VOLUME 33, NO. 4, APRIL, 1986
193
of considerable value to "academic, institutional, government, and industrial workers, not only in the predominantly hydrocarbons fields such as petroleum, natural gas, shale oil, coal and rubber, hut also in the chemical, petrochemical, and plastics fields." The hook consists of a short introduction and four 2Mn0,5H*01 6H+- 2Mn++ 8Hz0 50. tables to assist the reader in locating unknown hydrocarbons. The introduction describes the organhation of the tables and In one respect, however, this procedure has complicated the matter; thirteen reacting molecules now replace the original ten. discusses in detail hydrocarbon nomenclature. Mast of the hyIn addition, it is uncertain a t which point the application of ioni- drocarbon data were ohtained from Rossini's API Research Projzation should be stopped. It is known that hydrogen peroxide ect 44, Rimonsen's book "The Terpenes," and Egloff's "Physical can ionize to a slight extent in squeous solution to form hydrogen Constants of Hydrocarbons." A total of 752 references to byand perhydroxyl ions. Although there is no hesitation about drocarbons in the literature up to 1954 are listed. The tables showing the potassium permanganate as completely ionized, it contain approximately 4700 d i r e n t hydrocarbons. Table A lists all the hydrocarbons in order of their boiling will be recognhed that hydrogen peroxide is a weak acid, and unless the reaction is carried out in basic solution little perhydroxyl point in degrees centigrade a t 760 mm. pressure. The boiling ion will be present. It migbt be insisted that perhydroxyl ion is points extend from - 161.49 for methane to 675 for triacontahythe reactive form even if present only in small proportions. drodecacyclene. Empirical formulas, refractive indices, denWhatever the merit of these suggestions, it necessarily leads to sities, and melting points also are listed. Table B lists the same hydrocarbons according to their emfurther increase in the number of reactant molecules written in the net equation. This elementary discussion has demonstrated piricalfarmule. and types such as alkane, alkene, alkyne, cyclane, cyclene, cyclyne, and aromatics. Boiling point and molecular the inadequacy of net equations as mechanistic descriptions.. . "Recent re-evaluations of the concepts of oxidation and reduc- structure also are listed. Since some of the boiling points cortion may be helpful in considering these ideas. The usefulness of rected to 760 mm. pressure may he questioned, the author has enthe terms oxidation and reduction is best limited, according t o closed all corrected values in parentheses and listed references for Mulliken, to description of net processes and to the formalistic the reader t o check. Of particular value in Table B is a small assignment of charge to atoms. T o deal with the actual (or sup- drawing of the molecular structure located next to the hydroposed) mechanism of reaction, the concept of tendencies towttrd carbon name. For example, few chemists, unless they are inelectron acceptance or repulkm are brought into consideration. timately acquainted with hydrocarbon nomenclature, could Same asoects of this which are of imnohnce in internretine the visualize the structure of tri~yclo(2.2.1.2~~~)nonane,3,6,6,9,-tetr methyl-9-vinyl. I n this book a small drawing next to the name reactions of hvdroeen neroxide are mentioned helow. , .. ~r~ "Knrlier tlawirtr; were rroublcd by a fnwieJ look of pmmctri- makes the structure readily apparent. Table C contains alternate names for hydrocarbons such as cal aeressilility of the oxygen in hydrown peroxide, lwding 10 the previously discussed insistence on the trigonal structure. Iu- camphene, carotene, and aqnrtlene. Cross references are made to adequate observation impeded progress; for example, Bancroft Table B, which contains the chemical names used by the Interwrote: 'The chemistry of hydrogen peroxide is a hopeless sub- national Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry and Chemical ject for the phenomenologicsl or Baeonian experimenter because Abstracts. Table D lists alphabetioally the numbered formulas of repremisleading experiment is everywhere.' This interesting statement has been widely noticed and even cast into French by Thi- sentative cyclic hydrocarbons, principally aromatics. I n adease. I t seems to imply that speculation will come nearer the dition, a table of d t l d p values and nomograph for correcting truth than experimental results. There is no doubt that the boiling points to 760 mm. appear in the appendix. The book is well organized and the reader will 6nd only a very large literature of hydrogen peroxide abounds in poorly reported and impreviw experiments over nnrnw ranges of cond~tions. few odd hydrocar.hons such as the fulvenes missing from the Yrverthrlesr, ohswvntiona of prwisiun w n he mule : m d these ran tables. Although many books listing properties of hydrocarbons bo irrtwxctcd vxlidlv. The irunswork lor sur.11 an interrrera- have been published, it is believed that this one will he the most tion must be based on a consideration of electronic theory, a; used useful in the laboratory. in the preceding chapter to determine structure. This approach JOHN M. HUNT adds to the concern about the relative nositions of the atoms the
sidered, there immediately arises the question of whether the interaction of ten molecules is really involved. . . .It is reasonable t o eliminate, as inert, ions of potassium, sulfate, or hisulfate giving:
+
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PRINCIPLES OF INDUSTRIAL WASTE TREATMENT
rapidly growing production and utilization of the remarkable chemical first isolated by Thenard.
HANDBOOK OF HYDROCARBONS S. W.Ferris, Research and Development Deparhnent, Sun Oil Company. Academic Press, Inc., New York, 1955. ix 324 pp. 15.5 X 23.5 cm. $8.50.
+
ANYchemist who has 6ynthesized or isolated a hydrocarbon in the course of his work will welcome this compact volume listing the most important physical properties of practically all hydrocarbons reported in the literature. This book is not just another table of hydroembons, but rather it is designed for the man in the laboratory who has the problem of identifying an individual or mixture of hydrocarbons of known boiling point. It should prove
C Fred Gurnham, Professor and Head, Department of Chemieal Engineering, Michigan State University. John Wiley & Sons, Inc., New York, 1955. xi + 399 pp. 58figs. 2 tables. 15.5 X 23.5cm. $8. Tms is t h e &st textbook on industrial wastes that has been prepared primarily for the chemical engineer rather than the sanitary engineer. It is written to show how the various unit operations, with which the student in chemical engineering is acquainted, can he adopted to problems in alleviating stream pollution. Because the chemical engineer who is employed to operate an industrial plant, is frequent,ly assigned the job of studying waste treatment, this book is an excellent approach far an understanding of the problem. I plan to use this book as a text in my course in industrial waste treatment for graduate sanitary engineers, because of its complete coverage of the subject with many recent references. RORERT S. INGOLS G e o n a r ~IXSTITVTB 01 T E E X N O L O ~ T A T ~ N T * GBOAOI* .
