Identification of Less Common Forms of Abbreviations for Chemical

Identification of Less Common Forms of Abbreviations for Chemical Journal Titles TERESA GNASSO LABOV

Downloaded by EAST CAROLINA UNIV on September 24, 2016 | http://pubs.acs.org Publication Date: January 1, 1961 | doi: 10.1021/ba-1961-0030.ch012

Closter, N. J. Revised by JAMES L. WOOD Librarian, Chemical

Abstracts

Service,

Columbus,

Ohio

Journal abbreviations are unwelcomed by the literature searcher only when they tend to ob scure rather than to disclose the actual title. Con fusion in such a citation may arise from a change in the normal word order, such as inversion; addi tion of extra words, such as the society name, place of imprint, or founder; unusual contractions or abbreviations of individual words; and the complete omission of certain words appearing in the full title. Standard abbreviations have been established from time to time, but as yet no one system of constructing abbreviations may be con sidered to be truly international.

γ ο the chemical worker, references to periodicals, books, and patents are the means b y w h i c h the wealth of published scientific knowledge is made accessible. W i t h out the elaborate network of abstract journals, bibliographies, reviews, and indexes w h i c h exist today, the research worker w o u l d be little better off than the first man who discovered the use of fire. A n important phase of locating any article is the identification of the periodical i n w h i c h it appeared, or, as is more often the case, the abbreviations of its title. General Forms of

Abbreviation

F e w literature searches can remain w i t h i n the Chemical Abstracts system of abbreviations for any length of time. E v e n within the confines of Chemical Ab stracts, Beilstein, British Abstracts (which discontinued i n 1953), Chemisches Zentralblatt, a n d the Referativnyï Zhurnal, Khimiya the abbreviation of Justus Liebig's Annalen der Chemie w i l l vary from Ann. to A to Annalen to Liebig's Ann. Chem., or Liebigs Ann. Chem. Other examples could easily be appended. O n e question arises immediately: Is there not at least one standard list of abbreviations of journal titles? In 1922, the abbreviations used i n the " L i s t of Periodicals Abstracted b y Chemical Abstracts'' (7) were adopted as a standard b y 102 SEARCHING THE CHEMICAL LITERATURE Advances in Chemistry; American Chemical Society: Washington, DC, 1961.

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Abbreviations of Journal Titles

103

the International U n i o n of Pure and A p p l i e d Chemistry. Crane and Patterson (12) commented i n 1927 that these abbreviations "have not been accepted universally, but their use is increasing," a n d Soule (42) added i n 1938 that the adoption of the " L i s t of Periodicals Abstracted by Chemical Abstracts b y the International U n i o n of Chemistry "gives the list a definite status and increases the probability of its wider adoption i n the near future." Since the acceptance b y the International U n i o n of Pure and A p p l i e d C h e m istry of journal abbreviations used by Chemical Abstracts, it is encouraging to note that these abbreviations are gaining increasing recognition and usage. In the 1951 revision of the " L i s t of Periodicals" a few abbreviations were altered to conform w i t h recommendations made by the International Federation of the National Standardizing Associations, as suggested by U N E S C O , and some other alterations were made at the request of the American Institute of Physics, w h i c h had adopted the C A abbreviations for use i n its journals and i n the field of physics. In 1960 the Committee on F o r m and Style of the Conference of Biological Editors adopted the CA journal title w o r d abbreviations that were published i n the 1956 edition of the " L i s t of Periodicals" for inclusion i n its "Style M a n u a l for Biological Jour nals" ( 9 ) . The CA abbreviations are also used b y Nuclear Science Abstracts and in many other scientific and technical journals published both i n this country and abroad. Another list of abbreviations is offered by the " W o r d L i s t of Scientific Periodi cals" (44-45). The third edition of this work, published i n 1952, contains ab breviations that follow the system recommended at an international conference of the International Institute of Intellectual Cooperation. T h e original W o r l d L i s t abbreviations, published i n 1927, required only slight modifications to comply w i t h this system. T h e whole problem of abbreviated titles is aptly reviewed b y M i t c h e l l i n his preface to the second edition of the W o r l d List, where he states that "the use of abbreviated titles is a necessity i n scientific literature, but unless the abbreviations have been devised so that each one indicates only one periodical and also unless they are i n general use, they fail of their purpose." T h e R o y a l Society Scientific Information Conference, held i n L o n d o n f r o m June 21 to July 2, 1948, recom mended that the W o r l d L i s t abbreviations be adopted by abstracting agencies. Pflucke and Hawelek i n 1952 (31) mention that the Chemisches Zentralblatt abbreviations are based on the W o r l d L i s t and the rules of the International Insti tute of Intellectual Cooperation, as set forth i n German Standard N o . 1502: h o w ever, the list of journal title w o r d abbreviations used by C Z and published i n "Periodica C h i m i c a " (31) shows considerable variation from the German Standard N o . 1502. Thus there are two sets of abbreviations w h i c h have attained, at the very m i n i m u m , the nominal status of international standards. A comparison of the two lists—i.e., " L i s t of Periodicals Abstracted b y Chemical Abstracts," most recently re vised i n 1956 w i t h annual supplements for 1957, 1958, 1959, and 1960, and the " W o r l d L i s t of Scientific Periodicals, 1900-1950"—discloses the followink data:


9

Chemical Abstracts

20,155 entries including 9700 titles in current usage and 7500 earlier tides with references to succeeding ones

World List

50,000 titles listed

(46)

In general, the citations in the W o r l d L i s t are slightly longer than those i n Chemical Abstracts. SEARCHING THE CHEMICAL LITERATURE Advances in Chemistry; American Chemical Society: Washington, DC, 1961.

ADVANCES IN CHEMISTRY SERIES

104 World List

Chemical Abstracts

Ber. dtsch. chem. Ges.


Ber. Compt. rend.

C. R. Acad. Sci., Paris

Monatsh.

Mh.

Bec. trav. chim.

Bec. Trav. chim. Pays-Bas

Chem.

Title Berichte der deutschen chemischen Geselhchaft Comptes rendus hebdomadaires des séances de l'académie des sciences Monatshefte fur Chemie und verwandte Texte anderer Wissenschaften Becueil des travaux chimiques des Pays-Bas

This différence i n length of citation w o u l d be expected, because the W o r l d L i s t must distinguish among nearly two a n d one half times as many journals as Chemical Abstracts. Another system of abbreviations, w h i c h also has a world-wide perspective, is utilized i n the "International Catalogue of Scientific Literature" (21). This work, a continuation of the "Catalogue of Scientific Papers" that w i l l cover the litera ture of the nineteenth century, is issued annually i n 17 volumes, the fourth of w h i c h deals w i t h chemistry. T h e rules for periodical abbreviations w h i c h are given i n the "Instructions for U s e of Regional Bureaus" (1903) are most brief. The first two commonly accepted rules state general principles: 1. Abbreviated titles must b e intelligible without a key. 2. W o r d s i n abbreviated titles must follow each other i n the same order as the original title. The remaining two rules presuppose a little more than what is common knowl edge of the histories of various journals. 3. Titles of proceedings, reports, or scientific periodicals i n general, w h i c h are edited or published b y learned societies, academies, etc., must begin w i t h the name of the place where the society resides. 4. W h e n the society does not reside i n a fixed place, the publication must be dealt w i t h as stated i n Rule 2, the place of present publication being added at the end of the abbreviation. Chemical Abstracts periodical title abbreviations are based on the following rules (5). I n general, the normal w o r d order of the title is preserved. 1. Prepositions and conjunctions are omitted except where required for identity or differentiation of journals w i t h similar names. 2. Abbreviations, w i t h the exception of the often used J . (Journal) a n d Z . (Zeitschrift), are of sufficient length to enable recognition of the w o r d . 3. O n l y words i n the principal technical languages are abbreviated, or at least extensively abbreviated, w i t h some exceptions for less used languages such as D u t c h , F i n n i s h , Celtic, C z e c h , etc., where the w o r d is of the same generic origin as that of an accepted abbreviation. 4. I n general, for journals w i t h single-word names no abbreviating has been done. 5^ Colloquial expressions are permitted where no confusion w o u l d arise. See 6. Exceptions to the general rules are obvious as they occur; for instance, " I n d . " is used for "Industrial" or "Industry"; hence neither India nor Indiana is abbreviated. T o differentiate between similar titles such as /. Chem. Phys. a n d /. Chem. and Physics the " a n d " may be required. T h e recognition of so-called colloquial abbreviations is an innovation, con sidered .acceptable for our specific field when indicated b y " c h e m . , " as i n the example Ber. deut. chem. Ges. (colloq. chem.: Ber.), w h i c h means that i n chemi cal journals Ber. may be used, b u t elsewhere the longer abbreviation is probably desirable. Another example, this time for the engineering field, is Proc. Inst. Radio Engrs. (colloq. eng., Proc. IRE). SEARCHING THE CHEMICAL LITERATURE Advances in Chemistry; American Chemical Society: Washington, DC, 1961.

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In each of the prefaces of the three editions of the W o r l d List, a special description of the rules employed i n constructing the abbreviations is given. T h e rules of the "International C o d e of Periodicals" (1930) and its supplement (1932) were utilized i n revising the directions given i n the first edition (22). These rules, as they now exist, may be summarized as follows: 1. Contractions are differentiated from abbreviations b y omission of f u l l stop. Thus if Engineering is contracted to Engng, no period follows the abbrevia tion, whereas if Engineering is shortened to Eng., a period is used. 2. Nouns have capital initial letters, adjectives small. 3. Prepositions, articles, and connectives are generally omitted. 4. Singular and plural words are not distinguished. 5. Places of imprint are omitted except where a question of the language used, or the need to distinguish two periodicals w i t h the same title, arises. 6. In Germanic and Scandinavian languages, different parts of complex words are abbreviated as if distinct. F o r example, Kunstseide might be abbreviated Kt.-sd., but never Kunst. Similar problems arise when one attempts to define the most general forms used i n citing journals i n other sciences. T h e question of standard abbreviations for tides of periodicals i n botany was discussed recently by L i t d e (25). T h e con fusion within this science exists i n part because each of the four main botanical indexes—i.e., Bulletin of the Torrey Botanical Club, Agricultural Index, Biological Index, and Bibliography of Agriculture— stoutly adheres to its o w n system of abbreviating periodical titles. T h e suggestion was made by L i t t l e that an attempt to eliminate these differences be made at the Seventh International Botanical C o n gress at Stockholm. Various schemes for standardization of abbreviations have met w i t h partial success. Additional proposals for solving abbreviation problems have been made. One suggestion that has been presented from time to time is to assign a number to every periodical and use these numbers i n place of w o r d abbreviations. Whereas such a scheme w o u l d eliminate the confusion that n o w exists between the same or similarly titled periodicals, it w o u l d create problems w h e n periodicals change titles or cease publication, or when n e w periodicals are initiated. Also the numbers w o u l d give little indication of the subject matter or type of journals cited. A more feasible plan was proposed by the International Institute of Intel lectual Cooperation and, more recently, b y the R o y a l Society. L e t it be the re sponsibility of the periodical published to obtain an abbreviation that has the approval of either Chemical Abstracts or the W o r l d L i s t (preferably b o t h ) . This abbreviation w o u l d then appear printed on the covers a n d at the bottom of each page of the journal. Such a plan w o u l d make abbreviation problems a thing of the past. Currently the American Standards Association Sectional Committee Z39 on L i b r a r y W o r k and Documentation, Subcommittee on Abbreviations for Periodicals, is working o n a standard w h i c h w i l l serve as a guide for abbreviating periodical tides. In 1954 the International Standards Organization issued the first edition of " I S O Recommendation R 4 , International Code for the Abbreviation of Titles of Periodicals. This standard was rejected by the American Standards Association on the basis that the general principles established by it were too broad and w o u l d lead to varying interpretations and w o u l d not achieve the standardization desired. Since I S O R 4 became an international standard it has been the subject of several changes or amendments w h i c h have been proposed at the I S O Technical C o m ,,

SEARCHING THE CHEMICAL LITERATURE Advances in Chemistry; American Chemical Society: Washington, DC, 1961.

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ADVANCES I N CHEMISTRY SERIES

mittee meetings. These go far to indicate a good deal of dissatisfaction w i t h this set of periodical title abbreviation rules. Less Common Forms of

Abbreviation

There seem to be logically only four types of w o r d order w h i c h can be used in abbreviating the name of a journal. 1. 2. 3. 4.

Exact title order, as appears i n the periodical. N a m e of issuing society, followed b y the title. Place of imprint, followed b y the title. Founder or successive editors of journal, followed b y title.


Thus, for the Journal of the American Chemical 1. /. Am. Chem. Soc. 2. Am. Chem. Soc, J.

Society, there w o u l d be:

3. Washington, J. Am. Chem. Soc. 4. Lamb, J. Am. Chem. Soc.

In addition to the problem of w h i c h w o r d order is to be used, there is the question of w h i c h words or parts of words shall be omitted or retained. F o r i n stance, the w o r d American might appear as A , Am., Amer., or Amern. A b b r e v i a tions for the w o r d Journal are similarly varied. T h e letter A might also stand for Annalen, annaler, annales, annali, Annalen der Chemie, abstracts, age, or even British Abstracts, Section A. Generally no difficulty arises i n the case of a periodical abbreviation given i n exact title order, provided that the individual w o r d abbreviations chosen are long and distinct enough. T h e abbreviation Z . an. follows the principle of strict order, but its parsimony leads to a possible confounding of the following: Z. Z. Z. Z.

anal. Chem. anal. Entwichlungsgeschichte angew. Chem. angew. Mikroskop. u. Klin. Chem.

Z . angew. Mineral. Z . angew. Phot. Wiss. u. Tech. Z. anorg. Chem. Z. anorg. u. allgem. Chem.

Similarly, the Russian w o r d Trudy as an abbreviation w o u l d lead to the pos sible confusion of 604 citations i n "Ukazatel Sokrashchennykh i P o l n y k h Nazvaniï Nauchnoï i Tekhnicheskoï L i t e r a t u r y " (29) and 464 citations i n the 1961 edition of the " L i s t of Periodicals Abstracted b y Chemical Abstracts." B y beginning an abbreviation w i t h the name of the issuing society, as i n the case of Am. Chem. Soc, J., one benefit is procured: Most libraries index and shelve society or institutional periodicals a n d pamphlets under the name of the society issuing them. Whereas Deutsche chemische Gesellschaft, Berichte may be logical to a librarian, it m a y be more difficult for the research worker to re member. A n ingenious variation for the abbreviation of an important Italian journal can be found b y considering Atti delta reale accademia nazionale dei Lincei, Rendiconti Classe di scienze fisiche, matematiche e naturali. Chemical Abstracts accords one of its lengthiest abbreviations to this journal, maintaining, however the normal w o r d order—Atti accad. nazi. Lincei, Rend., Classe sci. fis. mat. e not. Chemisches Zentralblatt also conforms to the logical w o r d order i n using Atti R. Accad naz. Lincei, Rend. However, Beilstein and British Abstracts invert the order a n d place the society first so as to produce R . A . L . , and Real. Acc. Lincei, respectively. T h e third arrangement of abbreviations, w i t h the place of imprint first, is exemplified b y Wash., J. Am. Chem. Soc. Thus Berichte der deutschen chemischen Gesellschaft is sometimes cited as Berliner Ber., or even Ber. Ber. SEARCHING THE CHEMICAL LITERATURE Advances in Chemistry; American Chemical Society: Washington, DC, 1961.

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The methods i n w h i c h the society or place of imprint is placed first i n citing journals are not too common, and such systems can be recognized without too much difficulty. T h e last type of w o r d order to be considered consists i n placing first the name of the founder or one of the successive editors of the journal. A list of the most common of such abbreviations includes the following: Crell J., Journal fiir die reine und angewandte Mathematik Dingl, J., Dingier s Polytechnisches Journal Drude, Annalen der Physik Erdmanns J., Journal fur praktische Chemie F r . , Zeitschrift fiir analytische Chemie (Fresenius) Gilb. Ann., Annalen der Physik (Gilbert) H.S., Zeitschrift fur phusiologische Chemie (Hoppe-Seyler) Liebigs, Annalen der Chemie Pogg. Ann., Annalen der Physik (Poggendorf ) Pfluger Arch., Archiv fiir die gesamte Physiologie Sill. J., The American Journal of Science (Silliman) Wiedermanns Ann., Annalen der Physik A n extensive list of older periodicals, including their editors, is given by Dyson (14). G i v e n an abbreviated citation that is not immediately recognizable, how then is one to proceed to identify it? T h e shorter and seemingly more obscure abbreviations are generally those given to the most widely used journals w i t h i n any one field. It is more likely that Α., Β., and C . w i l l refer to Annalen der Chemie, Berichte der deutschen chemischen Gesellschaft, and Comptes rendus hebdomadaires des séances de Γ académie des sciences, than to periodicals such as Allgemeine Textile-Zeitschrift, Bulletin of Pharmacy, and Coal Age. A first step i n locating the obscure citation is to place it i n one of the four categories just described. Thus Lond., P.R.S. is obviously a case of the place of imprint preceding the title, whereas S.C.I.J. is probably an example of the issuing society placed first. B y omitting the place or society name, the remaining parts of words may be found by using any of the periodical lists giving abbreviations. The location of some of these sources is given i n the bibliography. If it is suspected that an editor's or founder's name has been utilized—for example, Lamb, J. Am. Chem. Soc—the abbreviations shown above should be considered, as well as descriptions of the history of chemical periodicals such as those of Crane and Patterson (12), M e l l o n (26), or Soule (42). The various sources of lists of abbreviations may aid i n discovering the journal name. If the citation is seemingly given i n normal title order, clues to the subject matter considered may help to identify the journal. T h e subject matter might be deduced from such key words as Bot. (Botany) or Anal. (Analytical) or from the content of the reference itself. The data of the reference and the language in which the reference is published may also be valuable; these w o u l d aid i n plac ing the journal within definite time and space limits. A g a i n , such guides to the chemical literature as Crane and Patterson (12) or M e l l o n (26) should be utilized. Perhaps even the synchronistic tables as found i n Lange (24) may be of value. This discussion is by no means complete. N o attempt has been made to consider the problems w h i c h arise w h e n it is necessary to transliterate other alphabets into the Roman. This problem arises especially w i t h the Slavic language, Chinese, Japanese, and H e b r e w . Generally, such citations tend to be lengthy, and hence are more easily deciphered. SEARCHING THE CHEMICAL LITERATURE Advances in Chemistry; American Chemical Society: Washington, DC, 1961.

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N o complete scheme can or should be proposed for identifying obscure journal citations. A n outline is suggested w h i c h may be valuable at times, and at other times totally useless. I n this problem, as i n a l l others considered i n this symposium, the searcher needs a good general knowledge of chemical litera ture, plus intuition and the proverbial grain of skepticism to produce the desired results.


Selected Bibliography

of References

on Journal

Citations

(1) Abstracting Service Consultative Committee, "List of Periodicals and Bulletins Containing Abstracts Published in Great Britain," Royal Society, London, 1949. (2) Allen, E . F . , "Dictionary of Abbreviations and Symbols," Coward-McCann, New York, 1946. (3) A m . Scientist 35, 306, 308, 310, 312-14, 316, 318 (1947). Editors: Relax, Please. (4) Barrows, F . E . , Chem. Met. Eng. 24, 423-8, 477-9, 517-21 (1921). Investigations of the Chemical Literature. (5) Bureau of Abstracts, London, "Principles of Abstracts," 1949. (6) Cameron, G . R., "Manual of the Literature of Chemistry," Louisiana State U n i versity Press, Baton Rouge, 1940. (7) Chemical Abstracts Service, "List of Periodicals Abstracted by Chemical Abstracts," 1956 with Supplements for 1957, 1958, 1959, and 1960. (8) Clapp, V . W . , Library of Congress Information Bulletin, Appendix, pp. 1-3 (July

12-18, 1949). International Conference on Science Abstracting, Paris, June 20 to 25, 1949. (9) Conference of Biological Editors, Committee on Form and Style, "Style Manual for Biological Journals," American Institute of Biological Sciences, Washington, 1960. (10) Crane, E . J., Chem. Eng. News 25, 2075 (1947). Periodical List of Publications. (11) Crane, E . J., Ind. Eng. Chem., News Ed. 14, 447 (1936). Twenty-eight Hundred Periodicals of Chemical Interest. (12) Crane, E . J., Patterson, A . M., Marr, Ε . B., "Guide to the Literature of Chem istry," 2nd ed., Wiley, New York, 1957. (13) Davidson, Α., "Periodica Technica Abbreviata," Series Tekniska Litteratursällska pets, Handbok Nr. 1, Victor Pettersons Bokindustriaktiebolag, Stockholm, 1946. (14) Dyson, G . M., ADVANCES IN C H E M . SERIES NO. 4, 96 (1950).

Searching the Older

Chemical Literature. (15) Ellis, Α., Sci. Monthly 66, 427-30 (1948). Application of Scientific Principles to Scientific Publications. (16) Frank, O., Intern. Fed. Doc., Trans. 14, C111-13 (1938). Normung und Doku mentation in Deutschland. (17) Grivet, T., "Present State of Science Abstracting Service and Possible Improve ments," U N E S C O / N S / S A C / 1, Paris (April 15, 1949). (18) Heilbron, I. M., "Dictionary of Organic Compounds," Oxford University Press, New York, 1934-38. (19) Heinrich, Α., "Akuschlü, Abkürzüngsschüssel herausgegeben und bearbeitet vom Verlag," Brunnen, Berlin, 1935. (20) Hollmann, W . , " D i e Zeitschriften der exakten Naturwissenschaften in Deutschland," Series Zeitung und Leben, Bd. 39, Zeitungswissenschaftliche Vereinigung, Munich, 1937. (21) International Council, "International Catalogue of Scientific Literature, List of Journals with Abbreviations Used i n the Catalogue as References," Royal Society, London, 1903; Supplement, 1904. (22) International Institute of Intellectual Cooperation, "International Code of Abbrevia tions for Titles of Periodicals," International Institute of Intellectual Cooperation, Paris, 1930; Supplement, 1932. (23) John Crerar Library, Chicago, Ref. List 39-42 (1938). Abbreviations by Initial Letters. (24) Lange, Ν. Α., "Handbook of Chemistry," 7th ed., 1820-3, Handbook Publishers, Sandusky, Ohio, 1949. (25) Little, E. L . , Science 110, 666-8 (1949). Citations of Botanical References. (26) Mellon, M . G . , "Chemical Publications, Their Nature and Use," 3rd ed., McGrawH i l l , New York, 1958. (27) Merril, E . D . , Science 62, 419-20 (1925). Appeal for Simplified Literature Citations. (28) Mummendey, R., "Bibliographie der Gesamt-Zeitschriften-Verzeichnisse," Series Kölner Bibliographische Arbeiten, Bd. 4, Baldwin Pick, Köln, 1939. (29) Nikitin, P. I., ed., "Ukazatel Sokrashchennykh i Polnykh N a z v a n i ĭN a u c h n o ĭ i Tekhnicheskoĭ Literatury," Izdatel'stvo Akademii Nauk SSSR, Moscow, 1957.



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(30) Pflücke, M . , Z . angew. Chem. 48, 25-8 (1935). Normungsfragen der deutschen chemischen Literatur. (31) Pflücke, M . , Hawelek, Α., "Periodica Chimica, Verzeichnis der im Chemischen Zentralblatt referierten Zeitschriften mit den entsprechenden genormten Titelabkürzungen," Verlag Chemie, Berlin, 1952. (32) Prinzhorn, F., Intern. Fed. Doc., Trans. 14, C108-10 (1938). Nationale und Inter nationale Normen auf dem Gebiet des Bibliothek-, Buch- und Zeitschriftenwesens. (33) Prinzhorn, F., Zentr. Bibliothek. 45, 522-33 (1928). Normung für Bibliothek-, Buch- und Zeitschriftenwesen. (34) Royal Society, "Royal Society Scientific Information Conference, 21 June-2 July 1948, Report and Papers Submitted," London, 1948. (35) Rust, W . , Intern. Fed. Doc., Trans. 14, C110-11 (1938). Regelung der Zitierformen von Wissenschaftlichen Zeitschriften. (36) Rust, W . , "Verzeichnis von unklaren Titelkurzungen deutscher und ausländischer Zeitschriften," Harrassowitz, Leipzig, 1927. (37) Rust, W . , Zentr. Bibliothek. 44, 503-14 (1927). Vorschlag zur Regelung der Zitierform. (38) Serralach, M . , "Bibliografia Quimica," Claraso, Barcelona, 1946. (39) Shankle, G . E . , "Current Abbreviations," H . W . Wilson Co., New York, 1945. (40) Shull, C . Α., Science 73, 363-4 (1931). Erroneous Citations and Titles of Scientific Papers (41) Singer, T . E. R., News Ed. (Am. Chem. Soc.) 18, 541-2 (1940). Current Abstract and Index Periodicals of Interest to Chemists. (42) Soule, Β . Α., "Library Guide for the Chemist," McGraw-Hill, New York, 1938. (43) Stephenson, H . J., "Abbrevs. (a Dictionary of Abbreviations)," Macmillan, New York, 1943. (44) World List of Scientific Periodicals Published in the Years 1900-1921, V o l . 1, Abbreviated Titles and Location of Sets, 1925; V o l . 2, 1927, Oxford University Press, London. (45) World List of Scientific Periodicals Published in the Years 1900-1933, Oxford University Press, London, 1934. (46) "World List of Scientific Periodicals Published in the Years 1900-1950," 3rd ed., Butterworths Scientific Publications, London, 1952. (47) Zimmerman, O . T . , Lavine, I., "Scientific and Technical Abbreviations, Signs and Symbols," Industrial Research Service, Dover, Ν. H., 1948. BASED on paper presented before Division of Chemical Literature, Symposium on Search ing the Chemical Literature, 117th Meeting, A C S , Detroit, Mich., April 1950. Revised 1961.


Identification of Less Common Forms of Abbreviations for Chemical

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