book reviews research literature, some as recent as 1972, are included a t the end of each chapter (640 far the entire book; 102 for the last chapter alone). Moreover, every chapter but one contains an extremely valuable list of collateral readings, largely of the review type and many from this Journal. Another feature, useful to both instructor and student alike, is a list of study questions and numerical problems a t the end of each chapter (276 for the entire book; 26 for the first chapter alone). Students, even advanced ones, often do not recognize the fundamental difference between "experimental facts" and "theoretical facts." While acknowledging the close and symbiotic relationship between experiment and theory, Professor Lagowski has separated these two complementary aspects of chemistry "in order to demonstrate that unity of experimental results is possible without the use of extensive theoretical arguments." This important distinction is logically and consistently reflected throughout the hook. Older theoretical concepts are also included to emphasize the evolutionary nature of science and to give an added perspective to current theories. In its organization, the b w k is fairly traditional, and a given topic can easily he located by perusal or by consulting the well-compiled 22-page index. Chapter 1, Atoms and Their Characteristics, contains a lucid discussion of atomic structure. The neat chapter, Ionic Compounds, is followed by two chapters on Covalent Compounds, one devoted to Experimental Observations and one to Theories of Bonding. The fifth and shortest chapter (9 pp.) briefly surveys the representative elements; Chapter 16 fulfills the same function far the transition elements. Chapter 6, Hydrogen, is.followed by Chapter 7, Solvent Properties of Covalent Hydrides, which is particularly informative and complete. Despite the hook's moderate length, its treatment of descriptive chemistry is more than adequate without degenerating into an encyclopedic recital of facts. Eight separate consecutive chapters (8 to 15) deal with each of the representative periodic groups from the alkali metals to the rare gases. Chapters 17 and 18 are both devoted to transition metal coordination compounds-the first with experimentally observed properties and the second with theoretical aspects. The book concludes with an extensive chapter, Organic Derivatwes of the Transition Metals, conveniently classified according to the number of eleetrons in the ligand. In this reviewer's opinion, Professor Lagowski's eminently readable and teachable text, with its excellent and reasonably complete treatment of descriptive chemistry, its clear differentiation of experiment from theory, and, its attractive size and price, should he a strong contender on the current market of inorganic textbooks. George 8.Kauflman
Calilornia State University, Fresno Fresno, Cali1 93710 A592
/ Journal of Chemical Education
The Chemical Industry 1900-1930: Industrial Growth and Technological Change
L. F. Haber, Oxford University Press, New York, 1971. xi + 452 pp. Tables. 24 X 16 cm. $24.75. This volume is an impressive follow-up of Haber's "The Chemical Industry in the Nineteenth Century" 11958) and will perhaps find even mare extensive use. In the same pattern as in the earlier volume, the author deals with the world-wide develapment of the chemical industry from the beginning of the twentieth eentury until the onset of the Great Depression. Haber, the son of Fritz Haber the chemist, is an economic historian and the thrust of the book is economic rather than scientific. Nevertheless, it is still valuable to the chemist since the author is not oblivious to changing characteristics of the chemical art and their influence on the industry. In the ninteenth eentury volume the author correctly perceived that a major characteristic of the industry in that century was the rise of the Leblane soda process followed by its survival struggles in the face of competition from the Solvay process. In this volume he recognizes, as a key feature of the three decades, the thrust toward adequate supplies of fixed nitrogen for the fertilizer and munitions industries, with the ultimate success of the HaberBasch process. A large amount of attention is also given, as it was in the earlier volume, to the story of dye production. This inevitably leads to a full discussion of the development of cartels and such major chemical combines as I. G. Farhenindustrie and Imperial Chemical Industries. There is also perceptive treatment of the unfavorable Allied position with respect to dyestuffs and certain other chemicals a t the onset of the Kaiser's War, with an examination of the efforts of Allied governments to attain a position of self-sufficiency. The book, however, dispels a widely held myth-that Germany dominated the chemical business a t the onset of the war. That viewpoint is only true with respect to fine chemicals (dyestuffs, photographic chemicals, pharmaceuticals). In the heavy chemical field (acids, alkalies, inarganies, fertilizers) the German position was strong, but so was that of Britain and the United States. Of particular interest to chemistry teachers is the chapter on research in industry and universities which has much to offer an the professional growth of chemistry and chemical engineering. Haber gives careful attention to the rise of industrial research with the resulting need for research-minded chemists rather than analysts, the latter being the image of a useful chemist in the minds of many early ehemical entrepreneurs. The new needs of industry stimulated the development of graduate programs along the German model in the universities of the US and elsewhere. In the same period there was virtually no change in the number of BS chemists being produced. In summary, the present volume is a welcome addition to the literature. It sheds light on an area of chemistry which has had little previous study except for Williams Haynes six-volume "American
Chemical Industry, A History." Haber draws on Haynes' studies but extends them by giving a well-integrated world view of industrial growth during a critical period. The bibliography is an unusually gaod one, with a bibliographic essay giving a critical appraisal of the works of greatest value. For the sake of the record, Haber includes a very complete listing of eompany histories. This is useful since, despite the fact that mast company histories are of limited value because of their self-eangratulatory nature, they are frequently the only readily available source of information about certain companies. Aaron J . lhde University 01 Wisconsin Madison. Wisconsin 53706
REVIEWERS NOTE: In J. CHEM. EDUC. 144, A494 (1972)l I received the corrected reprint of Haber's volume on the nineteenth eentury industry. At the end of the review I made some vitriolic comments about the price of the reprinted volume. Since then, it has come to my attention that the price given to me a t that time really referred to the volume just reviewed above, not to the reprint reviewed then. Through an error, I had been sent the reprinted volume, but with the price of the new book reviewed here. The price of the reprint of "The Chemical Industry in the Nineteenth Century" is really $8.25, which is entirely in line with the economies of reprintng the book. A.J.I.
Chemical Bonds
Harry B. Gray, California Institute of Technology. W. A. Benjamin, Inc., 1973. viii + 232 pp. Figs. and tables. 15.5 x 23 cm. $4.95. The electronic structure of the atom, chemical bonding, and the structures of molecules and solids are topics which interest many teachers of chemistry. One consequence has heen the publication of a variety of short introductory texts covering these subjects. "Chemical Bonds" is likely to provide strong competition for other books in this area. This book is essentially an updated and abridged version of Chapt e n 7-13 and 16 from "Basic Principles of Chemistry" by H. B. Gray and G. P. Haight, Jr. The review of this general chemistry text written for this J o u r d in 1967 by Professor J. M. Anderson included comments such as: "This material, . . . (on molecular structure) . . . , is written with unusual clarity, with excitement and vigor. Their presentation of molecular orbitals is . . . surely the finest a t an introductory level. The illustrations are beautifully done and exceptionally clear." Professor Gray bas also written more sophisticated hooks on related topics. "Chemical Bonds" benefits appreciably from its lineage. The material is clearly
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