is awarded annually on the recommendation of the Society of Dyers and Colourists. A special joint committee of the London Chemical Society and the Society of Chemical Industry has been nominated to consider and advise with regard to the technical aspect of any
V O ~7., SO.I O
inventions and problems which may be submitted to these Societies. Dr. I,. Chas. Raiford, of the department of chemistry of the University of Chicago, has been elected professor of chemistry in the Oklahoma Agricultural and Mechanical College. The Braun Laboratory Appliances, consisting of crushers, pulverizers, samplers, furnaces, burners and other equipment, have been awarded a Gold Medal a t the Panama-Pacific International Exposition a t San Francisco. The exhibit was in c o n junction with the Bureau of Mines who have maintained a working laboratory for research work t h a t has proven extremely valuable and interesting to the many visitors a t the Exposition. I n addition to the Gold Medal, The Braun Corporation of Los Angeles and the Braun-Knecht-Heimann Co., of San Francisco, have been awarded Silver Medals as collaborators. The above awards are not the first ones received by the Braun Appliances, Gold Medals having been awarded a t the Expositions a t St. Louis, Jamestown, Portland and Bendigo, Australia.
D ~ prederick , L, ~ ~ fortnerly ~ a member l of ~ the ~~~~d ~ , of Food and Drug Inspection of the Department of A4griculture at Washington, D, C,, has opened up an as a Consulting Chemist, in the hIonadnock Block, The second meeting of the LIissouri Valley Public Health Association was held in Kansas City, Mo., a t the Coates House on the 28th and 29th of September. Dr. Frederick H. Getman, associate professor of chemistry in Bryn hlawr College, has resigned, and Dr. James Llewellyn Crenshaw of the Geophysical Laboratory, Washington, has been appointed associate in physical chemistry. Dr. E. K. Bolton, formerly Sheldon Fellow from Harvard Cniversity to the Kaiser Wilhelm Institute at the University of Berlin, has accepted a position in the Research Laboratory a t the Experimental Station of the du Pont de Nemours Powder Company, lVilmington, Del. The Joseph A. Holmes Chair of Safety and Efficiency Engineering has been established in the Colorado School of Mines as a memorial to the late Dr. Joseph A . Holmes, Director of the Cnited States Bureau of Mines. 1
GOVERNMENT PUBLICATIONS
I
By R. S. MCBRIDB,Bureau of Standards, Washington
NOTICE-Publications for which price is indicated can be purchased from the Superintendent of Documents, Government Printing Office, Washington, D. C. Other publications can usually be supplied from the Bureau or Department from which they originate. Consular Reports are received by all large libraries and may be consulted there, or single numbers can be secured by application t o the Bureau of Foreign and Domestic Commerce, Department of Commerce, Washington. The regular p b s c r i p t i o n rate for these Consular Reports mailed daily is $ 2 . 5 0 per year, payable in advance, t o t h e Superintendent of Documents. BUREAU OF CORPORATIONS Conditions in the Healdton Oil Field. 116 pp. Paper, 15 cents. This report is made on an investigation required by the United States Senate in order to determine the cause of reduction in price of crude oil in the “Ardmore” oil field, and in particular to determine “whether corresponding changes had been made.in the prices of the finished products manufactured from such oil, and whether discriminations were practiced on the part of the company as between different producers of oil in the field, especially against the oil on Indian allotments.”
Among other matters information is given as t o the properties of the oil and the fractions obtainable on distillation. Sections are devoted to the specific gravity, the products obtainable, the manufacture of lubricants, the quantity of sulfur, and the comparative value of the products of this and other Oklahoma crude oils. A large amount of data is given of crude-oil prices and prices of the refined products. BUREAU OF LABOR STATISTICS
Wages and Hours of Labor in the Iron and Steel Industry, 1907-1913. Bulletin 168. 328 pp. Paper, 35 cents. U N I T E D STATES GEOLOGICAL SURVEY
The Production of Fuller’s Earth in 1914. JEFFERSON MIDDLETOK.Separate. from Mineral Resources of t h e U. S. 1914. P a r t 11, pp. 35-40. “The fuller’s earth industry showed considerable progress in 1914,the marketed production increasing in both quantity and value, the former from 38,j94 short tons in I913 t o 40,981 short tons in 1914, and the latter from $369,750 in 1913 to $403,646 in 191q-an increase of 2,387 tons in quantity and of $33,896 in value.”
Oct., 191j
T I I E JOCR,VAL OF ILVDCSTRI.lL A S D ENGISEERILVG C H E M I S T R Y
The imports during the same period showed even a larger increase, the total amounting to 2 j,ooo short tons, 94 per cent of which was wrought or manufacturcd earth. The following sumrnar.y of the uses of fuller’s earth is of particular interest: “Fuller’s earth obtains its name from its original use in fulling cloth. Little is now used in this country for this purpose, it being used principally in bleaching, clarifying, or filtering fats, greases, and oils. I t is also used in the manufacturc of pigments for printing wall papers, for detecting certain coloring matters in some food products, and as a substitute for talcum powder. The common practicc in filtering mineral oils is t o dry the earth carefully and then t o grind it to suitable sizes and run it into long cylinders, through which the crude, dark mineral oils are allowed t o percolate slowly. A s a result, the oil t h a t comes out first is perfectly water-white and much thinner than t h a t which follows. The oil is allowed to percolate through the earth until its color reaches a certain maximum shadc. “The process of filtering vegetable oils is radically different. The oil is heated in large tanks beyond the boiling point of water, from j t o I O per cent of its weight of fuller’s earth is added, and the mixture is vigorously stirred and then filtered off through bag filters. The coloring matter remains with the earth, the filtered oil being of a pale straw color, provided the operation has been performed with sufficient care.” Fuel Briquetting in 1914. EDWARD \T. PARKER.Separate from Mineral Resources of U . S., 1914. Part 11, pp. j7-60. There were produced in the United States in 1914, 250,000 short tons of briquets valued a t SI,joo.ooo. This was an increase of nearly 40 per cent in quantity and 15 per cent in value as compared with 1913. The raw materials and binders employed are discussed. The following two statements are of particular interest: “Thc failure t o make more substantial progress in the production of briquets from anthracite is probably due t o the fact t h a t an absolutely smokeless product has not been obtained, and consumers accustomed to smokeless anthracite object even t o the small amount of smoke emitted from the briquets.”. . . , . . . . “The chief objection to the use of pitch binders is the emission of smoke when first fired, which results in the deposition in the flues and on other surfaces of a tarry soot, which is difficult t o remove.”
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definition be uniform. This circular has been written t o point out t h a t if the horsepower is t o represent the same amount of power at different places its relation t o the watt must be a constant number, and the number of local foot-pounds or kilogrammctcrs per second which it represents must vary from place t o place. Table z and others of this circular show clearly this variation with locality. (This variation is 0.6 per cent.) “It is recommended t h a t engineering societies and other interests concerned recognize the value of the ‘English and American horsepower’ as 746 watts (or j j o foot-pounds per second a t j o o latitude and sea level, approximately the latitude of London), employing Table z t o obtain the value in foot-pounds per second a t other places. It is likewise recommended t h a t the value of the continental horsepower be taken uniformly as 736 watts (or 7 j kilogram-meters per second a t latitude j z 3o’, the latitude of Berlin), and t h a t the value in kilogram-meters per second a t other places be obtained from such a table as Table j of this circular. “The same value, 746 watts, is used by the Bureau of Standards as the exact cquivalent of the English and American horsepower. The Bureau recommends the use, whenever possible, of the kilowatt instead of the horsepower.” Measurements of Length and Area, Including Thermal Expansion. Circular N o . 2 , j t h Edition. 2 1 pp. This Circular gives regulations under which tests of standards of length and area are made including comparison of yard and meter standards, machine shop gauges, engineers’ tapes, and precision screws and calipers. Some information as t o the interrelation of secondary and special units of length and area are given with tables of equivalents and there is included a discussion of the conditions influencing the dimensions of bodies. DEPARTMENT O F AGRICULTURE
Methods of Bacterial Analysis of Air. G. L. il. RUEHLE’. J o u r n a l of A g r i c i l l t z ~ r a l Research, 4 (191j ) , 343-68. This reviews the various methods and proposes a new apparatus as an aeroscope for taking bacterial samples from air. A large number of test results and a brief bibliography are included. COMMERCE REPORTS-AUGUST,
1915
Xn important industry of hlarseilles is the seed-oil industry, The Production of Mica in 1914. DOUGLAS B. STERRETT. producing oil for edible purposes and for soap. The principal Separate from Mineral Resources of the U. S.,1914. P a r t 11, materials crushed are sesame, peanut, flasseed, rape, ravison pp. 67-77, The discussion of t h e occurrence of mica and of the seed, cottonseed, poppy seed, castor seed, pulgheri, kapok, mica industry shows t h a t this ore finds very little application mafouraire, copra, palm kernels, morvraii. and illipe. (Supplein the chemical industries. ment j d . ) BUREAU OF STANDARDS The world’s production of nickel in 1913 was 34,000 tons, An Aneroid Calorimeter. H. C. DICKIKSOXA N D h7.S.Os- of which 24838 tons ‘was obtained from Canadian ore. The latter was reduced t o matte which was either refined in the BORXE. Scientific Paper 247. 26 pp. T h i s includes a descripUnited States by the “salt cake process,” or in England by tion and discussion of the principles in design of an aneroid the Llond process. (Pp. j48-9.) calorimeter which differs from instruments of this general class The first metallic nickel produced in Canada has been made in the fact t h a t both a thermometric element and the heating element are embedded in the mass of metal itself. The method by the Canadian Smelting and Refining Company a t Orillia, Ontario. (P. 73 I .) of calibration is described in detail and data are given on determinations of the specific heat of water. X commission has been appointed in Ontario t o consider the local refining of the nickel ore and matte. (P. 671.) Interference Measurements of Wave Lengths in the Iron The consumption of Chilean sodium nitrate for agricultural Spectrum (A = 2851-3701). KELVIN BURNS. With Xotes o n : Comparison of Lengths of Light Waves by Interference Methods and military purposes has increased, so that the price has beand Some Wave Lengths in the Spectrum of Neon Gas. IV. F. come normal. (Pp. j j 3 and 1 0 0 2 . ) ~ I E G G E R SScientific . Paper 251. 2 7 pp. Since the Russian supply has been cut off, the manufacture The Relation of the Horsepower to the Kilowatt. Circular of “liquid petroleum” or white medicinal oil, used as a laxative, has been started in the United States. (P. 553.) KO. 34, 3rd Edition. 16 pp. “ I t is considered desirable t h a t Estensive deposits of molybdenite have been discovered the watt a n d kilowatt he used as the units of power, whenever possible, for all kinds of scientific, engineering, and other work. near State Lake, British Columbia. (P. jCj.) I t is not unlikely t h a t the unit of horsepower will ultimately go Efforts are being made in Germany t o extract the fats from out of use. In the meantime, however, it is desirable that its solids obtained in sewage purification. (1’. 587.)
904
T H E J O U R N A L OF I N D U S T R I A L A N D E N G I N E E R I N G C H E M I S T R Y
An export tax on minerals from Peru is being considered, (P. 600.) T h e consumption of pulp-wood in Canada is increasing, ( P . 607.) An embargo has been placed by Greece upon the export of magnesite, crude or calcined. (P. 609.) A marked increase in the use of fuel oil in Brazil is noted, (P. 638.) Owing t o the increased price of zinc, zinc ore mining in Canada has been stimulated. (P. 666.) The scarcity of thymol has caused the price in the United States t o increase from $2.25 to $12 per lb. Thymol is manufactured most easily from the oil of ajowan seed, raised in Egypt and India, and formerly exported t o Germany. The oil is distilled with steam, and the thymol separated from the distillate by treatment with NaOH, ,in which the thymol dissolves. It is then precipitated with HC1, and recrystallized from alcohol or glacial acetic acid. While thymol may be obtained from horsemint, indigenous to the United States, it is probable t h a t to establish the industry here, a supply of ajowan seed will have to be imported. (Pp. 674-5.) Exports of rubber from the Amazon Valley to the United States in June, 1915, show a marked increase over June, 1914. (P. 710.) The sugar industry of Swatow, China, has declined steadily, due to lack of modern methods of agriculture and manufacture. (P. 727.) Regulations for the operation of the newly discovered potash deposits of Spain, require uninterrupted working of the mines. (P. 739.) A company has been organized in California to manufacture lemon by-products, such as citrate of lime, lemon oil, lemon .emulsion, etc. (P. 755.) Both semi-anthracite and bituminous coal are mined in the Kwangtung province, China. (Pp. 766-7.) The pitch and tar industry of Russia has greatly increased in recent years, although primitive methods are still in general use.
(P. 8 0 3 . ) Among the important mineral products of Portugal are ores of tungsten, copper, tin, iron and uranium. (P. 836.) Among the principal commodities carried through the Panama Canal during last year are, nitrates, sugar, coal, refined petroleum, iron and steel, and iron ore. (P. 843.) Great difficulty is being experienced in obtaining any supply of indigo for the American dye industry. Logwood is being used, but only to a limited extent. The production of natural indigo in China is now sufficient to permit some exportation. The Chinese indigo, however, contains only about I per cent of t h e pure dye as compared with 40 to 7 0 per cent in other commercial natural indigoes or 2 0 per cent in the artificial paste. The Chinese product cannot, therefore, compete a t present prices. (P. 855.) Examination of the rock asphalt discovered in Leyte, P. I., has shown t h a t i t is suitable for paving. (P. 856.) The iron ore deposits of Surigao, P. I., are estimated t o contain ~oo,ooo,oootons of ore consisting of hydrated oxides. After drying and sintering, the ore contai'ns about 54 per cent of iron. It is exceptionally free from phosphorus and sulfur. (P. 873.) Considerable alum is being manufactured from alunite near Newcastle, Australia. (P. 991.) In Germany, a substitute for hemp and jute has been found in the fiber of a native wild plant, the rough haired willow rose (Epilobium hirsutzts). (P. 999.) Coal is now being exported from Norfolk to Greece. (P. 1015.)
1701. 7 , N o . I O
STATISTICS OF EXPORTS TO LONDON, ENGLAND5 75 Rubber Tin Paper stock Natural indigo Glycerine Hides Plumbago Leather Creosote oil Chemicals SPAIN-901 Iron pyrites Copper iron pyrites Copper Cork VENICE, ITALY-914 Dried beet pulp Glassware Glycerine Hides Jute Talc COLOMBIA-SUP.42b Balsam Divi-divi Gold Platinum Silver Hides Ipecac Rubber Tagua n u t s Tannic extract BELGIUM-SUP. 2a Acids Aluminum Aniline dyes Antimony Asbestos Barytes Basic slag Beeswax Bone meal Chemicals Clav Copper Diamonds Fertilizers Fire brick Glass Glue Glycerine Gum copal Hides Iron Lithopone Matches Naphthalene Nickel Oils-Cocoanut, creosote, lubricating, sod, vegetable Paper Paraffin Phosphates Potash Quebracho Rubber Artificial silk Stearin Wool grease Zinc dust Zinc oxide
TAE UNITEDSTATES ITALY-Sup. 8b SAXONY-1084 Citrate of lime Chinaware Essential oils Enameled iron Pumice stone Artificial silk Sulfur Tungsten Tartar FRANCE-Sup. 5 e Citric acid Fusel oil Sumac Lubricating oil Aluminum Paper stock Hides Tanning extract Sienna Chemicals HOLLAND-SUP. 9b Filter paper Aluminum Vanilla Beeswax SWITZERLAND-SUP. Acids-Acetic, car17a bolic, formic, phosAluminum Chemicals phoric, tartaric Albumen Ferrosilicon Tartar Gelatin Dextrine Glass Fusel oil Hides Glycerine Artificial silk Gum copal Coal t a r dyes Gum damar Artificial indigo Madder Artificial abrasives Magnesite Synthetic perfumes Prussiate of potash Prussiate of soda BRAZIL-SUP. 40b Paraffin Hides Earthenware Rubber Electric lamps Ipecac Glass Carnauba wax Glue Hides CHILE-SUP. 41a Rubber Beeswax Manganese ore Copper Match es Copper ore Citronella oil Glue Creosote oil Gold Oleostearin Silver Lithopone Hides Paper stock Iron ore Tin Sodium nitrate Peanut oil Quillaja bark Iodine RUSSIA-SUP. 13aTin 136-13c Blood albumen CANADA-966 Potassium carbonate Con1 Licorice root Coke Lycopodium Drugs, etc. Fusel oil Hides Glue stock Gold ore Glycerine Silver ore Hides Nickel ore Asbestos Asbestos Manganese ore Paper Reclaimed rubber PARAGUAY-SUP.45a Turpentine Hides Wood pulp Oil of petitgrain Asbestos Safety matches CHINA-SUP. 52g Antimony SWEDEN-SUP. 16b Beeswax Casein Egg albumen Cocoa butter Camphor Enameled iron Gall n u t s Ferrosilicon Musk Fusel oil Turmeric Hides Hides Iron and steel Gold I r o n ore Vegetable Grease tallow Matches Milk powder Soya bean oi! Paper Cottonseed oil Potash Chinese wood oil Soda Zinc ore Paper pulp
Borings for petroleum are being made near Kingston, South Australia. (P. 1031.) A deposit of bitumen or asphalt has been discovered in Honduras. (P. 1074,) The dyestuff situation in England is not much improved, the British Dyes Company not yet having established a plant. The Bradford Dyers' Association has announced t h a t all orders are accepted dependent upon the necessary dyes being obtninable and no guarantee of quality is given. (P. 1081.) The platinum production of Colombia has increased to 9,382 02s. in 1914. (Supplement 42 b . ) The following Special Supplements were issued during the month. In general they contain discussions of the manufacturing and trade conditions, and in most cases import and export statistics. Belgium-2a. France-5 e . Italy-%. Netherlands-9b. Russia, hZoscow--13a, Petrograd-13b, Finland- 13c.
Switzerland-I i a . Brazil-406. Chile4lb. Colombia-4?b. Paraguay-45b. China, Shanghai-5Zg, Manchuria-52h. Sweden-I 66.
French Jndo ChinaISew 546.Zealand-61 h . British East Africa65a. British South .%frica66~.
