ANALYTICAL
August IS, 1942
Ind. Eng. Chem. Anal. Ed. 1942.14:683-686. Downloaded from pubs.acs.org by EASTERN KENTUCKY UNIV on 01/16/19. For personal use only.
merits or phases as in alloys, unless, for example, a tissue is injected with thorotrast or some other heavily absorbing substance. The photographs here were made with the characteristic Ka radiation of copper exactly as with metals. Very soft general radiation generated at low voltages is useful for this type of specimen depending upon very slight differences in thickness of the same material in adjacent areas. Figure 1(M, shows in amazing detail the eye of an ordinary house fly; Figure 10B, is the microradiograph of the smallest bones in the foot of a very small frog, taken through the web of the foot; Figure 11 illustrates the striking structures of white oak wood taken through radial, transverse, and tangential sections. The three photographs are highly characteristic of each type of wood at different ages, conditions of growth, drying, impregnation, and other treatments to which wood may be subjected. It is evident that very accurate measurements can be made even of cell-wall thick-
EDITION
683
of Illinois, in the preparation of specimens and photographs illustrated in this paper: specimen of Figure 4, W. J. Craig and E. C. Lauck; specimen and photograph of Figure 7.4, J. Hino; Figures 7B, 8.4, 10, and 11, E. J. Bicek; Figures 7C, 8B, 8C, and 9, W. M. Shafer.
Literature Cited (1) (2) (3) (4) (5) (6) (7)
nesses.
Acknowledgments
(8)
The authors gratefully acknowledge the assistance of former students in the X-Ray Laboratory of the University
(9)
Clark, G. L., Photo Technique, 1, No. 12 (Dee. 1939). Clark, G. L., and Shafer, W. M., Trans. Am. Soc. Metals, 13, 732 (1941). Dauvillier, A., Compt. rend., 191, 1287 (1930). Fournier, M. F., Rev. met. 35, 349 (1938). Goby, P., Compt. rend., 156, 686 (1913). Ibid., 180, 735 (1925). Lamarque, P., et al.. Ibid., 202, 684 (1936); Radiology, 27, 563 (1936); Compt. rend. soc. biol., 123, 1051 (1936); Bull, histol. appl. physiol, path. tech, microscop., 14, 5 (1937); Arch. soc. sd. med. biol. Montpellier et Languedoc, 18, 27 (1937); J. Rad., 20, 6 (1936). Schupp, O. E., and Boiler, E. R., Ind. Eng. Chem., 30, 603 (1938). Yoshida, U., and Tanaka, H., Mem. Coll. Sci. Kyoto Imp. Univ., A17, 401 (1934).
Identification of Sugars By Microscopic Appearance of Crystalline Osazones W. Z. HASSID AND R. M. McCREADY Division of Plant Nutrition, University of California, Berkeley, Calif.
group form a number of chemical variety of reactions greater perhaps than any other class of chemical compounds. However, because of the close similarity in properties of the various sugars, the identification of the different members is often carbohydrates
as a
derivatives and give a THE
difficult. One of the many tools available to the chemist for the
1
Glucosazone
2
identification of pure sugars and their crystalline derivatives is the microscope. The identification of pure sugars and certain sugar mixtures has been accomplished by crystallizing the sugar from saturated aqueous solutions upon the addition of precipitating agents (4, !%) The sugar is then identified by its characteristic crystal habit (2, 12), and further confirmation is made by a study of the optical properties
Galactosazone
3
Sorbosazone (amorphous)
INDUSTRIAL
684
4 5 6
Sorbosazone (crystalline) Mannose phenylhydrazone Arabinosazone
AND
ENGINEERING
7
8 9
Xylosazone Rhamnosazone Fucosazone
CHEMISTRY
Vol. 14, Nc. 8
10 -
Maltosazone
11
Lactosazonc
12
Cellobiosazone
ANALYTICAL
August 15, 1942
EDITION
683
14 15
Melibiosazone Gentibiosazone Phenylhydrazine phenylhydrazone galac-
16
Phenylhydrazine phenylhydrazone glu-
17
Diphenylhydrazine fructose diphosphate phenylhydrazone Diphenylhydrazine glucose monophos-
13
turonate
18 19
20
curonate
phate osazone Mucic acid Potassium acid saccharate
%
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x
7 A'
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