i the chemical industry and trade of spain i - ACS Publications

M a r . , 1920

T H E JOURNAL OF INDUSTRIAL A N D ENGINEERING CHEMISTRY

pipe. The yields were almost quantitative. The product made in t h e laboratory was water-white a n d pure except for dissolved phosgene. The condensate from the works apparatus separated into two layers-water, a n d arsenic trichloride-which contained a small amount of iron in addition t o dissolved phosgene. Some arsenic trichloride was lost in the water layer, but preliminary purification of the tailgas would materially reduce this loss. 3-The method of chlorination used in this work, namely, t h e treatment of inorganic compounds with phosgene in the presence of carbon as a catalyzer,

I

will probably be of general application, and may make it possible t o satisfactorily chlorinate inorganic compounds with phosgene a t lower temperatures t h a n has heretofore been possible. Commercially, a number of different types of furnaces, intermittent or continuous, could be used for these reactions. ACKNOWLEDGMENT

I n conclusion i t is desired t o express appreciation of t h e kind assistance a n d suggestions from Major W. L. Evans, of t h e Edgewood Arsenal Chemical Laboratory, and Majors F. C. Frary a n d Sterling Temple, of t h e Edgewood Arsenal Chemical Plants.

THE CHEMICAL INDUSTRY AND TRADE OF SPAIN

I

I

1

By 0.P.Hopkins, Washington, D. C. Received February 2, 1920

The wealth of Spain lies chiefly in her agriculture and in her mineral resources. Of t h e products t h a t may be called agricultural, and which enter into trade, t h e best known examples are olive oil, wines, citrus fruits, and nuts. The minerals recovered in t h e most important quantities are iron, coal, copper, iron pyrites, lead, mercury, zinc, and salt. Cotton textiles are the outstanding product of industrial manufacture. Although one of the oldest nations in Europe, the Spanish people have not made great progress in developing their resources. At the time t h e war broke o u t t h e domestic production of food was insufficient t o meet t h e home demand, coal was largely imported from England while t h e domestic supply was much neglected, metallic ores were shipped out of t h e country in immense quantities for others t o refine and work, t h e water power was utilized t o only a limited extent, fertilizers were imported ready-made, and so on. Much of t h e olive oil and wines exported required further refining and blending. Only a few really finished products were shipped out of t h e country. I n spite of its many disadvantages t o Spain, t h e war has served t o change these conditions rather radically. Attention has been focused on the necessity ,of producing more food a t home, for rations were short while hostilities were on. Even olive oil exports were taboo part of t h e time. The importance of fertilizers is now recognized, and steps have been taken t o increase t h e domestic output, especially of ammonium sulfate. Enough Spanish coal is mined t o meet home demands, which run about 7,000,000 tons a year. T h e developments in mining and metallurgical fields have been more striking t h a n in a n y other, under the direct stimulus of war demands, and i t is considered certain t h a t from now on more and more minerals will be recovered and a much larger percentage refined in Spain. Special attention has of late been given t o hydroelectric development, for which there is considered to be a great future. I n 1918 more t h a n 400,000 horsepower was produced by plants having a potential capacity of nearly a million horse power. It is planned t o utilize such power more largely in the future for

t h e production of needed alkalies and ammonium sulfate, and in t h e metallurgical industries. Trade between the United States and Spain before t h e war was not comparatively important, and few articles were involved t h a t can be classified as chemical or allied products. It was largely a matter of exchanging American cotton, with some tobacco, mineral oil, electrical equipment, and lumber, for Spanish copper, cork, pyrites, fruits, nuts, and olive oil. The war hindered rather t h a n helped trade, but t h e enrichment of Spain through t h e war will probably mean larger purchases from t h e United States, and, in t h e end, larger sales t o us. The statistics prepared for this article will show the point t o which Spanish chemical industries and trade had developed when the war came and t h e manner in which t h e war affected them. PRODUCTION O F CHEMICALS AND ALLIED PRODUCTS

Official statistics of production are concerned almost exclusively with products of mineral origin. T o present a more complete picture of the industries, therefore, some notes have been prepared from various reliable sources, chiefly from material published by t h e Bureau of Foreign and Domestic Commerce, as follows : Extensive deposits of potash were discovered as long ago as 1911 in Catalonia, b u t no definite action was taken toward working them until December 1918, when the government announced conditions under which concessions would be made. A number of explanations are offered t o account for t h e delay in starting production, and charges are made from some quarters t h a t the German syndicate was successful for many years in delaying operations. The government now has entire control of the situation. The first concession was granted t o a Belgian company, and an American company has also entered the field. There are no figures of production available. The manufacture of licorice extract and paste is an important Spanish industry, but there are no statistics of production. This is a comparatively new industry,

2 24

T H E JOURNAL OF I N D U S T R I A L A N D ENGINEERING CHEMISTRY

Vol.

12,

No. 3

as formerly t h e root was exported unmanufactured. European sources. T h e great handicap t o the further Over 6,000,000 lbs. of t h e root were exported in 1918 development of t h e domestic industry is t h e necessity and more t h a n 600,000 lbs. of extract and paste. of importing pulp, and as t h e forest resources are unBefore the war about 1,500 tons of benzol were equal t o supplying t h e material, hope is placed in t h e produced in Spain. In 1918,2 , 0 0 0 tons were produced, possibility of developing the esparto production t o and t h e output for 1919 is estimated a t 3,000 tons. a point t h a t will make t h e Spanish paper industry This is said t o be about one-tenth of t h e requirements independent. for automobiles alone, and there is keen interest in T h e foregoing notes are supplementary t o the foldeveloping t h e industry further. lowing official production statistics, and can be ampliFerromolybdenum and ferrovanadium are t o be fied by a s t u d y of t h e import and export tables. T h e manufactured by a new electrochemical company production table has been compiled from statistics which also plans t o produce ferrosilicon and molybdic, published b y t h e Spanish Ministry of Public Instructungstic, and vanadic acids, and derivatives and by- tion and Fine Arts. products . PRODUCTION OF CHEMICALS AND ALLIED PRODUCTS Spain is a n important producer of a number of esQUANTITYPRODUCED 1913 1916 sential oils, including spike, rosemary, thyme, sage, CHEMICALS,COLORS,ETC.: Lbs. Lbs. Alcohol, denatured.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ..... 719,7121 pennyroyal, and geranium rose. The plants grow . . . 3,284,900 wild and distillation is carried on by large steam disCalciiim carbide.. .................. 34,521,7502 Chloride of lime., .................. 16,755,100 8,983.800 tilleries as well as b y many small direct-fire stills. Copper sulfate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Magnesium carbonate 2,iii:OOo 2,513,300 5,511,600 Paints are not manufactured on a large scale in Hydrochloric acid.. . . Ocher.. ........................... 585,155,300 1 , 3 2 i 1800 1,763,700 Spain, most of t h e supplies coming from other countries, Olive oil.. ............ 456,610.300 Potassium chlorate.. , 335,100 the chief of which are shown in t h e table of imports. Soda: Caustic.. ....................... 42,857,900 T h e argols and lees obtained in such large quantities Chlorate. ....................... 335,100 ..... in connection with t h e extensive production of wine, Sulfate, ......................... 26,477.500 646,000 Sulfur: were formerly exported in t h e crude state, b u t t h e Crude, .......................... 138,126,200 103,447,500 16,532,500 23,432,900 Refined ......................... export figures show a tendency t o ship t h e refined 58,905,300 310,382,100 Sulfuric acid.. ..................... Superphosphates. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 694,846.200 ..... products, cream of t a r t a r and calcium tartrate. It is ORES, METALS,ETC.: Metric Tons Metric Tons said t h a t tartaric acid is not manufactured in t h e Aluminous earths.. ................. 256 388 Amblygonite. ...................... 50 . . . . . country. 51.5 ..... 6,250 6,302 Ergot of rye was produced t o the extent of some 30 2,591 5,695 7,316 ..... tons in 1917, b u t in 1918 t h e output was only 5 or 6 10,507 3,048 56 10 tons. Before t h e war this material was shipped t o 486,228 555,975 511,961 536,346 Germany, b u t of late i t has been going t o t h e United 1,500 5 263 States and England. 4,292 522 5,588,668 ..... 595.677 T h e Spanish glass industry is a n old one, and exBlister, ingots, wire 23,988 20,768 ports by quantity are larger t h a n imports. During Mntte. . . . . . . . . . . . 7,260 12.111 Ore. ............................ 2,268,691 117,007,681 1,773,921 the war real progress has been made in producing ..... 35 1 277 optical and laboratory glass, supplies 'of which were 656,951,604a ..... 376 ..... cut off when hostilities began. T h e government has ..... 1,240 placed orders with a successful company and a quantity ........... 9,861,668 5,856,861 has been exported. 926,913 953,678 ........... 666 769 711,746 Spain produces more paper t h a n is required a t home, 198,829 147,406 302,678 267,652 so t h a t there is a considerable export trade. After 21,594 14,178 1,246 795 the war started, and before shipping difficulties be19,960 19,799 3,548 14,111 came insurmountable, this export trade increased, 60,429 a95.928 Salt, common ...................... b u t later i t was seriously interfered with. Supplies Silver: Crude ........................... 402 274 of pulp and chemicals from t h e usual European sources Fine ............................ 141 125 3,561 Steatite. .......................... 4,407 were largely cut down. Ordinary roll paper was 86 Tinore ............................ 6,626 454 Wolfram.. ........................ 235 formerly produced t o t h e extent of 50,000 metric tons Zinc: Ore ............................. 117,831 166,053 a year, leaving a surplus of some Ij,ooo tons for exPigs ............................ 8,523 port. The output of fine and medium fine papers Sheets. ......................... 1 Gallons. 2 1915. 8 c u . ft.. 1915. is estimated a t 2 7 , 0 0 0 metric tons, of which some is exported. T h e vellum grade is turned out a t t h e rate I M P O R T S OF CHEMICALS AND A L L I E D PRODUCTS of about 1,500 reams a day. T h e value of t h e vellum As a n importer of chemicals and allied products, paper and bristol board is p u t a t $1,35o,ooo a year, of which about 2 0 per cent is exported. Cigarette Spain takes large quantities of fertilizers and insectipaper is also manufactured and exported. There are cides for her agricultural districts, dyes for her cottonno official statistics of production, t h e foregoing esti- textile industry, and various chemicals for her growing mates originating with t h e American vice-consul a t metallurgical industry and t h e paper and glass inBarcelona. For some time t o come there will be a dustries. Most of t h e medicines and finer chemical market in Spain for the finer grades of paper, which products required for individual consumption are in the past have been obtained almost exclusively from also imported. Very little in these lines has been ~

I

Mar., r92o

T H E J O U R N A L OF I N D U S T R I A L A N D E N G I N E E R I N G C H E M I S T R Y

purchased from t h e United States in t h e past, as the market is conveniently situated for German, English, a n d French manufacturers. During t h e war, American products have been introduced, in rather small quantities in most cases, although American dyes are now used t o a considerable extent. It is possible t h a t this business can be retained in p a r t and perhaps new business gained in some lines, but so much depends upon t h e outcome of t h e present political and commercial situation in Europe, t h a t speculation as t o the future is almost a waste of time. I t will be seen in t h e following table t h a t imports were greatly interfered with by t h e war. The import statistics have been compiled from returns published by t h e Spanish Department of Customs. IXPORTS OB CHEMICALS A N D ALLIED PRODCCTS 1913 1916 Lbs. Lbs. CHEMICALS,DRUGS,MEDICINES: Acetate of lime and pyrolignite ef iron 1,460,680 1,106,564 France. .......... 157,021 ..... Germany. 4,140 82 United States. .... 1.298.893 1,106,482 . , Acids : Acetic and pyroligneous. . . . . . 10,661 17,742 France. 3,662 1,656 Germany. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2,405 ..... United Kingdom.. . . . . . . . . 1,382 670 United S t a t e s . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15.416 Citric and tartaric acids; alkaline and other citrates and tartrates. 956,876 936,862 313,031 France ................... 484,606 175,389 785 Germany.. 187,304 Italy ..................... 162,437 185,808 252,905 United Kingdom.. . . . . . . . . 36,129 United States.. . . . . . . . . . . . Hydrochloric and sulfuric acids. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,014,147 64,604 415,782 Belgium. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 310,619 France. ....... 22,306 244,962 49 Germany.. . . . . 19,914 26,499 22,335 2,176 18,060 59,943 1,649 16,219 27,920 ..... 12,727 15,549 862 United States 4

................... ........

..................

.....

..........

....

.....

France. .................. Germany. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . United Kingdom ... United S t a t e s . . . . . . . . . . . . . Sulfoleic and similar acids. .... France. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Germany.. United Kingdom Albumin

..... ..................... France. .................... Germany.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . United Kingdom,. . . . . . . . . . .

199,258 60.240 12;939 105,510 3,188 3,940 85,737 65,803 17,551

.....

58,043 9,744 20,928 17,209 4,343

Alkaline carbonates. borates. silicates: salts of ammonia (except sulfate). . . . . . . . . . . 10,186.839 Belgium.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,034,297 France ..................... 2,108,301 Germany.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 952,081 United Kingdom., . . . . . . . . . . 5,569,761 United S t a t e s . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Alkaloids, other than quinine, and their salts.. . . . . . . . . . . 2,332 France, .................... 813 Germany. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,491 Switzerland. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . United Kingdom.. 24 United S t a t e s . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Alums, sulfate, chloride, and acetate of alumina, aluminate of soda, sulfate of 1,034,460 magnesia, and kieserite.. 415,369 France ..................... 359.976 Germany, . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 177,816 United Kingdom.. . . . . . . . . . . United S t a t e s . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Antipyrin and similar products. 4,204 France. 1,512 2,595 Germany. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Switzerland, . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20 United Kingdom.. . . . . . . . . . . 53 United States.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . Calcium carbide.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 106,744 105.465 France. Germany. 825

.....

..........

.....

..

.....

....................

.....

....................

..................

213,460

.....

36,501 1,168 45,007 130,731 7,824

..... .....

7,824 59,643 18,900 27,817

1918 Lbs. 219,790

....

.... ....

27 1

..... ..... ..... .....

700,453

.....

17,489

.....

263,168

..... ..... .....

..... .....

66,419

.....

4,977,273 2,636,607

4,440 1,982 57 1,156 1,199 46

2,329,898 641,424 2,218 1,555,301 19,733 17,910 5,044 1,155 3,787 3,316 3,208 3,413 3.373

.....

CHEMICALS

4ND

ALLIEDPRO13UCTS (Continued) 1913 1916 1918 Lbs. J,bs. Lbs.

C!HEMICALS. DRUGS.ETC. (Continued)

.

Chemical products, n. e. s . . , . , 8,653,095 6,305,182 2,911,737 829,838 Belgium.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ..... France. .................... 1,803,607 1,%:492 Germany. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3,856,889 407,939 352 I 294 Netherlands. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 246,379 918,632 126,619 1,627,177 United Kingdom.. . . . . . . . . . . United States.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,854,236 Chloride of lime.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8.551.431 1,130,455 2 , l j 9 : 5 j B France.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8;006;256 16,735 320,944 558,193 United Kingdom.. . . . . . . . . . . United States.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . ..... 438,022 ..... Chloroform. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2,579 6,314 9.520 3,440 France, .................... 1,007 2,676 ..... 1,128 United Kingdom.. . . . . . . . . . . 198 ..... United S t a t e s . , ..... Ether 23,065 7,484 2.749 France, .................... 3130 4,892 ..... 17,715 Germany. Switzerland. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 03 Fertilizers : Superphosphate and Thomas slag. . . . . . . . . 331,208,502 50,831,378 24,390 Belgium. . . . . . . . . 61,667,139 113,968,523 France. . . . . . . . . . . Germany, ........ 33,673,751 Netherlands. ..... ..... 53,476,932 Portugal, . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3 6 , s 16,046 United Kingdom.. . . . . . . . . 31,805.466 Nitrate of soda.. . . . . . . . . . . . . 73,270,864 Belgium. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3,790,702 ..... Chile. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 51,160,862 85.589:966 ..... 2,668,5 16 France . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 60,979 Germany.. 5,776,138 881,840 Portugal. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4,042,059 ..... United Kingdom.. . . . . . . . . 91495 ;675 1,753,788 ..... United States.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6,276,792 ..... Other; sulfate of ammonia; potash salts (except kieserite.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 203,315,445 139,548,051 270,584 Belgium. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9,175,455 ..... Chile. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,392,652 1,i86:?64 ..... France. . . . . . . . . . . 8,979,448 127,741 Germany. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 55,917,984 4,674 ..... Norway. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2,100,102 ..... Portugal. . , , , . . , . , , , , , . , . 1 ,?69;233 9,480 Russia. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8,299,422 United Kingdom.. . . . . . . . . 117,046,092 135,8?5;309 United S t a t e s . . . . . . . . . . . . . 95,300 ..... Metric tons Metric tons Metric tons Phosphate rock.. . . . . . . . . . . . 244,463 288,328 115,028 Algeria.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 122,375 163,360 16.372 24,203 ..... Tunis. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . France and Colonies.. . . . . . 28,374 22,900 ..... 70,638 69.387 United S t a t e s . . . . . . . . . . . . . Lbs. 1,bs. Lbs. Gelatin for industrial purposes.. . 275,540 146,892 54,992 France .................... 153,393 102,494 ..... 29,208 Switzerland. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12,324 United Kingdom.. . . . . . . . . . . 23,618 ..... 14,667 United States., , , , . . , . , , , , , . 1,082 ..... ..... 2,399 68 Glycerin. .................... 192,138 France. .................... ..... 1,782 24,286 52,751 Germany. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ..... ..... 102,878 Netherlands. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . United Kingdom.. 498 ..... 9,760 United S t a t e s . . 119 Insecticides, includina sulfates of copper and Tron, and cyanides of potassium and sodium. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14,178,750 8,908,909 348,934 France, .................... 1,252,350 ..... 568,520 ..... ..... 703,512 Germany. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 976,059 United Kingdom.. . . . . . . . . . . 11,992,850 522 United States.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6,631,131 33,854 53 375,357 Lead oxides.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . France . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8,993 ..... 37,718 ..... 250.143 Germanv . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12,035 Morocco . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ..... ..... Netherlands. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 52,714 10,615 ..... United Kingdom.. . . . . . . . . . . 32,767 2,211 ..... United States.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7,529 392 Licorice extract.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 44,443 Medicines : Containing sugar, glucose, saccharin., etc.., without 50,122 51,610 alcohol . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 73,345 France. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 60,466 ..... 34,330 8,578 ..... United Kingdom.. , , . , . , . . 7,052 4,111 ..... United States. . . . . . . . . . . . . 2,540 22,968 32,373 Containing alcohol, n s . rn. 16,027 14,742 ..... France.:. .... 22 ..... Germanv. . . . . Switzerland. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ’ 24 3,005 ..... 4,006 United Kingdom.. . . . . . . . . 46 United States.. ........... 972 970

.....

..... ..... ..... .....

............. ....................... ..................

.....

.....

......... .........

.....

...

.....

.....

..... 5,082 ..... ..... ..... .....

12,926

34j:8j3 32822 4,241:919 58,801

IMPORTS O F

..... ..... ..... .....

.....

6,512

.....

.....

..... ..... 553,056

..... ..... ..... .....

2.1 , 383

.....

23,360

....

.....

.

.....

.....

.......... .............

....

..

. ..............

Alcoholic. . , , Other, and essential oils.. . . . . Pharmaceutical products, n. s. m France. .... Germany, . . . . . . . . . United Kingdom.. . United States., . . . . Phosphotus . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . France ..................... United Kingdom.,

..........

.....

101,915 338,526 615,231 322,070 135,832 80,602 43,628 53.825 23,704 30,121

93,540 372,643 634,301 412,586 5,132 101,236 53,598 48,192 2,205 43,782

82,900 500,967 757,687

..... .....

4,630

.....

.....

T H E J O U R N A L OF I N D U S T R I A L A N D E N G I N E E R I N G C H E M I S T R Y

2 26

CHEMICALS AND ALLIEDPRODUCTS(Confinued) 1913 1916 1918 Lbs. Lbs. ARTICLES Lbs. CRSMICALS. DRUGS,ETc. (Continued1 Pills, capsules, pellets, for medic41,698 60,524 39,075 inal use. 37,134 30,746 France. 9,841 13 Germany. 2,582 2,575 United Kingdom.. 6,827 10,527 United States., Potassium and sodium chlorates 212,279 101,388 133,054 a n d phosphoric acid.. 56,724 83,950 France. ..... 24,386 Sweden 42,734 ..... . Switzerland.. ..... 41,318 57,955 United Kingdom.. 3,549 United States.. 8,508 11,539 10,668 Quinine, and salts., 5,653 4.738 France. 3,479 Germany. 1,692 368 United Kingdom.. . . . . . . . . . . 70 1 850 United States.. Soda: 4,989 46,665 366,746 Caustic, and caustic potash. .. .... 104,630 Belgium, 260 97,916 Germany. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33,000 151,758 United Kingdom.. ..... 6,329 United States.. . . . . . . . . . . . 29,445 298,673 Chloride. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9,4i6;0jO 167,726 262,910 France. 3,086 8,983.393 PortuPal. . . . . . 127,682 175,226 Unitea Kingdom.. . . . . . . . . 179 3,106 United States., . . . . . . . . . . . Sulfate and sulfite; chloride and carbonate of mag1,521,820 9,158,702 2,557,873 nesia. 592,846 Belgium.. 673,003 784,130 France.. 54,610 1,755,382 Germany. 1,020,068 5,577,858 United Kingdom.. . . . . . . . . 513,797 869 United States.. ........... 15 333 Saccharin and similar products.. Sulfur : 3,945,800 4,798,109 36,398 1,219,773 4,708,403 2,726,027 2,609: j i g 4,349,285 2,708,094 1,016,584 59,864 2,555,633 3,285,610

..... .................... .................... ............... .......... ............. ........... .................... .................. .............

..... ..... .....

..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... .....

..... .....

................. ........

.....

..................

.....

... ...

.................. .. .... ......

.....

.....

...... .... ..,.. .....

..... .....

............. Tannin.

............

17,723,065 4,126,550 13,445,156 37,143 9,802

1,141,169 191,110 809,007 141,052

1,572,627

15,190 58.415 7,397

879,033 796 1,572 1,700 874,780 75,807 16,311 12,379 44,630

1,264,062 81,328 1,085,135 71,321 198

444,624 31,845 192,154 119,004 51,735

850.523

167,561 2,416 155,327 3,286 681,254 20 593 598: 794 27,136

485,614 113,341 316,164 39,370 74,057

929,246

....

Artificial, in paste or liquid France. : Germany. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Switzerland. Coal-tar dyes and other artificial

......... ......

................

..... 84,840

.....

27,050

.....

7,469,965 3,963,082 383,077 938,536 547

....................

France. Germany. Italy.. Switzerland. United Kingdom.. United States.. ............. PAINTS PIGMENTSCOLORS, ETC.: Ochers and c o l k n g earths for painting, unground, and alumina in powder.. ....... France. Germany. .................. United Kingdom. Ochers and coloring earths, ground.. France. .................... Germany. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Switzerland. ................. United Kingdom,. Mineral colors and colors prepared with water... Belgium. France .....................

.................. ............ .......

.....

41,427 779,273 1,282,667

.

.................... ...........

2,085,291 35,428 1,420,721 24,524

.................

2,427,646 1,185,151 717,990

.......... ....... ...................

6,707,213

15,413,332 1,753,195 13,302,823 60,794 21,349 39,004

.....

430 664 ~

6,805,435 994,237 1,668.849

72,844 39,683

.....

33,152 1,869*364 1,337.604 5,714 24,251 483,590 2,383,819 1,250: 4;s

..... ..... 5,121 ..... ..... .....

.....

..... ..... ..... 102,166 .... .....

..... .....

..... .....

..... ..... .....

397,996

..... ..... ..... .....

2,352,987

..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... 26,643

..... ..... ..... I3l.625 ..... ..... .....

.....

1,435,013

.. .. ......

No. 3

12,

IMPORTS OF CEEMICALSAND ALLIEDPRODUCTS (Concluded)

I M P O R T S OP

................. .................... .................. .......... .............

Vol.

1913

Lbs.

PAINTS PIGMENTS ETC (Concluded) Miniral colors, 'etc. (Concluded) Germany. 2,852,148 557,861 Netherlands. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 565,063 United Kingdom.. 84,280 United States.. Colors prepared with oils, varnish, glue, etc., liquid, in paste, 2,248,624 or solid 261,023 France. 545,008 Germany. .................. 74 I 762 Netherlands. 1,149,066 United Kingdom.. . . . . . . . . . . 133,879 United States.

Inks:

1916 Lbs.

.................. .......... .............

27,668 64,762 954,528 67,827

.................. .................... ............... ..............

1,886,254 274,768 2,425 1,228,516 154,942

................... .................. ................ .............

Writing. France. Germany. Netherlands. United Kingdom., United States.. Printing; shoe creams and polishes, Belgium.. France.. Germany.. Italy. United Kingdom.. United States.. Varnishes: Containing alcohol. France. United Kingdom.. United States.. Other.. Belgium.. F r a n c e . , ................. Germany.. Netherlands. United Kingdom.. United States.. OILS OILSEEDSFATS AND WAXES: Cdconut and palm oil other solid oils. and olein France.. United Kingdom.. . . . . . . . . . . Other vegetable oils (except olive oil). Belgium, France. United Kingdom.,

........ ........... ............... ................ ................. ............... .................... ........ ...........

......... .................. ........ ........... .................... ................

............... ............. ........ ...........

. .:. . . . . . . . . I... . ..... .... ................ ................... .................... ..........

Sesame, linseed, and other oilseeds, including copra.. Argentina. British Possessions in Asia.. China. Dutch East Indies. Philippines.

.... ................. ..

..................... .......... ................

.................. ......... .................. ................. ............. .........................

203.042

..... ..... .....

1,009,590

..... .. .. .. .. .. ..... 111.481

319,764 84,802 150,997 1,548 69,756 11,151

163,068 51,105

1 , 5 18.17 1 244,702 206,961 841.405 1,362 82,997 99,886

709.597

454,227

134,136 205,169

.... ..... ..... .....

57,117 33,512 15,409 1.4i.i: i i o 135,779 256.980 168,156 68,682 718,124 64.833 2,299,635 888,297 796,395

..... 31,059

76,150 4,528

..... 270,394 ..... 88,239 4.5,637 29,310 14,694 1,633 1,170,601

..... .....

171,240 73,030 808,206 114,800 2,638,168 996,443 618,727

.. .. .. .. .. ..... .....

17,317

....

.....

300,796

..... ..... ..... .....

.....

572,981

.....

1,031,045 205,495 1,030,826 230,778 38,488 457,190 110,130 192,682 Metric tons Metric tons Metric tons 70,848 44,870 16,104 25 10,748 ..... 35,906 11,534 ..... 4,745 2.232 15,781 3,528 11.168 11,689 Lbs. Lbs Lbs. 11,904,378 14,671,750 2.523.984 4,429 503,439 16,700 ..... 128,144 188,323 1.351 11.310

.....

..... .....

,...:

.....

Paraffin.,,. Stearin and palmitin.. Belgium.. Germany.. United States.. Wax: 45,501 20,221 Animal. 224,819 Mineral a n d vegetable,. 681,305 MISCELLANEOUSMATERIALSAND PRODUCTS: Animal products used in medi414,293 99,920 cine. Barks and woods for dyeing and 559,275 19,331,465 tanning., 158,050 419.844 Bone-black Caramel liquid, a n d similar 32,695 8,126 prod&. 682,683 374,885 Colophony, vegetable pitch, etc. 13,121,606 4,271,190 Glass and glassware.. 2,400 725 Glucose. 330,641 1 664,167 Glue 573,322 247,885 France, 554,856 42,352 United Kingdom.. 20,470 11,823 United States.. 10,191,180 4,571,086 Paper and manufactures, 3,726,210 151 125 330 I.34.352,733 Paper pulp.. 1:815 :755 Prepared size, dextrin, etc.. 1 754 300 Germany.. 11332:963 897,280 Holland. 657,412 151,259 United Kingdom.. 189,700 United States.. 308,605 796.620 Soap common 81,948 40,412,207 Suga;. Vegetable products used in medi285,783 490.160 cine

....................... .................. ................... .................. ......... ..................... ......................... .................... .......... ............. ...... ................. .... ................. ................... .......... ............. ................ ....................... .......................

1918

Lbs.

..... .....

~

.....

.....

.....

423 667 139,411 ~

93 286 ~

7,190,385 113,170 13 197.975 2,360,663 9,190 205,300

... 4,694:Oi5 71,462,109 77,212

..... ..... ..... ..... 763 328 ~

33,497.513

215,488

E X P O R T S O F CHEMICALS AND ALLIED PRODUCTS

Not many chemicals are exported by Spain, although t h e quantities have been increasing under the stimulus of high prices. Among t h e exports, however, are a number of extremely important materials for the chemical industries of other countries, as t h e following

T H E J O U R N A L OF I N D U S T R I A L A N D E N G I N E E R I N G C H E M I S T R Y

Mar., 1920

table will show, These figures have been compiled from statistics issued by t h e Spanish Department of Customs. EXPORTS ;F

CXEMICALS

CHEMICALS, DRUGS.MEDICINES: Chemical products, n. e. s.. ..... France. .................... Germany.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Chloride of l i m e . , . . . . . . . . . . . . . Portugal.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Copper sulfate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Glycerin ..................... France ..................... Italy.. United S t a t e s . . ..... Licorice : Crude. France. Portugal. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . United States. . . . . . . . . . . . . Extract and paste.. . . . . . . . . . France . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . United S t a t e s . . . . . . . . . . . . . Perfumes and essential oils . . . . Pharmaceutical DroduCtS. n. e. s. Argentina. ...... 1 Italy. .............. Morocco Salts, mineral, n. e. s . . . . . . . . . . . Soda: Caustic .................... Netherlands.. . . . . . . . . . . . . Portugal. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

.............

..................... ...................

.. .:, .......

...... ................... L.

.................. .................... ................. Sulfate.. ................... Egypt ................... Chloride. British Possessions in America British Possessions in Asia.. Uruguay

ALLIEDPRODUCTS 1913 1916 Lbs. Lbs.

AND

3,037.265 41.625 987.P5.5 96,3*: I 938,314 419,552 391,982 4,546 4,546 3,345,487 714,183

................. ................ ........ ............. ...................

.............. ........

............

8,037,639

..... ..... .....

293,792 16,219 112,621 55,795 32,512 530,475 331,081 1,127 68s 178,504 3,269,315 581 526 447:521 1,598,587 3,759 992 1,750

..... .....

...........

..... .....20

91,610 53,280 19,510

6,130,352

..... ..... ..... 606,230

1,280;017 2,321,680

.....

..... .....

Metric tons Metric tons 423,035 336,068 84.528 96,889 56,755 Lbs. 696,262 166,449 485,017 1,243

..... ..... .....

....

...................

5,5ii:896

69 740 78:012 120,241 Lbs.

.................

Belgium. France, ....................

..... .....

5,990.546

OILS, OILSEEDS,FATS AND WAXES: Almond oil., 7,961 Peanut oil ... 18 435 35:576 Oil of othe 240,233 Residuum ... Peanuts. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11,827,380 24,683 Stearin. ...................... 45,589 Wax. ........................ ORES: Metric tons Antimony ..................... 20

.........

1,493;224

230,557 225,797 68

io;:

France. .................... Germany. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . United Kingdom.. . . . . . . . . . . Varnishes. ...... Argentina.. ... Canary Islands.. France. .................... Italy. ......................

1,860,898

250,004

.2,405,227 . .. .. .....

.....

.... ................

.....

105,116

6,780,737 3,361,705 5,560 3,084,222 1,328,680 403,228 689,811 1,012,612 1,547,777 186,608 144,092 331,705 10,400

..............

PAINTS, PIGMENTS, COLORS, VARNISHES: Colors, in lumps or powder.. France, Germany. Cuba. ..................... Morocco . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Colors, prepared for p Argentina. France, ....................

;

9 , 6 i i a28 1,742,494 1,170,725 955,208 43,905 43,541

4,570,227 1,848,250 520,745 1,565 518 930'792 385 075 505,992 433.475 972,954 220 612 15:SSl 20,734 2,670

Metric tons 564,041

ORES (Concluded) Blende (Concluded) Germany, .......... United Kingd United States Calamine :

10,300 3,895

.....

12 367 10:908

..... ..... ..... .....

i:bi6:720

:

(Concluded) CHEXICALS A N D ALLIEDPRODUCTS 1913 1916 1918 Metric tons Metric tons Metric tons

70,123,194 40,249,587 50,257,512

ijz;481 1,508,903

Italy.. ................... Sulfur 4,868 Tartar: Crude. 27 739 557 14:101:625 France. 125,976 Italy.. 7,267,246 Netherlands. 4,506 800 United Kingdom.. 293: 706 United States.. Cream of.. Denmark. United Kingdom.. Tartrate of lime.. 1,487,695 France.. 333,553 Italy ....................... 216,315 Netherlands.. 477,845 United Kingdom. . . . . . . . . . . . 248,245 United States.. . . . . . . . . . . . . .

........................ ..................... .................. ................... ............. ........ ...........

1918 Lbs.

EXPORTS OF

16,338,750 5,284,230 2,891,329

5,ij.!3:452

2,826,672 701,154 85,964 546,570 1,470,150

.....

48,034

1

.295,256 i 26; 860

3,148,868 2,495,004

.....

137,237 25,139 2,389,170 191,295 1,386,712 203,180 89.586 434,340 3,114,228 160,011 2,;iS; 850 21,024 44 1 309 9,100 5,904 1,733

...... ....

..... Lbs. 419,685

..... .....

559,123 10,965.288

..... ..... .....

i,i6i;382

..... .....

2,654,749

.....

.....

.. .. .. .. .. .

.

I

.

.

4,855,400

..... ..... .....

918,744

.....

.....

..... 623,038 2,563,375

..... ..... .....

54.768

..... 386 168 3,582,313

l9ii3;957 1,081,860 7,160,404 2,i94:360 654,103 92.268 199,016 456,584 Metric tons Metric tons 53 20 15

.....

58,634

.....

7,793

..... ..... ..... ..... 47,666 .....

.....

227

550

Copper : Ores over 2'/2 per c Germany. Netherlands.. .. United Kingdom.. . . . . . . . . United States.. . . . . . . . . . . . Ores under 21/a per cent.. France United Kingdom.. Matte. Belgium. Galena:

......

....

...................

............

.................

......... .................. .............. _.. . . . . . .

Belgium. France. Iron: Ores

ited Kingdom., ited States.. ...

............ United Kingdim.;. . . . . . . . United States.. . . . . . . . . . . . Lead ores, n. e. s.. Manganese ores.. Belgium. France United Kingdom.. . . . . . . . . . . Ores, n. e . $

............ ............. ................... ..................... ...................

..................

Phosphorite. MISCELLANEOUS MATERIALSAND

PRODUCTS:

22,461 ..... .....

942 941

..... 1,147 228 789

8,907,309 390 073 987'626 2 510'694 4:818:617 89,828 2,903 554 383 ' 605 458 1655 521 669 548:319 705,733 260 27 793 23:014 537 4,128 285 141

.....

10

Lbs.

................ ... ............... ................... ..........

.....

..................

...................

.........

...............

.....

........

...................

...

United Kingdom.. United S t a t e s . . ............. Sugar. Argentina. ; Canary Islands.. Portugal, Vegitable pitch.. . . . . . . . . . . . . .

....................... ............. ...

............ ..................

.37,689 ....

86.091 9,452 10,390 38,196 19,108 74,294 15,628 41.152 214 214

.................... ....................... ...................

United Kingdom.. Other; cardboard; manufactures of paper a n d cardboard.

40,898

..... ..... .....

.....................

...................

6,714 40,959

10,442 6.592 3,850

Barks and other tanning ma6,110,539 terials. Candle?: 744,754 Stearin. 45,589 Wax 30,675 Explosives. Glass: Hollow, common.. . . . . . . . . . . 16,487,305 Argentina. 3,i4k'344 Cuba .................... 537:264 France.. All other.. . . . 345,863 17,465 Glue, common. 11,023 Belgium. 661 United Kingdom., Naval stores: 18 328 503 9 ' 1 19'354 1:311'386 131118 1,210,077 5,797,343 om. ......... 9 571 064 2'727 ' 118 rance 5: 6641594 Italy. 263,435 United Kingdom.. . . . . . . . . Paper: Total exports.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17,446,544 4,022,863 Cigarette. 165 428 Chile. 1,628'600 983:559 1,471,720 Hand-made 705,812 Argentina. In rolls.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,542,508 596,551 Belgium, . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

....................

.....

308,010 522

18,181 4,261 23,145

..... 23.145 ..... .....

255

.....

.....

..... ....... . 1,200 .. 5,295

..... .....

.. ..5,257 ... ... .....

.....

. 17,093 .... .....

.....

..... 46

.....

.....

.....

.....

5,045,575 407,019

4,292,406

255 976 801

.....108

4,521,013 116,793 2,744,767 613,069

.....

48,039 859,374 1,141,981 730 8,851

.....

5,767 2,472 1,741 160 1,171

Lbs.

.....

67

.....

..... ..... .....

1 .06i;iol

..... ..... .....

.....

374

22,521 ...... ....

..... 500 ..... ..

600

Lbs.

24,843,128

12,546,830

827,538 115,372 294,734

96,294 754,924 647,620

24,508,248 3,240,268 5 412 646 11 :278:956 5,604,566 323,026

14,355,970

.....

291,396

.....

..... 5,0+6;7 0 525,dZ

..... ....

.....

11,786,960

5,696: 960 1,359,233 16,066,370 8,234,308

.....

5 , i i i 13.54

1,380:285 1,600,983 5,077,547

..... .....

40,807,525 3,564,872 560,673 1,276,470 489,110 763,148 371,849 13,246,300

18,401,808 7,553,962

23,662,849

ii,Sii;i98 44,538 436,244

10,409,453 21,233,205 7,824,560 4,202,650 3,567,692 3,450,474 1,621,482 639 729,743 78,462 521,054 126,446 5,579,425 23 274 78,970 21:982 1,473,880 3,112,995 330 212,435 180,294

.....

.....

.....

..... ..... ..... 272,033 ..... 220,039 ..... ..... ..... .....

10,355,774 8,700,910

..... .....

.....

1,390;300

.....

1,466:867