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In Vitro and In Vivo Evaluation of Cysteine Rebridged Trastuzumab− MMAE Antibody Drug Conjugates with Defined Drug-to-Antibody Ratios Penny Bryant,† Martin Pabst,† George Badescu,† Matthew Bird,† William McDowell,† Estera Jamieson,† Julia Swierkosz,† Kosma Jurlewicz,† Rita Tommasi,† Korinna Henseleit,† XiaoBo Sheng,† Nicolas Camper,† Anais Manin,‡ Katarzyna Kozakowska,† Karolina Peciak,† Emmanuelle Laurine,† Ruslan Grygorash,† Andrew Kyle,† David Morris,† Vimal Parekh,† Amrita Abhilash,† Ji-won Choi,† Jeff Edwards,† Mark Frigerio,† Matthew P. Baker,†,‡ and Antony Godwin*,† †
PolyTherics Ltd. and ‡Antitope Ltd., Abzena, Babraham Research Campus, CB22 3AT Cambridge, United Kingdom S Supporting Information *
ABSTRACT: The conjugation of monomethyl auristatin E (MMAE) to trastuzumab using a reduction bis-alkylation approach that is capable of rebridging reduced (native) antibody interchain disulfide bonds has been previously shown to produce a homogeneous and stable conjugate with a drug-to-antibody ratio (DAR) of 4 as the major product. Here, we further investigate the potency of the DAR 4 conjugates prepared by bisalkylation by comparing to lower drug loaded variants to maleimide linker based conjugates possessing typical mixed DAR profiles. Serum stability, HER2 receptor binding, internalization, in vitro potency, and in vivo efficacy were all evaluated. Greater stability compared with maleimide conjugation was observed with no significant decrease in receptor/FcRn binding. A clear dose−response was obtained based on drug loading (DAR) with the DAR 4 conjugate showing the highest potency in vitro and a much higher efficacy in vivo compared with the lower DAR conjugates. Finally, the DAR 4 conjugate demonstrated superior efficacy compared to trastuzumab−DM1 (T-DM1, Kadcyla), as evaluated in a low HER2 expressing JIMT-1 xenograft model. KEYWORDS: antibody drug conjugates (ADC), drug loading, disulfide rebridging, bis-sulfone, bis-alkylation, trastuzumab, auristatin, MMAE, JIMT-1 xenograft model
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as is the case with brentuximab vedotin (Adcetris).8 These approaches necessarily result in heterogeneous mixtures comprising multiple positional isomers, significant amounts of unconjugated mAb, and conjugates with suboptimal drug-toantibody ratio (DAR) of greater than 4.9 Highly drug loaded antibodies show an increased hydrophobicity and therefore tend to clear very quickly from circulation as well as appear to be less well tolerated.10,11 Overall, the higher loaded species provide no further improvement in efficacy over the lower DAR variants.12 Conjugates with a higher monomethyl auristatin E (MMAE) drug load were also reported in a recent study to be less stable and more prone to aggregation than the corresponding conjugates with lower drug loads.13 Ideally, the drug-to-antibody linking strategy should avoid excessive or unspecific drug loading as well as prevent the
INTRODUCTION The specificity of monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) to surface markers on target cells has led to their use as effective new treatments for cancer.1,2 Trastuzumab (TRA) is considered as a standard of care both in early and metastatic human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 (HER2) overexpressing breast cancer. Around 20% of breast cancer cases overexpress HER2; however, many patients ultimately show resistance to TRA and therefore disease progression during treatment.3,4 The properties of TRA and other mAbs have been further exploited by their covalent conjugation to highly potent cytotoxic drugs to produce antibody drug conjugates (ADCs). ADCs enhance the antibody’s overall potency and also may address issues due to developed resistance to the mAb.5,6 ADCs are designed to selectively deliver highly potent cytotoxic drugs to tumors and minimize systemic toxicity caused by exposure of the drugs to healthy tissue.6 Both currently approved ADCs use linkers that are reactive toward either the amino groups in the side chains of lysine residues, as in the case of ado-trastuzumab emtansine (T-DM1, Kadcyla),7 or to accessible thiol side chains from cysteines created from reduction of interchain disulfide bonds, © 2015 American Chemical Society
Special Issue: Antibody-Drug Conjugates Received: Revised: Accepted: Published: 1872
February April 15, April 20, April 20,
6, 2015 2015 2015 2015 DOI: 10.1021/acs.molpharmaceut.5b00116 Mol. Pharmaceutics 2015, 12, 1872−1879
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Figure 1. Structure of the bisAlk-vc-MMAE reagent.
development time, and the sites of conjugation may need to be optimized by experimentation in vivo for optimal performance. Some of the conjugation chemistries employed may be less efficient than thiol-based conjugation with some reported methods requiring large excesses of reagent and long conjugation times for sufficient reaction.24 Our interests are in addressing the issues of ADC heterogeneity and instability without having to re-engineer the antibody for site-specific conjugation. We have previously reported the use of a bissulfone based linker that can be used to produce stable and homogeneous ADCs by specifically targeting the accessible interchain disulfide bonds of the native antibody after disulfide reduction. The linker consisted of a bis-alkylating bis-sulfone group, a cathepsin cleavable valine citrulline p-aminobenzyl linker, and MMAE.9 This approach was used to successfully attach the cytotoxic drug to the four interchain disulfides of TRA generating an ADC (TRA-bisAlk-vc-MMAE), with DAR 4 as the major product (≥78%) and a narrow DAR profile. The mAb to payload linkage produced using this reagent was demonstrated to be stable in the presence of free thiols and in sera of different species. To further evaluate the DAR 4 conjugate produced by the reduction bis-alkylation approach, we modified the conjugation conditions to prepare sufficient amounts of lower loaded species with defined DARs of 1, 2, and 3 for comparison. Serum stability, HER2 receptor binding, internalization, in vitro potency, and in vivo efficacy in a BT474 xenograft model were evaluated for each single DAR conjugate. Comparisons were also made with maleimide-based MMAE conjugates possessing either a typical maleimide mixed DAR profile or a purified DAR 4 profile. Finally, a JIMT-1 mouse xenograft study was performed showing good efficacy of the MMAE DAR 4 conjugate.
generation of heterogeneous mixtures and be efficient in terms of antibody and reagent requirements.14,15 The ideal linker chemistry is also extremely stable in circulation and allows release of the drug only upon reaching the target cancer cell. Auristatins and maytansinoids, that are currently extensively used to produce ADCs, are extremely toxic and are not suitable as standalone chemotherapeutic drugs.6,16,17 Release of these payloads from an ADC prior to reaching the tumor therefore can result in decreased tolerability.12 In addition, the unconjugated antibody binds competitively to the tumor cells, reducing efficacy by blocking binding sites for the intact ADCs. The classical maleimide chemistry widely used for conjugating at reduced interchain disulfide bonds is only capable of monoalkylation, leaving the disulfide bond unbridged and potentially introducing structural instability to the antibody. Maleimide-based ADCs have also been shown to be capable of releasing the payload in serum, which may reduce overall efficacy by lowering the DAR as well as introduce the potential for increased off-site toxicity. In vivo, the released maleimide linker payload can reconjugate to the reactive free cysteine (Cys34) of serum albumin14,18 and potentially also to other thiol containing species. Recently, maleimide conjugates with improved stability were introduced by Lyon et al. through selfhydrolyzing maleimide derivatives and by Tumey et al. through developing a mild method for selective hydrolysis of the succinimide−thioether.15,19 Those ADCs with a “ring-opened” linker were found to possess improved stability and pharmacological properties, although the typically high DAR heterogeneity obtained with maleimide chemistry remains unaddressed.15,19 The use of engineered mAbs has gained interest as an approach to overcome the issues of both heterogeneity and, depending on the chemistry employed, instability. THIOMABS, for example, are mAbs that have been engineered to contain a defined number of unpaired cysteine residues, typically one on each heavy or light chain, specifically for conjugation of a cytotoxic payload with a final DAR close to 2.20,21 While this strategy overcomes issues of drug loading heterogeneity, it may not be an appropriate strategy where the optimal drug loading is greater than 2. Drug conjugation can also be achieved by enzymatic conjugation approaches such as with microbial transglutaminase (MTGase), which forms an isopeptidic bond between the amino acids glutamine and lysine. MTGase selectively recognizes Gln295 from the IgG heavy chain as a substrate and therefore can produce a homogeneous conjugate with a DAR of 222,23 and also higher DARs with additional engineering of Gln residues. An alternative approach uses protein re-engineering to incorporate non-natural amino acids into the antibody as sites for conjugation.10,11,22,24 The non-natural amino acids have functionalities that can be targeted using orthogonal conjugation chemistries that avoid native amino acids. This approach provides a promising alternative to production of homogeneous and potentially stable ADCs. Re-engineering antibodies requires additional
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MATERIALS AND METHODS Materials. Maleimide-val-cit-PAB-MMAE was purchased from Concortis Biosystems. Poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG) precursors were purchased from IRIS Biotech Gmbh. All other reagents and solvents were purchased from Fisher Scientific, Acros Organics, or Sigma-Aldrich and used as received. All cell lines were purchased from the American Type Culture Collection (ATCC), except for A549, which was purchased from the Health Protection Agency Culture Collection (HPACC), and the JIMT-1 cells, which were sourced from DSMZ (Deutsche Sammlung von Mikroorganismen and Zellkulturen). Cells were maintained in McCoy’s 5a (SK-BR-3), DMEM:F12 (BT-474, JIMT-1), Dulbecco’s modified Eagle medium (DMEM) supplemented with 200 mM glutamine (A549), or Minimum Essential Medium (MEM) supplemented with 10 μg/mL insulin (MCF-7). All media were complemented with 10% fetal bovine serum (FBS), 100 U/mL penicillin, and 100 μg/mL streptomycin. All media were obtained from Life Technologies. Cell lines were grown at 37 °C and 5% CO2 in a CO2 air-jacket incubator (Binder).
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Figure 2. Characterization of individual DAR 1−4 variants by (a) HIC, (b) UV absorption, where absorption at 248 nm indicates a stepwise increase in drug loading, (c) HER2 receptor binding, and (d) FcRn binding.
TRA-mc-vc-MMAE conjugates were prepared as described previously by Badescu et al.9 Preparative HIC. TRA-bisAlk-vc-MMAE and TRA-mc-vcMMAE conjugates were purified by HIC using ToyoPearl Phenyl-650S columns attached to an Ä KTA Prime system. Conjugates were eluted by either a step or a linear gradient from 100% buffer A (50 mM sodium phosphate pH 7.0, 2 M NaCl) to 100% buffer B (50 mM sodium phosphate pH 7.0, 20% isopropanol v/v). Fractions were analyzed by analytical HIC and pooled to obtain pure DAR species with greater than 95% purity. Characterization of Individual DAR Variants. The extent of drug loading was based on measuring the ratio of absorbance at 248 nm relative to 280 nm (Figure 2b), which corresponded to maxima for the drug and the antibody components, respectively.12 The purities of the individual DAR variants were determined by analytical HIC (Figure 2a) and further analyzed by SEC for the presence of aggregates as described previously by Badescu et al.9 Finally, isolation of the DAR 4 conjugate was also confirmed by mass spectrometry using a Waters quadrupole time-of-flight (Q-TOF) mass spectrometer (Figure 1, Supporting Information). Stability in the Presence of Free Thiol Containing HSA. Stability in the presence of free thiols was analyzed using a previously described method.26 Briefly, TRA-bisAlk-vcMMAE DAR 4 and TRA-mc-vc-MMAE DAR 4 conjugates were diluted with 50% IgG depleted serum (SCIPAC # SF142−2) at a final concentration of 1 mg/mL in sterile tubes. Sodium azide was added (final concentration 1 mM), and then the mixtures were split into 10 equal aliquots. Aliquots were removed from the incubator after 0, 24, 48, 96, and 168 h and transferred to a −80 °C freezer. After the final time point, mixtures were analyzed by analytical HIC using a ProPac 2.1 mm × 100 mm HIC-10 column (Fisher Scientific) connected to a Dionex Ultimate 3000RS high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) system. The method consisted of a linear gradient from 100% buffer A (50 mM sodium phosphate
TRA (Herceptin) and T-DM1 (Kadcyla) were supplied from a pharmacy for research purposes. The extracellular domain (ECD) of the HER2 receptor (ECD/HER2) was purchased from Stratech Scientific Ltd., UK. Nunc Maxisorp microtiter plates were purchased from Thermo Scientific. Anti-6xHis antibody conjugated to HRP was purchased from Clontech Laboratories Inc. Reagent Synthesis. Synthesis of the bis-alkylating reagent was carried out using the methods described previously.9 The reagent comprised either a six-unit or 24-unit PEG, followed by a cathepsin B cleavable val-cit PAB linker (-vc-) to MMAE (Figure 1). Conjugation of MMAE to TRA Using the BisAlkylating Reagent. Typically, to a solution of TRA (5.2 mg/mL, 20 mg TRA) in reaction buffer (20 mM sodium phosphate, pH 7.5, 150 mM NaCl, 20 mM EDTA), TCEP was added (6 equiv with respect to mAb), and the resulting mixture was incubated at 40 °C for 1 h. The reduced TRA was cooled to room temperature and diluted to 4.4 mg/mL with reaction buffer. MMAE reagent was dissolved in MeCN (3.2 mM). The reagent (6 equiv with respect to mAb, 5% MeCN v/v) was added to the reduced TRA solution, and the resulting conjugation reaction was carefully mixed and incubated at 22 °C for 22 h. After this, 50 mM N-acetyl-L-cysteine was added (3.2 mM), and the resulting mixture was incubated for a further 1 h at 22 °C. Finally, the conjugation mixture was subjected to purification by preparative hydrophobic interaction chromatography (HIC) to generate a single purified DAR 4 species. Lower DAR variants were produced by HIC and size-exclusion chromatography (SEC) purification from a larger scale conjugation (250 mg TRA), where the reaction was stopped with an average DAR of 2.3. The reaction mixture was buffer exchanged by gel filtration to remove any unreacted reagent and then treated with 10 mM dehydroascorbic acid (DHA) for 1 h at room temperature. Conjugation Using Maleimide Reagent. Maleimide-valcit-PAB-MMAE was purchased from Concortis Biosystems and 1874
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treatment schedule was once per day on days 1, 8, and 15. Tumors were measured in two dimensions using calipers twice per week (for tumor size calculations, see formula below). Efficacy against JIMT-1 Human Breast Carcinoma. Female NMRI nude mice (Janvier, Le Genest St Isle, France) were inoculated subcutaneously with 5 × 106 JIMT-1 tumor cells into their right flanks. At a mean tumor volume of 150 mm3, animals were randomized into groups (n = 10) according their tumor sizes, and treatment was initiated (Heidelberg Pharma GmbH, 68526 Ladenburg, Germany). For a 30 g mouse, a test substance volume of 300 μL was applied (based on 10 mL/kg) by i.v. injection to the tail vein. The total conjugate amount administered was either 5 mg conjugate per kg of mouse body weight or 10 mg conjugate per kg of mouse body weight. A sixunit PEG was used in the reagent to prepare the conjugate as in vitro the ADC had equivalent potency to the 24-unit PEG conjugate. The complete study was performed with a single dose injection. Tumor volumes were measured twice per week by caliper measurements (for tumor size calculations, see formula below):
pH 7.0 containing 1.5 M ammonium sulfate) to 100% buffer B (50 mM sodium phosphate pH 7.0, 20% isopropanol) over 60 min. The flow rate was 0.2 mL/min, and the temperature was maintained at 30 °C throughout the analysis. Detection was carried out by following UV absorption at 280 nm. An aliquot of 40 μg of ADC was used per analysis. HER2 Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay (ELISA). The affinity of the binding between the ECD of the HER2 receptor (ECD/HER2) and TRA and TRA-bisAlk-vc-MMAE conjugates with a DAR of 1, 2, 3, and 4 was carried out using previously described methods.9 FcRn Binding Assay. Recombinant human FCGRT His tag protein (Biorbyt Limited, orb 84388) (50 μg) was resuspended in sterile phosphate-buffered saline (PBS) pH 7.4 to a final concentration of 0.2 mg/mL. An aliquot (25 μg) was then biotinylated using EZ-Link Micro NHS-PEG4-biotinylation Kit (Pierce Biotechnology #21955, Rockford, USA) using 100 equiv of biotin reagent. HER2 ECD receptor (HER2 ECD; Sino Biological Inc., Stratech Scientific Ltd., UK) was used to coat 96-well microtiter plates (Maxisorp, Thermo Scientific nunc) at a concentration of 2 μg/mL diluted in coating buffer (0.05 M carbonate/bicarbonate buffer, pH 9.6) overnight at 4 °C. Following incubation, the plates were washed with washing buffer (PBS, 0.05% Tween 20) and blocked with blocking buffer (1.5% (w/v) bovine serum albumin (BSA) in PBS, 0.05% Tween 20) for 1 h at room temperature. The plates were then incubated with TRA (13.3−5.1 × 10−3 nM) and TRA-bisAlkvc-MMAE ADCs (20.0−1.0 × 10−3 nM) serially diluted in diluent (0.1% (w/v) BSA in PBS, 0.05% Tween 20) for 3 h at room temperature. Following the incubation, the plates were washed with PBS0.05% Tween 20 pH 6.0 and incubated for 2 h at room temperature with biotinylated FCGRT His tag protein (0.2 μg/mL in PBS containing 0.1% (w/v) BSA, 0.05% Tween 20, pH 6). The plates were then washed with washing buffer and incubated with streptavidin conjugated to horse radish peroxidase (HRP) (GE Healthcare; RPN1231VS) in diluent buffer, pH 6.0. Following incubation for 1 h at room temperature, the plates were washed again, and the binding of HRP conjugated streptavidin to the biotinylated FcRn bound to TRA and ADCs compounds was detected with tetramethyl benzidine substrate (Sigma-Aldrich; T0440/100). The reaction was stopped with stop reagent for TMB substrate (SigmaAldrich; S 5689), and the absorbance was read at 630 nm using a Spectramax M3 microplate reader. The data were analyzed with Graphpad Prism 5 software using “one site-specific binding with hill slope” fit. Cell Viability Assays (Cell Titer Glo). The in vitro activity of TRA-bisAlk-vc-MMAE DAR 1−4 using SK-BR-3 cells and TRA-bisAlk-vc-MMAE DAR 4, Kadcyla and TRA in JIMT-1 cells was assessed by Cell Titer Glo luminescence assay (Promega) as described previously.9 In Vivo Efficacy Studies. Efficacy against BT-474 Human Breast Carcinoma. Xenografts were initiated in female severe combined immunodeficient mice with BT-474 human breast carcinomas maintained by serial subcutaneous transplantation (Fox Chase SCID, C.B-17/Icr-Prkdcscid, Charles River Laboratories). Each test mouse received a 1 mm3 BT-474 tumor fragment implanted subcutaneously in the right flank. At a mean tumor volume of 100 mm3, mice were randomized into treatment groups (n = 10), and dosing was initiated. All agents were administered intravenously (i.v.) into the tail vein in a dosing volume of 200 μL per 20 g of body weight (based on 10 mL/kg) scaled to the body weight of the individual animal. The
Tumor volume (mm 3) =
w2 × l 2
where w = width and l = length of the tumor in mm.
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RESULTS
Analytical Characterization of Individual DAR Species. Each of the DAR species was produced in greater than 95% purity as determined by HIC, SEC, and MS. Figure 2a shows the hydrophobic interaction chromatography analysis for the purified DAR species. The DAR was further confirmed by monitoring the adsorption at 248 and 280 nm, respectively. Only small amounts of DAR 2 and 3 were present in the DAR 3 and DAR 4 samples, respectively. SEC revealed approximately 0.5% and 2.0% aggregation in the DAR 1 and DAR 3 samples, respectively. No aggregation was observed for the DAR 2 and for the DAR 4 variants. DAR 4 identity was further confirmed using MS. See Supporting Information for spectra and chromatograms. Stability of Purified TRA-bisAlk-vc-MMAE DAR 4 ADC. The stability of DAR 4 TRA-bisAlk-vc-MMAE ADC was first compared with a purified, homogeneous DAR 4 TRA-mc-vcMMAE in the presence of the free thiol containing protein, human serum albumin (HSA). Samples were incubated at 37 °C in HSA solution, and changes in DAR distribution over time were monitored by HIC. Similar to results seen previously with a mixed DAR,9 minimal degradation was observed for the bisAlk DAR 4 conjugate after 120 h, as the average was measured at 3.9. Conversely, the HIC profile of the maleimide conjugate changed with time with the average DAR falling to below 3.5 after 120 h, indicating loss of MMAE (Figure 3). In addition, we tested the serum stability of both TRA-bisAlk-vcMMAE DAR 4 and TRA-mc-vc-MMAE DAR 4 by incubating in IgG depleted human serum. Changes in the DAR profile were then analyzed by HIC. IgG depleted human serum was used in place of whole serum to avoid chromatographic interference of endogenous IgG type antibodies during the analysis. A HIC analysis method was chosen where the majority of the serum derived proteins eluted before the unconjugated antibody. More hydrophobic species, that is, the TRA-bisAlkvc-MMAE and TRA-mc-vc-MMAE, eluted later, between 30 and 60 min, respectively. There was no significant change in the 1875
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5b). In this case, a trend of increasing potency with increased drug loading was observed. The lowest IC50 of 0.04 nM was determined for the DAR 4 conjugate, while the DAR 1 variant was least active with an IC50 of 0.12 nM. The anti-proliferative effect of TRA-bisAlk-vc-MMAE DAR 4 conjugate was further compared to T-DM1 (Kadcyla) using the HER2 low expression cell line JIMT-1. Cell proliferation was measured by means of Cell Titer Glo viability assay after 96 h in the presence of conjugates and unconjugated TRA. The TRA-bisAlk-vc-MMAE conjugate inhibited proliferation of JIMT-1 cells in a dose-dependent manner with an IC50 value of 0.1 nM. In comparison, Kadcyla showed an IC50 value of 4.7 nM, and unconjugated TRA showed no effect on cell viability (Figure 2, Supporting Information). In Vivo Efficacy of DAR 1−4 Variants in a BT-474 Xenograft Model. The effect of changes in drug loading on the ability of the TRA-bisAlk-vc-MMAE conjugates to inhibit tumor growth in vivo was evaluated in a BT-474 breast cancer xenograft model. Purified rebridged conjugates with a DAR of 1, 2, 3, and 4 were administered to female CB.17 SCID mice bearing subcutaneous BT-474 tumor xenografts. Each DAR conjugate was injected at a dose based on the total mAb content. Dosing was carried out weekly with up to three doses. The DAR 1 and DAR 2 conjugates produced measurable tumor growth delays (TGDs) of 14.4 and 16.9 d, respectively (Figure 6a), but no significant survival difference from controls (P > 0.05). Treatment with the DAR 3 and DAR 4 conjugates each produced the maximum TGD (26.1 d, 75%) and a significant survival difference versus controls (P < 0.001). Differences in regression responses were observed for the higher DAR regimens. Treatment with DAR 3 conjugate produced three partial regressions, whereas DAR 4 conjugate was the most active ADC and elicited 10/10 tumor-free survivors. All ADCs were well tolerated. No treatment related or nontreatment related deaths were recorded in the study. Declining body weights (BWs) were observed in all groups, including controls, over the course of the study (Figure 6b). There was no significant difference in changes in BW between different DAR species. The declining BWs observed in the study were likely SCID mouse strain-related rather than treatment-related based on the weight loss in the control group. In Vivo Efficacy of TRA-bisAlk-vc-MMAE DAR 4 in a JIMT-1 Xenograft Model. We further evaluated the in vivo efficacy of TRA-bisAlk-vc-MMAE DAR 4 in a HER2 low expressing JIMT-1 human breast cancer xenograft mouse
Figure 3. Stability of purified DAR 4 bisAlk (blue) and maleimide (red) conjugates in the presence of the free thiol containing HSA.
peak intensity for DAR 4 TRA-bisAlk-vc-MMAE after 120 h and also no new peaks that could be identified as degradation products were observed. At time zero, the maleimide DAR 4 conjugate was also observed as a single peak. However, unlike for the TRA-bisAlk-vc-MMAE conjugate, the peak corresponding to the intact TRA-mc-vc-MMAE was reduced by approximately 35% in area after 120 h. In addition, a series of new peaks appeared in the chromatogram, several of which had corresponding elution times as the purified lower DAR and free mAb standards (Figure 4). In Vitro Binding of DAR 1−4 Variants to HER2. The binding of purified TRA-bisAlk-vc-MMAE individual DAR variants (DARs 1−4) to the ECD of ECD/HER2 was compared in a direct binding ELISA. Each of the purified DAR 1, 2, 3, and 4 ADCs retained antigen binding compared to the parent mAb, and there were no significant differences between the different DAR conjugates (Figure 2c). The effect of conjugation of MMAE on FcRn binding was also investigated. The FcRn binding assay made use of a heterodimer consisting of FcRn ECD and the β2-microglobulin domain. Binding to this heterodimer was measured in a direct binding ELISA. FcRn binding was not found to be affected by conjugation using TRA-bisAlk-vc-MMAE, and increasing DAR did not have a noticeable effect (Figure 2d). In Vitro Potency of DAR 1−4 Variants. The in vitro potency of the conjugates against HER2-positive human breast cancer cell line SK-BR-3 was tested using a Cell Titer Glo assay. The concentration range of each DAR ADC species tested in the assay was matched by the amount of MMAE. When results were plotted as a function of drug concentration (Figure 5a); similar potencies were observed for all DAR species. The data were also plotted as a function of ADC concentration (Figure
Figure 4. Stability of DAR 4 conjugates incubated in IgG depleted serum. HIC chromatograms for (a) TRA-bisAlk-vc-MMAE and (b) TRA-mc-vcMMAE. Peaks marked with an asterisk correspond to degraded DAR products. 1876
DOI: 10.1021/acs.molpharmaceut.5b00116 Mol. Pharmaceutics 2015, 12, 1872−1879
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Figure 5. In vitro potency of TRA-bisAlk-vc-MMAE ADCs with different drug loading (DAR 1−4) on SK-BR-3 cells. Results were plotted based on (a) MMAE concentrations and (b) ADC concentration. IC50 values were 0.22 nM, 0.12 nM, 0.07 nM, 0.05 nM, and 0.04 nM for MMAE, DAR 1, DAR 2, DAR 3, and the DAR 4 conjugate, respectively.
different single dose regimens at 5 mg/kg and 10 mg/kg were performed. At 5 mg/kg, similar efficacy was seen to T-DM1 (Figure 7). However, at the higher 10 mg/kg dose, there was an improved tumor response, which was not observed for Kadcyla.
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DISCUSSION We have previously shown that bis-sulfone based bis-alkylation reagents can be used for conjugation at reduced disulfide bonds as a stable alternative to maleimide chemistry. These reagents conjugate at native antibody interchain disulfides and yield ADCs with a very narrow DAR distribution containing DAR 4 as the major product. The intrachain disulfides of the mAb do not conjugate as these disulfides are not as readily reduced and are not accessible to the bis-sulfone linker.26,27 Consequently, no cross-linked mAb is observed in the ADC reaction mixtures. To further characterize the TRA-bisAlk-vc-MMAE ADC and investigate the effect of drug loading, conjugates with a uniform DARs of 1, 2, 3, and 4 were isolated. First, the effect of drug loading on binding to the HER2 receptor was investigated. The results of a direct binding ELISA showed that conjugation of 1, 2, 3, or 4 MMAE molecules had no impact on HER2 binding as binding was similar to native TRA. No significant impact on FcRn binding due to drug loading was observed compared to TRA. These results indicate that the sites of conjugation, that is, at the interchain disulfides, are very tolerant of derivatization by bis-alkylation, and the antibody is not functionally perturbed or sterically inhibited by conjugation. The DAR 4 conjugate formed using the bis-alkylating reagent was found to be stable in the presence of albumin concentrations close to physiological conditions. A comparative study with a maleimide-derived conjugate showed the
Figure 6. Administration (20 mg/kg based on TRA, dosing on days 1, 8, and 15) of DAR 1−4 TRA-bisAlk-vc-MMAE (PEG24 spacer) to SCID mice bearing BT-474 xenografts. Changes in (a) tumor volume and (b) body weight.
model. This model was used since it is difficult to treat with an ADC and would potentially allow any efficacy differentiation between the different conjugates in the study to be seen.25 Two
Figure 7. Changes in average tumor volume of (a) T-DM1 and (b) TRA-bisAlk-vc-MMAE (PEG6 spacer) in a JIMT-1 xenograft model. Single doses were administered at 5 and 10 mg/kg, respectively. 1877
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maleimide conjugate was less stable, with a significant decrease in average DAR over time. Although high drug loads correlate with increased potency in vitro, it is known that excessive drug loading can result in reduced efficacy in vivo. A study by Shen et al. has shown that more stable ADCs attain better efficacy and improved survival rates within in vivo cancer models18 Antibody−doxorubicin conjugates have also been shown to display a clear correlation between drug loading and cell cytotoxicity;28,29 however, the more highly loaded conjugates cleared faster from circulation.12 Here, we investigated the influence of the drug loading specifically for highly stable conjugates produced by a bis-alkylating strategy. Thereby, we found an in vitro potency directly correlating with the drug loading when results of an in vitro cell viability assay were plotted against ADC concentration. However, when results were normalized based on MMAE concentration, no significant difference was observed between different DARs. This indicates that binding, internalization, and drug release are not affected by increased drug conjugation using the bis-alkylating reagent. All DAR species were found to be well tolerated in vivo. In a BT-474 mouse xenograft study, the TRA-bisAlk-vc-MMAE conjugates demonstrated an increase in efficacy with increasing DAR. The lower DAR species (1 and 2) were found to have minimal activity, whereas the higher DAR species (3 and 4) demonstrated the best efficacy (Figure 6). The DAR 4 conjugate resulted in 100% tumor-free survival. The site of conjugation has been shown to be a factor that can influence the PK and therefore efficacy of an ADC.18 However, in this study, drug location and drug loading would not appear to influence the PK to such an extent to affect the order of efficacy of DAR 1 to DAR 4 (Figure 6). This order also correlated strongly with the observed in vitro potencies. In a single dose JIMT-1 xenograft study, we evaluted the efficacy of the DAR 4 conjugate in a low HER2 expressing cell line observing a strong tumor response at 10 mg/kg (Figure 7). T-DM1 was used as a comparator ADC in the study, which showed a weak tumor response at the same 10 mg/kg dose. While there are clear limitations in comparing the maytansine based ADC, T-DM1, with an MMAE based conjugate using a different linker system, the results indicate the potential of the bis-akylation approach to produce efficacious ADCs. ADCs have begun to have a tremendous impact on the treatment of cancer. A current limitation in ADC development is that much effort and time is needed to fully optimize the combination of antibody, linker, and drug. New linker strategies are required that ensure more homogeneous and stable ADCs can be produced with more predictable in vivo behavior without the need for extensive reoptimization, especially if one component of the ADC is changed. Since the major product of the reduction bis-alkylation approach is a DAR 4 ADC conjugated at the interchain disulfides, different payloads and release mechanisms can be evaluated while keeping the site of conjugation and DAR profile consistent. This allows efficient screening of new ADCs without the need for simultaneous re-engineering of the antibody. In summary, our results show that bis-alkylation conjugation at reduced interchain disulfides is a promising approach to produce stable and more homogeneous ADCs without the need to re-engineer the antibody for conjugation.
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ASSOCIATED CONTENT
S Supporting Information *
Protein MS spectrum for the intact DAR 4 conjugate. SEC traces of DAR 1−4 TRA-bisAlk-vc-MMAE. In vitro potency of TRA-bisAlk-vc-MMAE with a DAR of 4 and T-DM1 (Kadcyla) on JIMT-1 cells. The Supporting Information is available free of charge on the ACS Publications website at DOI: 10.1021/ acs.molpharmaceut.5b00116.
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AUTHOR INFORMATION
Corresponding Author
*E-mail:
[email protected]. Notes
The authors declare no competing financial interest.
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ACKNOWLEDGMENTS We thank our PolyTherics and Antitope colleagues for their help and advice during this study.
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REFERENCES
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