Growth of high purity low-strain fluorescent nanodiamonds - ACS

Subscriber access provided by UNIV AUTONOMA DE COAHUILA UADEC

Article

Growth of high purity low-strain fluorescent nanodiamonds Masfer Alkahtani, Johannes Lang, Boris Naydenov, Fedor Jelezko, and Philip Hemmer ACS Photonics, Just Accepted Manuscript • DOI: 10.1021/acsphotonics.9b00224 • Publication Date (Web): 02 Apr 2019 Downloaded from http://pubs.acs.org on April 3, 2019

Just Accepted “Just Accepted” manuscripts have been peer-reviewed and accepted for publication. They are posted online prior to technical editing, formatting for publication and author proofing. The American Chemical Society provides “Just Accepted” as a service to the research community to expedite the dissemination of scientific material as soon as possible after acceptance. “Just Accepted” manuscripts appear in full in PDF format accompanied by an HTML abstract. “Just Accepted” manuscripts have been fully peer reviewed, but should not be considered the official version of record. They are citable by the Digital Object Identifier (DOI®). “Just Accepted” is an optional service offered to authors. Therefore, the “Just Accepted” Web site may not include all articles that will be published in the journal. After a manuscript is technically edited and formatted, it will be removed from the “Just Accepted” Web site and published as an ASAP article. Note that technical editing may introduce minor changes to the manuscript text and/or graphics which could affect content, and all legal disclaimers and ethical guidelines that apply to the journal pertain. ACS cannot be held responsible for errors or consequences arising from the use of information contained in these “Just Accepted” manuscripts.

is published by the American Chemical Society. 1155 Sixteenth Street N.W., Washington, DC 20036 Published by American Chemical Society. Copyright © American Chemical Society. However, no copyright claim is made to original U.S. Government works, or works produced by employees of any Commonwealth realm Crown government in the course of their duties.

Page 1 of 18 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 60

ACS Photonics

Growth of high purity low-strain fluorescent nanodiamonds Masfer Alkahtani,∗,†,‡ Johannes Lang,¶ Boris Naydenov,¶,§ Fedor Jelezko,¶ and Philip Hemmer†,k,⊥ †Institute for Quantum Science and Engineering, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas, 77843, USA. ‡Center for Quantum Optics and Quantum Informatics, KACST, Riyadh 11442, Saudi Arabia. ¶Institute for Quantum Optics, Ulm University, Ulm, Germany. §Helmholtz-Zentrum Berlin fuer Materialien und Energie (HZB), Kekulestrasse 5, Berlin 12489, Germany. kDepartment of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas, 77843, USA. ⊥Zavoisky Physical-Technical Institute, Federal Research Center Kazan Scientific Center of RAS E-mail: [email protected]/[email protected]

Abstract Fluorescent emitters in diamond have far-reaching potential applications in areas like quantum information, advanced bio-sensing, and materials research (especially magnetic and superconductor materials). However, many of these applications are limited by imperfections in commercially available fluorescent nanodiamonds (FNDs) due to paramagnetic impurities and crystal lattice strains. These limitations are a

1

ACS Paragon Plus Environment

ACS Photonics 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 60

direct consequence of the way fluorescent nanodiamonds are produced. Here we show that for high pressure growth, at a relatively low temperature of 400o C, we can produce high-purity and low-strain FNDs after standard irradiation and annealing treatments. This work is a milestone towards the engineering of high-quality ultra-small fluorescent nanodiamonds.

Keywords High-purity FNDs, Low-strain FNDs, Low-temperature growth, HPHT diamond growth, NV color center,

Introduction The negatively charged nitrogen-vacancy (NV) fluorescent color center in nanodiamonds (FNDs) has a wide variety of potential applications. These include qubits for quantum information that can be optically initialized and read out, 1–4 advanced fluorescent markers for biological systems, 5–7 very precise sensors for magnetometry, 8–10 and thermometry. 11–14 The NV center combines exceptional optical and spin properties at both low and room temperature which make it the leading candidate for the above-mentioned applications. Despite all the unique applications demonstrated so far, the NV centers in small nanodiamonds still have some critical limitations. One of the major constrains is that commercial FNDs have a high concentration of paramagnetic impurities, as well as a highly strained lattice 15 which is a direct consequence of their fabrication methods for example, crushing larger diamonds or ultra-rapid growth as in detonation techniques. This typically results in a non-uniform behavior of the NV centers which degrades their sensitivity to temperature, electric, and magnetic fields, 15 especially for ensemble-based sensing. There are several approaches to overcome this problem. One is to produce high quality NDs from high quality bulk diamonds, starting with a shallow layer of strain-free NV centers, 2


Page 2 of 18

Page 3 of 18 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 60

ACS Photonics

then patterning and breaking off nanodiamonds. 15,16 Such strain-free NVs are incorporated into ultra-pure bulk diamonds using implantation 15 or delta-doping growth techniques. 16 However, this method is very expensive and hard to scale to large quantities. Alternatively, high temperature annealing can be used to anneal out unwanted defects and alleviate strain in existing NDs. This method has shown improvement in the morphology and lattice strain of diamond nanocrystals but strongly depends on the initial strain state. 17 A better approach is directly grow higher quality nanodiamonds using slow-growth techniques, such as those that are known to give high-quality bulk diamonds. 18–20 Towards this goal, the direct growth of nanodiamonds from organic molecules has been reported, using high-pressure high-temperature (HPHT) and a relatively low growth temperature 900o C, 21,22 thereby improving on a growth technique reported in 1965. 23 The result was NDs with higher quality NV centers than for commercial FNDs. Here, it should be noted that this trend is opposite to chemical vapor deposition (CVD) diamond growth, where crystal quality degrades rapidly at lower growth temperatures. 24 Recently, HPHT-NDs were produced at much lower growth temperatures. 25,26 Pushing this approach to even lower growth temperatures, at high pressure, promises even slower growth, and therefore higher quality diamond. Here we report the cold growth (below 400 o C) of low-strain FNDs with optical properties much superior to commercially available NDs.

Results and discussion Following the earlier work 25,26 a commercially available diamond-like organic molecule containing a single nitrogen atom (2- azaadamantane hydrochloride, purity 98%, Aurum company, USA) was used to serve as a precursor for NV centers. It is worth mentioning that other chemically modified diamondoids can be used to produce desired color centers in NDs. This nanodiamond template was then introduced into a growth mixture consisting of reactive

3


ACS Photonics 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 60

carbon sources, as described in Figure1(a), and then exposed to high-pressure and moderatetemperature growth conditions. Furthermore, we also introduced tetramethylhydrazine into the growth mixture to prevent the formation of graphite and diamond-like carbon. At the growth temperature tetramethylhydrazine was expected to decompose and give liquid nitrogen (at high pressure) which shields the growth mix from the chamber walls. 27 Finally, we added chlorinated hydrocarbons like dichloromethane to assist dissolving of the polar seed molecule into the non-polar carbon sources. The growth mixture was then transferred into a 100 µm (gasket hole) diameter chamber placed between two diamond anvils in a home-built diamond anvil cell (DAC) as shown in Figure1(b). The growth was carried out for 24 hours in a custom-built furnace at a pressure around 10GPa and moderate temperature (380-400 o C), well below the seed molecule decomposition temperature. 25,26 After the growth was completed, the temperature and pressure were then returned to ambient and the samples were extracted with a 2µm tip needle (American Probe Technologies, Inc.). To ensure a successful transfer of nanodiamonds from the growth chamber, we dip the tip of the extraction needle into 200µl of an isopropanol/ethanol solution, repeating several times until the growth chamber is emptied. The presence of nanodiamonds in the growth mix was then confirmed by transmission electron microscope (TEM) characterizations. A few drops of the nanodiamond solution were dropped on a lacy carbon TEM grid and then placed on a vacuum TEM heating stage. As shown Figure 1(c) the TEM image shows many nanodiamonds with size range varying from 10nm to 150nm. Furthermore, a single 10 nm roundly shape nanodimond crystal is presented in Figure 1(c,inset). High magnification, presented in Figure 1(d), shows wellcrystalized and roundly shape nanodimonds. As shown in Figure 1(e) these nanodiamonds showed a crystal lattice spacing (2.06 o A and 1.27 o A) which matches the diamond (111 and 022) lattice planes spacing reported in. 28 Note that it was necessary to heat the TEM grid to 800 o C for 10 minutes to remove residual growth material before the diamonds could be seen.

4


Page 4 of 18

Page 5 of 18 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 60

ACS Photonics

Figure 1: (a) An illustration of organic nanodiamonds growth at low temperature; a diamondlike organic molecule (2-azaadamantane hydrochloride) with a nitrogen atom needed to form a nitrogen-vacancy (NV) color center mixed with a carbon source, like the heptamethylnonane and tetracosane, and then heated to moderate temperature at high pressure. (b) A home-built diamond anvil cell with open windows. (b,inset) an illustration of the growth chamber placed between two diamond anvils where the sample will be exposed to high pressure. (c and d) Low and high magnification TEM images of grown nanodiamonds with size 10-150nm.(c, right-bottom inset) shows a single 10 nm roundly shape nanodimond crystal. (e) TEM diffraction patterns show single-crystal cubic nanodiamonds. (f) Sketch of a confocal microscope used to observe the NVs. It is equipped with a 100x microscope objective, CW and pulsed 518 nm lasers, a microwave wire, a photon counter, and a spectrometer.

5


ACS Photonics 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 60

To create vacancies in the nanodiamonds, electron irradiation followed by high temperature annealing are needed. For this purpose, a few drops of the nanodiamond solution were placed on a chip of silicon cut from a wafer. A silicon substrate was chosen due its minimal fluorescence background and high melting point. The chip was then heated to 800 o C for 10 minutes to drive off the volatile components prior to irradiation. The irradiation was conducted in a commercial ion irradiation facility at an energy of 200 keV at room temperature. After irradiation, post annealing at 800 o C for 2 hours was necessary to mobilize the vacancies and create NVs. Annealing at higher temperature is recommended as it is known to further improve the diamond crystals quality. 29 Next, to study optical properties of NV centers in the nanodiamonds, we put the silicon chip with nanodiamonds into a custom-built confocal microscope as illustrated in Figure 1(f) equipped with 100x (N.A. 0.95) objective, a 518 nm laser (both continuous wave (CW) and pulsed), photon counter, spectrometer, and a complete microwave system to study spin transitions of NV centers. After scanning the sample, we found many spots uniformly distributed on the silicon substrate. The optical fluorescence spectrum collected from each spot shows a clear spectrum of the NV center emission with N V 0 and N V − zero-phonon lines peaked at 575 nm and 638 nm respectively as illustrated in Figure 2(a).

6


Page 6 of 18

Page 7 of 18 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 60

ACS Photonics

Figure 2: Nanodimonds grown from organic molecule containing one nitrogen atom, 2Azaadamantane hydrochloride, gives the fluorescence spectrum (after irradiation and annealing) shown in (a). This spectrum shows the characteristic NV center spectrum with N V o and N V − zero-phonon lines (ZPLs) centered at 575 nm and 637 nm, respectivily. (b) Optically detected magnetic resonance (ODMR) of the nanodiamonds described in part (a) under a green (518 nm) excitation laser. The high contrast and narrow linewidth (at low microwave power) agrees with good quality NVs in a bulk crystal. (c) ODMR spectrum of a nanodimamond sample containg at least two NV centers with different splittings in the presence of a magnetic field of 10.7 G. (d) A low-contrast ODMR spectrum with clear strain splitting of NV center in nanodiamonds grown at high temperature (650 o C).

NV centers can serve as a sensitive local probe of the diamond crystal quality. In particular, Optically Detected Magnetic Resonance (ODMR) in the NV can serve as a quantum sensor to read out important physical quantities of a nanoscale system such us temperature, electric field, and magnetic field. Therefore, we use the NV in our nanodiamonds to probe crystal quality. 7


ACS Photonics 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 60

ODMR in the NV is performed by first optically pumping the NV into the ms = 0 spin sublevel of the triplet ground state. When a resonant microwave field induces a magnetic transition between the ms = 0 spin sublevel and the ms = ±1 levels, a significant decrease of NV fluorescence results. 30,31 Figure2 (b) demonstrates a high-contrast (12.5%) ODMR spectrum of the NV center in our fluorescence nanodiamonds (FNDs). A narrow linewidth(20 MHz) is observed at both low microwave and green excitation power (200 µW) which is two times narrower than ODMR linewidth reported in commercially available nanodiamonds. 32–35 This narrow, high-contrast ODMR spectrum is typical for NV ensembles in high-quality bulk diamond. To roughly estimate how many color centers per illuminated spot, we applied a small magnetic field (10.7 G) to the sample and recorded the ODMR spectrum. Figure 2(c) shows a clear double splitting in the NV center ODMR spectrum with a relatively narrow linewidth (20 MHz) which indicates the presence of at least two NV centers. To observe a single NV we need to disperse the NDs but we were not able to do so with the limited quantities produced by our DACs. Importantly, the large the large zero-field ODMR splitting characteristic of NVs in nanodiamonds is absent here, which is a good indicator of high quality FNDs. To verify that low temperature growth is responsible for the low strain, we repeated the same diamond growth, except at higher temperature (650-700 o C) where the other growth conditions remain unchanged. Figure 2(d) illustrates the resulting lower-contrast (6%) ODMR spectrum with clear zero-field splitting, more like commercially available FNDs produced from either detonation or crushed HPHT diamonds. Recently, it has been shown that the zero-field ODMR splitting is likely caused by local electric fields, rather than strain. 36 Our data, plus NV charge stability data taken for both growth temperatures (not shown), is consistent with this prior work since we find evidence of more electron donors (presumably charged P1 centers) in the high-temperature growth material. We next performed Rabi oscillations measurements to determine our ability to coherently manipulate the low temperature grown NV centers electronic ground spin state. For this, we

8


Page 8 of 18

Page 9 of 18 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 60

ACS Photonics

polarize the NV center by a green laser pulse (about 1 µs) and then apply microwave pulses, with varying time duration τ , at fixed frequency (corresponding to the transition frequency between the ms = 0 and one of the ms = ±1 sub-levels). After that, a final green laser pulse will be applied to read out the NV centers state. The result are clear Rabi oscillations as shown in Figure3(a).

Figure 3: (a) Rabi oscillations between ms = 0 and ms = ±1 states. As shown in (a, inset) the NV center is first spin polarized by a green laser pulse and then a microwave pulse is applied at fixed frequency (corresponding to the transition frequency between the ms = 0 and one of the ms = ±1 sub-levels) with varying time duration τ . A final green laser pulse reads out the NV centers spin state. (b) longitudinal relaxation time T1 of the NV center. (b,inset) shows the corresponding pulse sequence. (c) A Hahn-echo measurement to determine the spin coherence time (T2 ). (c,inset) illustrates the corresponding pulse sequence.

It is also important to study the relaxation dynamics of the NV center electron-spin polarization. In particular, the NV spin longitudinal relaxation time T1 (the decay lifetime 9


ACS Photonics 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 60

for NVs spin population to the ground-state magnetic sublevel) is of special interest for quantum decoherence spectroscopy in biological applications. 37–40 For our nanodiamonds the T1 measurements used a 1 µs laser pulse to first optically pump and polarize the NV center into the ms = 0 ground spin sublevel (3 A2 state). The NV defect is then kept in the dark for a time τ , causing the system to relax towards a mixture of states ms = 0, ±1. The final electron spin population is readout by applying a second laser pulse. After such measurements, the T1 of the NV center in our FNDs is evaluated to be 150 µs as shown in Figure 3(b). Compared to previously reported values in commercially available nanodiamonds, 40,41 our nanodiamonds demonstrated a longer relaxation time T1 but still not comparable to those reported in high quality bulk diamonds. However, we expect that the relaxation time could be longer if we clean the diamond surface from low frequency impurities, as these are known to shorten longitudinal relaxation time (T1 ) especially in nanodiamonds. 40–42 Unfortunately, cleaning the small quantities of nanodiamonds we get from the DAC is a challenge. Nonetheless it is expected that this can be overcome in the future by producing larger quantities of these FNDs in large presses. Finally, we performed Hahn-echo measurements to determine the spin coherence time (T2 ). From the Rabi oscillations shown in Figure 3(a), we determined the pulse durations of π/2 and π pulses for the subsequent Hahn-echo measurements. Then, following a green initialization laser pulse, three resonant microwave pulses π/2−π−π/2 are applied as illustrated in Figure 3(c,inset). Between these pulses the NV center electron spin will accumulate a phase proportional to the amplitude of oscillating magnetic field acting along the NV center defect axis. A second 518 nm laser pulse is then applied to readout the final spin state of the NV center at the end of the measurement. The resulting spin coherence time (T2 ) of 1.22 µs was seen, as illustrated in Figure 3(c).

10


Page 10 of 18

Page 11 of 18 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 60

ACS Photonics

Conclusion We successfully grew high purity fluorescent nanodiamonds (FNDs) at relatively low temperature and high pressure. The NV color centers in these FNDs show a high-contrast ODMR spectra with a narrow linewidth (at both low microwave and laser powers). Furthermore, compared to commercially available FNDs, our low growth-temperature material demonstrated low strain and electric field broadening of the NV ODMR, and good longitudinal and transversal relaxation times, considering our limited ability to remove external contaminations. Finally, in related experiments we have grown nanodiamonds at pressures down to 5 GPa which is accessible by large-volume commercial presses. This work opens the door to the fabrication of ultra-small and photostable fluorescent nanodiamonds for future quantum information and biological applications.

Acknowledgement We acknowledge the support of King Adulaziz City for Science and Technology (KACST), Saudi Arabia. P.H. acknowledges financial support from the Government of the Russian Federation (Mega-grant No. 14.W03.31.0028). Texas AM University (T3 program) Grant 101. F. J. is supported by VW Stiftung and BW Stiftung.

References (1) Maurer, P. C.; Kucsko, G.; Latta, C.; Jiang, L.; Yao, N. Y.; Bennett, S. D.; Pastawski, F.; Hunger, D.; Chisholm, N.; Markham, M.; Twitchen, D. J.; Cirac, J. I.; Lukin, M. D. Room-Temperature Quantum Bit Memory Exceeding One Second. Science 2012, 336, 1283–1286. (2) Neumann, P.; Kolesov, R.; Naydenov, B.; Beck, J.; Rempp, F.; Steiner, M.; Jacques, V.; Balasubramanian, G.; Markham, M. L.; Twitchen, D. J.; Pezzagna, S.; Meijer, J.; 11


ACS Photonics 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 60

Twamley, J.; Jelezko, F.; Wrachtrup, J. Quantum register based on coupled electron spins in a room-temperature solid. Nature Physics 2010, 6, 249. (3) Togan, E.; Chu, Y.; Trifonov, A. S.; Jiang, L.; Maze, J.; Childress, L.; Dutt, M. V. G.; Srensen, A. S.; Hemmer, P. R.; Zibrov, A. S.; Lukin, M. D. Quantum entanglement between an optical photon and a solid-state spin qubit. Nature 2010, 466, 730. (4) Robledo, L.; Childress, L.; Bernien, H.; Hensen, B.; Alkemade, P. F. A.; Hanson, R. High-fidelity projective read-out of a solid-state spin quantum register. Nature 2011, 477, 574. (5) Fu, C.-C.; Lee, H.-Y.; Chen, K.; Lim, T.-S.; Wu, H.-Y.; Lin, P.-K.; Wei, P.-K.; Tsao, P.H.; Chang, H.-C.; Fann, W. Characterization and application of single fluorescent nanodiamonds as cellular biomarkers. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 2007, 104, 727–732. (6) Faklaris, O.; Joshi, V.; Irinopoulou, T.; Tauc, P.; Sennour, M.; Girard, H.; Gesset, C.; Arnault, J.-C.; Thorel, A.; Boudou, J.-P.; Curmi, P. A.; Treussart, F. Photoluminescent Diamond Nanoparticles for Cell Labeling: Study of the Uptake Mechanism in Mammalian Cells. ACS Nano 2009, 3, 3955–3962. (7) McGuinness, L. P.; Yan, Y.; Stacey, A.; Simpson, D. A.; Hall, L. T.; Maclaurin, D.; Prawer, S.; Mulvaney, P.; Wrachtrup, J.; Caruso, F.; Scholten, R. E.; Hollenberg, L. C. L. Quantum measurement and orientation tracking of fluorescent nanodiamonds inside living cells. Nature Nanotechnology 2011, 6, 358. (8) Taylor, J. M.; Cappellaro, P.; Childress, L.; Jiang, L.; Budker, D.; Hemmer, P. R.; Yacoby, A.; Walsworth, R.; Lukin, M. D. High-sensitivity diamond magnetometer with nanoscale resolution. Nature Physics 2008, 4, 810. (9) Balasubramanian, G.; Chan, I. Y.; Kolesov, R.; Al-Hmoud, M.; Tisler, J.; Shin, C.; Kim, C.; Wojcik, A.; Hemmer, P. R.; Krueger, A.; Hanke, T.; Leitenstorfer, A.; Brats12


Page 12 of 18

Page 13 of 18 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 60

ACS Photonics

chitsch, R.; Jelezko, F.; Wrachtrup, J. Nanoscale imaging magnetometry with diamond spins under ambient conditions. Nature 2008, 455, 648. (10) Maze, J. R.; Stanwix, P. L.; Hodges, J. S.; Hong, S.; Taylor, J. M.; Cappellaro, P.; Jiang, L.; Dutt, M. V. G.; Togan, E.; Zibrov, A. S.; Yacoby, A.; Walsworth, R. L.; Lukin, M. D. Nanoscale magnetic sensing with an individual electronic spin in diamond. Nature 2008, 455, 644. (11) Plakhotnik, T.; Doherty, M. W.; Cole, J. H.; Chapman, R.; Manson, N. B. All-Optical Thermometry and Thermal Properties of the Optically Detected Spin Resonances of the NV Center in Nanodiamond. Nano Letters 2014, 14, 4989–4996. (12) Tzeng, Y.-K.; Tsai, P.-C.; Liu, H.-Y.; Chen, O. Y.; Hsu, H.; Yee, F.-G.; Chang, M.-S.; Chang, H.-C. Time-Resolved Luminescence Nanothermometry with Nitrogen-Vacancy Centers in Nanodiamonds. Nano Letters 2015, 15, 3945–3952. (13) Alkahtani, M.; Jiang, L.; Brick, R.; Hemmer, P.; Scully, M. Nanometer-scale luminescent thermometry in bovine embryos. Optics Letters 2017, 42, 4812–4815. (14) Kucsko, G.; Maurer, P. C.; Yao, N. Y.; Kubo, M.; Noh, H. J.; Lo, P. K.; Park, H.; Lukin, M. D. Nanometer scale thermometry in a living cell. Nature 2013, 500, 54–58. (15) Trusheim, M. E.; Li, L.; Laraoui, A.; Chen, E. H.; Bakhru, H.; Schrder, T.; Gaathon, O.; Meriles, C. A.; Englund, D. Scalable Fabrication of High Purity Diamond Nanocrystals with Long-Spin-Coherence Nitrogen Vacancy Centers. Nano Letters 2014, 14, 32–36. (16) Andrich, P.; Alemn, B. J.; Lee, J. C.; Ohno, K.; de las Casas, C. F.; Heremans, F. J.; Hu, E. L.; Awschalom, D. D. Engineered Micro- and Nanoscale Diamonds as Mobile Probes for High-Resolution Sensing in Fluid. Nano Letters 2014, 14, 4959–4964. (17) Hruszkewycz, S. O.; Cha, W.; Andrich, P.; Anderson, C. P.; Ulvestad, A.; Harder, R.; Fuoss, P. H.; Awschalom, D. D.; Heremans, F. J. In situ study of annealing-induced 13


ACS Photonics 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 60

strain relaxation in diamond nanoparticles using Bragg coherent diffraction imaging. APL Materials 2017, 5, 026105. (18) Lesik, M.; Tetienne, J.-P.; Tallaire, A.; Achard, J.; Mille, V.; Gicquel, A.; Roch, J.-F.; Jacques, V. Perfect preferential orientation of nitrogen-vacancy defects in a synthetic diamond sample. Applied Physics Letters 2014, 104, 113107. (19) Takahiro, F. et al. Perfect selective alignment of nitrogen-vacancy centers in diamond. Applied Physics Express 2014, 7, 055201. (20) Pinault-Thaury, M.-A.; Tillocher, T.; Habka, N.; Kobor, D.; Jomard, F.; Chevallier, J.; Barjon, J. n-Type CVD diamond: Epitaxy and doping. Materials Science and Engineering: B 2011, 176, 1401 – 1408, Advances in Semiconducting Materials. (21) Davydov, V. A.; Rakhmanina, A. V.; Agafonov, V. N.; Khabashesku, V. N. Synergistic Effect of Fluorine and Hydrogen on Processes of Graphite and Diamond Formation from Fluorographite-Naphthalene Mixtures at High Pressures. The Journal of Physical Chemistry C 2011, 115, 21000–21008. (22) Davydov, V. A.; Rakhmanina, A. V.; Lyapin, S. G.; Ilichev, I. D.; Boldyrev, K. N.; Shiryaev, A. A.; Agafonov, V. N. Production of nano- and microdiamonds with Si-V and N-V luminescent centers at high pressures in systems based on mixtures of hydrocarbon and fluorocarbon compounds. JETP Letters 2014, 99, 585–589. (23) Wentorf, R. H. The Behavior of Some Carbonaceous Materials at Very High Pressures and High Temperatures. The Journal of Physical Chemistry 1965, 69, 3063–3069. (24) Tzeng, Y.-K.; Zhang, J. L.; Lu, H.; Ishiwata, H.; Dahl, J.; Carlson, R. M. K.; Yan, H.; Schreiner, P. R.; Vukovi, J.; Shen, Z.-X.; Melosh, N.; Chu, S. Vertical-Substrate MPCVD Epitaxial Nanodiamond Growth. Nano Letters 2017, 17, 1489–1495, PMID: 28182433.

14


Page 14 of 18

Page 15 of 18 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 60

ACS Photonics

(25) Zapata, T.; Bennett, N.; Struzhkin, V.; Fei, Y.; Jelezko, F.; Biskupek, J.; Kaiser, U.; Reuter, R.; Wrachtrup, J.; Ghannam, F. A. Organic nanodiamonds. arXiv preprint arXiv:1702.06854 2017, (26) Spohn, M.; Alkahtani, M. H. A.; Leiter, R.; Qi, H.; Kaiser, U.; Hemmer, P.; Ziener, U. Poly(1-vinyladamantane) as a Template for Nanodiamond Synthesis. ACS Applied Nano Materials 2018, 1, 6073–6080. (27) Fang, L.; Ohfuji, H.; Irifune, T. A Novel Technique for the Synthesis of Nanodiamond Powder. Journal of Nanomaterials 2013, 2013, 4. (28) Kozlov, M. E.; Yase, K.; Minami, N.; Fons, P.; Durand, H.-A.; Obraztsov, A. N.; Nozaki, K.; Tokumoto, M. Observation of diamond crystallites in thin films prepared by laser ablation of hard fullerene-based carbon. Journal of Physics D: Applied Physics 1996, 29, 929. (29) Iwasaki, T.; Miyamoto, Y.; Taniguchi, T.; Siyushev, P.; Metsch, M. H.; Jelezko, F.; Hatano, M. Tin-Vacancy Quantum Emitters in Diamond. Physical Review Letters 2017, 119, 253601. (30) Balasubramanian, G.; Chan, I. Y.; Kolesov, R.; Al-Hmoud, M.; Tisler, J.; Shin, C.; Kim, C.; Wojcik, A.; Hemmer, P. R.; Krueger, A.; Hanke, T.; Leitenstorfer, A.; Bratschitsch, R.; Jelezko, F.; Wrachtrup, J. Nanoscale imaging magnetometry with diamond spins under ambient conditions. Nature 2008, 455, 648. (31) Schirhagl, R.; Chang, K.; Loretz, M.; Degen, C. L. Nitrogen-Vacancy Centers in Diamond: Nanoscale Sensors for Physics and Biology. Annual Review of Physical Chemistry 2014, 65, 83–105, PMID: 24274702. (32) Alkahtani, M. H.; Alghannam, F.; Jiang, L.; Rampersaud, A. A.; Brick, R.; Gomes, C. L.; Scully, M. O.; Hemmer, P. R. Fluorescent nanodiamonds for luminescent

15


ACS Photonics 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 60

thermometry in the biological transparency window. Optics Letters 2018, 43, 3317– 3320. (33) Brandenburg, F.; Nagumo, R.; Saichi, K.; Tahara, K.; Iwasaki, T.; Hatano, M.; Jelezko, F.; Igarashi, R.; Yatsui, T. Improving the electron spin properties of nitrogenvacancy centres in nanodiamonds by near-field etching. Scientific Reports 2018, 8, 15847. (34) Bray, K.; Previdi, R.; Gibson, B. C.; Shimoni, O.; Aharonovich, I. Enhanced photoluminescence from single nitrogen-vacancy defects in nanodiamonds coated with phenolionic complexes. Nanoscale 2015, 7, 4869–4874. (35) Ruan, Y.; Simpson, D. A.; Jeske, J.; Ebendorff-Heidepriem, H.; Lau, D. W. M.; Ji, H.; Johnson, B. C.; Ohshima, T.; Afshar V, S.; Hollenberg, L.; Greentree, A. D.; Monro, T. M.; Gibson, B. C. Magnetically sensitive nanodiamond-doped tellurite glass fibers. Scientific Reports 2018, 8, 1268. (36) Mittiga, T.; Hsieh, S.; Zu, C.; Kobrin, B.; Machado, F.; Bhattacharyya, P.; Rui, N. .; Jarmola, A.; Choi, S.; Budker, D.; Yao, N. . Imaging the Local Charge Environment of Nitrogen-Vacancy Centers in Diamond. Physical Review Letters 2018, 121, 246402. (37) Anishchik, S. V.; Vins, V. G.; Yelisseyev, A. P.; Lukzen, N. N.; Lavrik, N. L.; Bagryansky, V. A. Low-field feature in the magnetic spectra of NV centers in diamond. New Journal of Physics 2015, 17, 023040. (38) Hall, L. T.; Kehayias, P.; Simpson, D. A.; Jarmola, A.; Stacey, A.; Budker, D.; Hollenberg, L. C. L. Detection of nanoscale electron spin resonance spectra demonstrated using nitrogen-vacancy centre probes in diamond. Nature Communications 2016, 7, 10211. (39) Jarmola, A.; Acosta, V. M.; Jensen, K.; Chemerisov, S.; Budker, D. Temperature- and

16


Page 16 of 18

Page 17 of 18 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 60

ACS Photonics

Magnetic-Field-Dependent Longitudinal Spin Relaxation in Nitrogen-Vacancy Ensembles in Diamond. Phys. Rev. Lett. 2012, 108, 197601. (40) Ermakova, A.; Pramanik, G.; Cai, J.-M.; Algara-Siller, G.; Kaiser, U.; Weil, T.; Tzeng, Y.-K.; Chang, H. C.; McGuinness, L. P.; Plenio, M. B.; Naydenov, B.; Jelezko, F. Detection of a Few Metallo-Protein Molecules Using Color Centers in Nanodiamonds. Nano Letters 2013, 13, 3305–3309, PMID: 23738579. (41) Song, X.; Zhang, J.; Feng, F.; Wang, J.; Zhang, W.; Lou, L.; Zhu, W.; Wang, G. A statistical correlation investigation for the role of surface spins to the spin relaxation of nitrogen vacancy centers. AIP Advances 2014, 4, 047103. (42) Alkahtani, M.;

Alghannam, F.;

Jiang, L.;

Almethen, A.;

Rampersaud Ar-

faan, R., A.and Brick; Gomes Carmen, L.; Scully Marlan, O.; Hemmer Philip, R. Fluorescent nanodiamonds: past, present, and future. 2018; https://www.degruyter. com/view/j/nanoph.2018.7.issue-8/nanoph-2018-0025/nanoph-2018-0025.xml.

17


ACS Photonics 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32

P = 1 0 G P a , T = 4 0 0 o C

+ A z a a d a m a n ta n e s e e d

R e a c tiv e c a r b o n s

G r o w th tim e = 2 4 h R e d F lo u r e s c e n t N D


Page 18 of 18

Growth of high purity low-strain fluorescent nanodiamonds - ACS

Recommend Documents