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Analytical
chloride was also not known for a while. A good quality-control program on boiler water now includes a chloride de termination. The metal plating industry is a good illustration of the effect of ion chroma tography on modern technology. Con trol of the plating bath has really been an art rather than a science, and people who are good at running or controlling plating baths are valuable. A good bath controller knows when to add more brighteners or chelating reagents just by looking at the bath or being able to sense something about it. It is hard to transfer this kind of technology. In par ticular, electroless plating baths are complex and require periodic analysis. Ion chromatography is filling this need. By monitoring the key components of a bath, the plating of a metal can be kept at its optimum, and there is less chance of spoiling a product. The role of ion chromatography in the analysis of elec troless plating baths was discussed in a recent article (24). Ion chromatography is also saving time, effort, and money in the pharma ceutical industry. Although it is true that many pharmaceutical analyses in volve the determination of organic chemicals by gas or liquid chromatog raphy, a number of the more burden some (expensive and time-consuming) determinations deal with ionic-inor ganic components. Here are some ex amples: • High-purity water is needed for pharmaceutical processing. Concentra tions of common ionic impurities can be checked quickly by ion chromatog raphy. • Impurities in raw materials, such as iodide in sodium chloride USP and chloride in boric acid, can be deter mined. • Dosage-form assay, such as hydro chloride salts of amine drugs and sodi um or ethanolamine salts of acids, can be determined. • Fluoride (used as a preservative for forensic specimens) in serum can be determined by ion-exclusion chroma tography. • Fluoride in mouthwash and monofluorophosphate in toothpaste is easily determined by SCIC.
References (1) Small, H.; Stevens, T. S.; Bauman, W. C. Anal. Chem. 1975,47,1801. (2) Stillian, J. LC Magazine, 1985,3,802. (3) Gjerde, D. T.; Fritz, J. S.; Schmuckler, G. J. Chromatogr. 1979,186,509. (4) Gjerde, D. T.; Schmuckler, G.; Fritz, J. S. J. Chromatogr. 1980,186,509. (5) Fritz, J. S., Gjerde, D. T.; Becker, R. M. Anal. Chem. 1980,52,1519. (6) Fritz, J. S.; DuVal, D. L.; Barron, R. E. Anal. Chem. 1984,56,1177. (7) Sevenich, G. J.; Fritz, J. S. Anal. Chem. 1983,55,12. (8) Sevenich, G. J.; Fritz, J. S. J. Chroma togr. 1985,347,147. (9) Iskandarini, Z.; Pietrzyk, D. J. Anal. Chem. 1982,54,2427. (10) Knight, C. H.; Cassidy, R. M.; Recoskie, B. M.; Green, L. W. Anal. Chem. 1984,56,474. (11) Tanaka, K.; Fritz, J. S. J. Chromatogr. 1986,367,151. (12) Barron, R. E.; Fritz, J. S. J. Chroma togr. 1984,24,13. (13) Elchuk.S.; Cassidy, R. M. Anal. Chem. 1979,57,1434. (14) Schmitt, G. L.; Pietrzyk, D.J. Anal. Chem. 1985,57,2247. (15) Denkert, M.; Hackzell, L.; Schill, G.; Sjogren, E. J. Chromatogr. 1981,27S, 31. (16) Small, H.; Miller, T. E., Jr. Anal. Chem. 1982,54,462. (17) Mho, S.; Yeung, E. S. Anal. Chem. 1985,57,2253. (18) Warth, L.; Fritz, J. S.; unpublished work, 1986. (19) Haddad, P. R.; Heckenberg, A. L. J. Chromatogr. 1982,252,177. (20) Hughes, S.; Meschi, P. L.; Johnson, D. C. Anal. Chim. Acta 1981, 732,1. (21) Hughes, S.; Johnson, D. C. Anal. Chim. Acta 1981,732,11. (22) Johnson, D. C. Nature 1986,327,481. (23) Lockridge, J. E.; Fortier, Ν. Ε.; Schmuckler, G.; Fritz, J. S., submitted for publication in Anal. Chim. Acta. (24) Barthel, P. J., Jr. Metal Finishing 1986 (March). (25) Smith, F. C, Jr.; Chang, R. C. The Practice of Ion Chromatography; WileyInterscience: New York, 1983. (26) Gjerde, D. T.; Fritz, J. S. Ion Chroma tography, 2nd éd.; Hiithig: Heidelberg, 1987. (27) Haddad, P. R.; Heckenberg, A. L. J. Chromatogr. 1984,300,357. (28) Fritz, J. S. LC Magazine 1984,2,446.
Literature Several recent books (25, 26) and re view articles (27,28) on ion chromatog raphy are available. Acknowledgment I wish to acknowledge support for my research in ion chromatography by the U.S. Department of Energy under Con tract No. W-7405-ENG-85.1 also thank Doug Gjerde for his comments and in formation relating to applications of ion chromatography.
CHEMISTRY 344 A · ANALYTICAL CHEMISTRY, VOL. 59, NO. 4, FEBRUARY 15, 1987
James Fritz is a professor of chemistry at Iowa State University and a senior chemist at Ames Laboratory (U.S. Department of Energy). He received his B.S. degree from James Millikin University and his Ph.D. from the University of Illinois. His research interests include various types of separations, especially chromatography.
