Improving air quality New Jersey is making progress with its inspection and maintenance ( I / M >program f o r automotive emissions
John C. Elston Bureau of Air Pollution Control Trenton, N . J . 08625
In New Jersey, emissions inspections are carried out by state inspection stations, and are operated by the Department of Motor Vehicles, originally established t o provide safety inspections. In 1972, the inspection lanes were equipped with 125 S u n infrared HC/CO emissions analyzers. At the time this was a pioneering role, both for the state and S u n , in the application of a measurement technique well known in the laboratory to a highvolume testing situation with relatively low-cost series production-type equipment. I n fact, those inspection lanes have now made over 28 000 000 emissions tests which have resulted in about 4 200 000 vehicle repairs or adjustments to reduce exhaust emissions levels below state in-use standards. 1476
Environmental Science & Technology
With more than five years experience in mandatory emissions testing, New Jersey is advanced in relation to other areas. and since the passage of the Clean Air Act, which made compliance by 1982 (or 1987 a t the latest) mandatory for the cited metropolitan areas, has maintained its efforts to stay in the forefront of I / M programs. During 1978-9, in response to a state initiative and specification, S u n dcvcloped and installed prototype cquipmcnt which has now completed over 5000 emissions tests and has been cxtcnsivcly evaluated in both laboratory and test lanes. Replacement of original equipment will be completed in 1980.
The IR technique Although the infrared principle is still used, Sun has extended both measurement and control technologies greatly, indeed beyond the original cxpcctations of the state. Each u n i t includes a microprocessor enabling such features as:
automatic correction for span and 7ero drift, a calibration gas economizer, a ut o in a t i c test com m ence ni e n t and conclusion, cxhaust air-dilution detection and cotil pc n s a t ion , poor fuel-efficiency indication, sclf-diagnosis in the event of b r ca k d ow n . built-in vehicle emissions standards. and an interface with printing and magnetic recording devices. I n addition, the vital "Pass or Fail" dccision is a function of the rester. not the operator, thus contributing to the consistency and integrity of the system and preserving the good public acceptance already achieved. To nationally extend New Jersey's success i n improving air quality requires more than agreements between the federal government and the auto industry. It must involve all levels of govcrnnient-federal, state, and municipal. together with auto manufac-
0013-936X/79/0913-1476$01.00/0
@ 1979 American Chemical Society
turcrs, dealers, and repairers, as well a s us, the motoring public who create
air pollution as we drive our vehicles.
A mandatory program The New Jersey mandatory test and repair program has had a favorable impact. There has been a 40% reduction in average ambient C O , equivalent to an average rate of 8% per annum. It is much more difficult to quantify the HC improvement since almost equal contributions are made by tnobile and stationary sources, and large quantities of the pollutant come from other areas. From the viewpoint of the federal government, it is necessary to establish clear guidelines for a national air monitoring network. The federal Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) has indicated that during this same period the rate of CO reduction in areas without an I / M program is about 5%. New Jersey’s advantage is attributed to the inspection a n d maintenance program. Although the information generated by the air quality monitoring stations in New Jersey is accurate, it is difficult (often impossible) to relate this data to that of other states due to nonuniformity in location of air quality monitoring sites. This is not the only area requiring clarification on a national basis, but it is a critical one since it serves as the benchmark for the measurement of overall attainment and progress in air quality improvement. One other consideration of critical importance is the role of the auto industrj. Already faced with the threefold task of manufacturing products
that meet emissions standards, fuel economy ( C A F E ) specifications, and provide acceptable performance, it should recognize a further obligation-informing customers of the changed nature of the vehicle in today‘s society compared with 10 years ago. Because of much more stringent specifications for emissions control and changes in vehicle design to accomplish this, there is a need for a new public consciousness of the requirement to maintain vehicles properly and thus to maintain low emissions levels.
Role of industry, public T h e auto industry should play a leading role in making the public aware of the impact of their own actions on ambient air quality levels. With respect to the industry’s service and repair branches, the majority of repair organizations do an orderly and effective job, even if certain exceptional unscrupulous elements need to be monitored and controlled. One area which has made good progress in New Jersey is the vocational education and training of auto service and repair technicians. It is required that institutions offering courses in automotive service and repair keep pace with developments in vehicle emissions controls. This favorable trend should be projected nationally. Public acceptance in New Jersey has been good; the majority of residents appreciate the need for annual inspection and willingly perform needed repairs to vehicles with safety defects and excessive emissions. The
29 states need I/M programs to meet air quality standards
Alaska Source: EPA
Hawaii
rising costs of vehicles, gasoline, and repairs has stimulated an awareness of the need for properly functioning fuel-efficient automobiles. This awareness is national and should be an advantage to those groups, nationwide, charged with consumer education as part of I / M implementation. Stimulating public awareness is an ongoing task and needs national coordination to achieve consumer support for, and cooperation with, I / M programs in all the cited areas. Strong efforts are being made to combine fuel savings with reductions in emissions. One factor in public acceptance is cost. In New .Jersey, the average repair cost has been around $28 per rejected vehicle. The annual fee, which includes safety inspection, is $2.50. It should be noted, however, that the New Jersey safety program has been in operation since 1938, so that land and facility costs have been fully amortized over a long period. I f the state were to start anew, the fee would obviously be much greater and would have to reflect current real-estate values and construction costs. Improving air quality, both nationally and in specific areas or jurisdictions, is a complex and demanding task. It needs a systems approach to consider all aspects of the problem and determine effective solutions. A key concept in this respect is that inspection without maintenance/repair is like a ship without a rudder-not effective in reaching any destination. The motto, “Let’s Protect Our Earth”, which is part of the logo adopted by the New Jersey Department of Environmental Protection, states a national and indeed supranational goal worthy of our closest consideration and attention.
Since 1972, John C . Elston has been closelj associated with auto eniis.Tion in.spection in Jersey, first during the colurrtarj~phase f r o m 1972-1 974, and liiter with the ttiandatorjs inspection/ nrriintenance ( I / k f ) progrcinr f o r all licensed gasoline-powered rehicles under 6000 Ibs. In 1979, he was g i w n a jear’s leace of ohsenre t o assist the National Center f o r Vehicle Eniissions Control and Safety at Colorado State L’tiicersitj~,fortwed t o propagate vehicle inspection concepts nritiotiallv. Volume 13, Number 12, December 1979
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1
Radioactive Waste in Geologic Storage
ACS Symposium Series No. 101
Innovation
ACS Symposium Series No. 100
Jean-Pierre Anselme, Editor University of Massachusetts
ACS Symposium Series No. 105
Sherman Fried, Editor Argonne National Laboratory Based on a symposium sponsored b y the Division of Nuclear Chemistry and Technology of the American Chemical Society. Overall interest in the safe disposal of radioactive waste has deepened and the government as well as private concerns have initiated programs to understand the processes by which radionuclides migrate from a geologic repositoly into the environment. The material persented in this volume outlines the conceptual, chemical, and geological facets of the current radioactive waste isolation program, covering the most recent disposal concepts and proposals as well as significant experimental results.
N-Nitrosamines
A symposium presented at the Eighth Northeast Regional Meeting of the American Chemical Society. Fear of human exposure to known carcinogens and mutagens in the workplace, in the environment, and in consumer products (foods, cosmetics, pharmaceuticals, and pesticides) has triggered a dynamic interest in N-nitrosamine chemistry. Eleven chapters by prominent investigators in the field consolidate the latest findings in this critically important area, focusing on the possible mechanisms of biological action, and on the detection and environmental impact of these compounds.
CONTENTS
CONTENTS
Department of Energy Isolation of Radioactive Waste WIPP: A Bedded Salt Repository Radioactive Waste Management Radioactive Waste Disposal Leaching of Radioactive Waste Glass e Single-Pass Leaching * Leach Rates * Ceramic Forms for Nuclear Waste Radionuclide Migration e Nuclide Migration in Fractured or Porous Rock Kinetic Effects in Migration Sorption Behavior on Clay Minerals Actinide Sorption 0 Biogeochemistry of Actinides Radionuclide Sorption Studies Clays for Waste Isolation e lonExchange Equilibria
Organic Chemistry of N-Nitrosamines Chemistry of N-Nitrosamides and Related N-Nitrosamino Acids Stereochemical Effects on N-Nitrosamine Chemistry Chemistry of a-Substituted N-Nitrosamines Oxidative Activation of N-Nitrosamines #.Amino Nitrite Esters N-Nitrosamine Fragmentation and Transformation Tobacco Specific N-Nitrosamines Quantitative Aspects of Exposure and Mechanism in N-Nitrosamine Carcinogenesis N-Nitrosamines As Environmental Carcinogens N-Nitrosamines in Consumer Products and in the Workplace
344 pages (1979) Clothbound $29.50 LC 79-9754 ISBN 0-8412-0498-5
204 pages (1979) Clothbound $22 50 LC 79-12461 ISBN 0-841 2-0503-5
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Federal R&D and Scientific Leonard A. Auk, Editor NASA
W. Novis Smith, Editor Air Products and Chemicals, Inc Based on a symposium sponsored by the Division of Industrial and Engineering Chemistry of the American Chemical Society. Authors from government and nongovernment organizations who are directly involved in the ongoing challenge of commercialization address the complex problems that arise from the unique nature of federally funded R&D: these include ownership of patent rights, lack of incentives, and questions as to the extent of government involvement. Although the book's central focus is on the role of federally funded R&D in generating commercialization, it also examines the larger context of rationalizing the infrastructure of innovation.
CONTENTS Political Nature of Civilian R 8 D Management Can You Innovate in Uncle Sam's Embrace? Federal Policy Concerns Regarding Commercialization Productivity * Cooperative Agreements * Industrial Energy Conservation Technology NASA Technology Utilization Program Patents and Technology Transfer e Commercialization of Technology Through the Federal Laboratory Consortium for Technology Transfer * Assessment of Federal R8D e Federal R&O as an Internal Push for Commercialization of Technology 0 A New Starch-Based Polymer
170 pages (1979) Clothbound $23.50 LC 79-13114 ISBN 0-8412-0507-8
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