in the Chemical luborutory
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Edited by NORMAN V. STEERE, 140 Melbourne Ave., S.E. Minneapolis, Minn. 55414
XC. Identification of Hazardous Materials-Part
FHSA Regulations define as '"ghly Doison,, substance cftht " produces death within 14 days in half or more than half of a group of white rats each weighing between 200 and 300 g when inhaled continuously for a period of 1 hr or less in an atmospheric concentration of 200 ppm by volume or less of gas or vapor or 2mg/lby volume or less of mist or dust, provided that such concentration is likely to be encountered by m m when the suhstanee is used in any reasonably foreseeable manner."
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NORMAN V. STEERE TOXIC SUBSTANCES
laborstory rats weighing 200-300 g, when inhaled eontinuonslv for a period of 1 hr or less at a coneentr&n o f 2 mg or less per liter of vspor, mist, or dust, provided such concentration is likely to be encountered by man when the ehemicd product is used in any reasonably foreseeable manner!'
Toxicity b y Inhalation DOT Class B poisons, as described earlier, me suhstctnces "which produce death within 48 hr in half or more than half of a group of 10 or more white
feature
Oral Toxicity a n d Hazard Rating Comparison
-
CCTP*
DOT NIOSH (48 hr/ 1971 Fed. List Std MCA 10) (14 days) FHSA rats (rats) 313
LDso mg/kg
Toxicity rating or class
1 qt. Aluminum non-toxic silicate
5
TCHI*'
Relative Haeard Hazard to Grade Health
Highly Toxic Poison Toxic HazSub- ardous Substance B stance, (Poison)
5
Highly Toxic Poison Toxic HasSubstance R Sub- ardous (Poison) stance
4
...
Toxic HszSub- ardous stance
3
...
Tovio Substance
2
... ...
...
...
Toxic, but.
..
...
...
...
...
...
... ...
1
Msjor f~idual Injury is likely in spite of prompt treatment Major residual injury may result in spite of prompt treatment Minor +dual wury may result in s d t e of prompt treatment Minor +dual Injury may result from some accidental exposures even if no treatment is applied
No residual isto be expected from accidental exposures even if no treatment is applied
* "Clinical Toxicology of Commercial Products" Gleason, Gosselin, Hodge, and Smith, 3rd ed. (1969), the Williams and Wilkins Co., Baltimore. 1Probable LETHAL dose for 70 kg human. ** H. F. Smyth, Jr. in "Tables of Chemical Hazard Information" in "Handbook of Laboratory Safety," 2nd ed. (1970), CRC Press Cleveland. (Continued on page ASO) Volume 49, Number I , January 1972
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gas or vapor or more than 2 ing/l but not more than 20 mg/l of mist, fume, or dust when administered by continuous inhalation far 1 hr or less to albino rats weighing between 200 and 300 g each, provided such concentration is likely to heencountered by man when thesubstance is used in any reasonably foreseeable manner." FHSA Regulations define "toxic substance" as any that "produces death within 14 davs in one-half of a erouD of white rats each weighing between '200 and 300 g when inhaled oontinuously for a. period of 1 hr or less a t an atmospheric concentration of more than 200 ppm but not more than 20,000 ppm by volume of gas or vapor or more than 2 mg but not more than 200 mg/l by volume of mist or dust, provided such concentration is likely to be encountered by man when the substance is used in any reasonably foreseeable manner."
MCA "Guide to Precautionary Labeling" defines "highly toxic substrtnee (poison)" as one that "has a median lethal concentration (LCsD)in air of 200 ppm by volume or less of gas or vapor or 2 mg/l or less of mist, fume, or dust when administered by continuous inhalation for 1 hr or less to albino .rats weighing between 200 and 300 g each, provided such concentration is likely to be encountered by man when the substance is used in any reasonably foreseeable manner." The NIOSH "Toxic Substances List, 1971" defines "toxic" to include inhalation doses (4 hr) to the rat of up to 10,000 pprn or 2000 mg/m3 (or 2 mg/l). MCA defines "toxic substance" as one that "has a median lethal concentration (LCro) in air of more than 200 ppm but not more than 2000 pprn by volume of
Skin Absorption Toxicity Rating Comporiron FHSA 1 2 0 0 mg/kg
MCA
Highly Toxic Substance (Poison)
DOT
NOSH 1971 List
Poison 7,
Toxic
...
Toxic
...
Toxic
D
>200 mg/kg to 20W mg/kg >zoo0 mg/kg
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Journal of Chemical Education
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Toxicity b y Skin Absorpfion DOT Class B poisons include "those which produce death within 48 hr in half or more than half of a group of 10 or more rabbits tested a t a. dosage of 200 mg or less per kilogram body weight, when administered by continuous contact with the bare skin for 24 hr or less." FHSA Regulations define "highly toxic" to include "any substance that produces death within 14 days in half or more than half of s. group of rabbits weighing between 2.3 and 3.0 kg each, tested in a dosage of 200 mg, or less, per kilogram of body weight when administered by continuous contact with the bare skin for 24 hr or less by the method described in $191.10!' MCA defines "highly toxic substance (poison)" as one "that has a median lethal dose (LDso) of 200 mg or less per kilogram of body weight when administered by oontinuous contact for 24 hr or less with the bare skin of albino rabbits weighing between 2 and 3 kg each." MCA defines "toxic substrtnce" as one "that has 8. median lethal dose (LD,.) of more than 200 mg/kg but not'mo; than 1000 mg/kg of body weight when administered by continuous contact for 24 hr or less with the bare skin of albino rabbits weighing between 2 and 3 kg each." FHSA Regulations define "toxic substance" as any that "produces death within 14 days in one-half of s. group of
rabbits weighing between 2.3 and 3.0 kg each, tested st a dosage of more than 200 mg/kg of body weight but not more than 2 g/kg of body weight, when administered by oontinuous contact with the bare skin for 24 hr by the method described in g191.10." The NIOSH "Toxic Substances List, 1971" define "toxic" to include dosages to rabbits by skin contact of up to 2800 mg/ kg.
Occupational Safety and Health Act of 1970 I n late 1970 Congress passed a oomprehensive occupational safety and health law which applies to working conditions in all U.S. workplaces, and all employers, except the Federal Government and states and political subdivisions. (A Presidential executive order has extended the regulations to Federal agencies, and it is expected that states and politicel subdivisiow will be covered soon.) The law refers to establishment of a labeling standard and several specific references to hazard identification as well as setting out a broad program for standards, researoh, and enforcement. The Congressional findings and purpose of the Occupational Safety and Health Act of 1970 (also known as Public Law 91-596 and the WilliamsSteiger Act) are stated as follows:
SEC. (2) The Congress finds that personal injuries and illnesses arising out of work situations impose a substantial burden upon, and are s. hindrmce to, interstate oommerce in terms of lost production, wage loss, medical expenses, and disability compensation payments. ( b ) The Congress declares i t to be its purpose and policy, through the exercise of its powers to regulate commerce among the several States and with foreign nations and to provide for the general welfare, to assure so far as possible every working man and woman in the Nation safe and healthful working conditions and to preserve our human resourees(1) by encouraging employers and employees in their efforts to reduce the number of occupational safety and health hazards a t their places of employment, and to stimulate employers and employees to institute new and to perfect existing programs for providing safe and healthful working conditions; (2) by providing that employers and employees have separate but dependent responsibilities and rights with respect to achieving safe and healthful working conditions; (3) by authorizing the Secretmy of Labor to set mandatory occupational safety and health standards applicable to businesses affecting interstate oommerce, and by creating an Occupstional Safety and Health Review Commission for carrying out adjudicatory functions under the Act; (4) by buildmg upon advances already made through employer and employee (Continued on page
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initiative for providing safe and healthful working conditions; (5) by providing fa+ research in the field of occupational safety and health, including the psychological factors involved, and by developing innovative methods, techniques, and approaches for dealing with occupational safety and health problems; (6) by exploring ways to discover latent diseases, establishing causal connections between diseases and work in environmental conditions, and conducting other research relating to health problems, in recognition of the fact that
occupational health standards present problems often different from those involved in occupational safety; (7) by providing medical criteria which will assure insofar ss practicsMe thst no employee will suffer diminished health, funotional capacity, or life expectancy as a result of hi., work experience; (8) by providing for training programs to increase the number and competence of personnel engaged in the field of occupational safety and health; (9) by providing for the development and promulgation of occupational safety and health standards; (10) by providing an effective enforcement program which shall include a prohibition against giving advance notice of any inspection and sanctions for any individual violating this prohibition;
(11) by encouraging the States to assume the fullest responsibility for the administration and enforcement of their occupational safety and health laws by providing grants to the States to assist in identifying their needs and responsibilities in the area of oecupl~tiond safety and health, to develop plans in accordance with the provisions of this Act, to improve the administration and enforcement of State occupstionel safety and health Isws, and to conduct experimental and demonstration projects in connection therewith; (12) by providing for appropriate reporting procedures with respect to occupetional safety and health which procedures will help achieve the objectives of this Act and accurately describe the nature of the occupational safety and health problem;
Acute Inhalation Toxicity Rating Comparison NIOSH ,nv. LV,L
FHSA
(5/hour LCso 2mg/l to 200 mg/l ,200 ppm to 2000 ppm 2000 ppm to 10,000 ppm 10,000 ppm to 20.000 ppm
exposure)
MCA ( 5 /hour exposure)
Highly Toxic Substance (Poison) Highly Toxic Substance (Poison) Toxic Substance Toxic Substance Toxic Snbstt~nceToxic Substance Toxic Substance ... . . Toxio Substance
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DOT List (
