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Influence of e-waste dismantling and its regulations: temporal trend, spatial distribution of heavy metals in rice grains and its potential health risk Jianjie Fu, Aiqian Zhang, Thanh Wang, Guangbo Qu, Junjuan Shao, Bo Yuan, Yawei Wang, and Guibin Jiang Environ. Sci. Technol., Just Accepted Manuscript • DOI: 10.1021/es304903b • Publication Date (Web): 31 May 2013 Downloaded from http://pubs.acs.org on June 3, 2013
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Environmental Science & Technology
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Influence of e-waste dismantling and its regulations: temporal trend, spatial
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distribution of heavy metals in rice grains and its potential health risk
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Jianjie Fu, Aiqian Zhang*, Thanh Wang, Guangbo Qu, Junjuan Shao, Bo Yuan,
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Yawei Wang* and Guibin Jiang
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State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research
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Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing
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100085
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*Corresponding authors:
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Prof. Aiqian Zhang
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Tel: 8610-62849157
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Fax: 8610-62923549
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E-mail:
[email protected] 15
Dr. Yawei Wang
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Tel: 8610-6284-9334
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Fax: 8610-6284-9339
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E-mail:
[email protected] 19
Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences,
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Chinese Academy of Sciences
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Abstract
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Enhanced regulations, centralized dismantling processes and sophisticated recycling
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technologies have been implemented in some e-waste dismantling areas in China with
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regards to environmental and economic aspects since 2005. In this study, rice grain
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samples were collected from 2006 to 2010 in an e-waste dismantling area to
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investigate the temporal trends and spatial distribution of As, Cd, Cu and Pb.
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Geometric means of As, Cd, Cu and Pb in rice samples from the e-waste dismantling
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area were 111, 217, 4676 and 237 ng g-1, respectively. Levels of Pb showed a
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significant decreasing trend during the sampling period, whereas the other three
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elements remained relatively constant or even increasing. Concentrations of Cd, Cu
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and Pb in e-waste dismantling area were significantly higher than those in non e-waste
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dismantling area (p 1 indicates potential adverse health effects and HQ > 10 suggests high
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chronic risk.8 Furthermore, the exposure of a combination of individual toxic trace
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elements might result in additive effects, therefore HQ for each element could be
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summed to generate the hazard index (HI) (HI=
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(50, 1, 3.6 µg kg-1 bw, respectively) were calculated from the formula: TDI=PTWI/7,
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where PTWI is the Provisional Tolerable Weekly Intake suggested by the Joint
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FAO/WHO Expert Committee on Food Additives.23-24 TDICu was set at 40 µg kg-1 bw,
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as according to the US Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry and other
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related studies.8, 25 In this study, the average daily rice intake of adults and children
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were considered to be 323 and 198 g per day and the average body weight of adults
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and children were assumed to be 60 and 32.7 kg, respectively.26-27
).22 TDI of As, Cd and Pb
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Result and discussion
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Heavy metals in rice and contamination source. Basic statistics on levels of the
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three heavy metals in rice and hull samples are shown in Table 1. Obviously, Pb, Cu,
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and Cd concentrations were significantly higher in RE than in RN (p0.05, R=0.02) (Table
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S2a,b)). Nevertheless, the nominal level of exchangeable fraction of Cu was rather
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high since the soil concentration of Cu reached around 100000 ng g-1, which was
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about two times higher than that of Pb in local e-waste dismantling area.17,35 Root
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uptake of Cu from soil storage may be one of the reasons for the strong concentration
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relationship between rice and hull (R=0.39, pPb>>As. HQCd, HQCu and HQPb accounted for 46.0%, 24.8% and 13.9% of
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the HI, respectively. GM of HQCd for adults and children were 1.17 and 1.32,
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respectively, and more than 60% of the HQCd exceeded 1. For individual year, GMs of
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HQCd were 1.67 and 1.88 in 2006, 0.50 and 0.56 in 2007, 1.48 and 1.67 in 2008, 1.36
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and 1.54 in 2009, 1.92 and 2.17 in 2010 for adults and children, respectively. The
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HQCd level during the sampling period was relatively high, and the maximum HQCd
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reached 27.7 and 31.3 for adults and children, respectively. These results indicated
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chronic exposure of the elevated levels of Cd in local rice might cause serious health
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effects. Previous studies have also reported that the levels of Cd in human blood,41
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urinary13 and scalp hair16 from e-waste dismantling areas were significantly higher
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than the control sites, which implied that, besides from direct exposure pathways,
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ingestion of local food could also be a major contributing factor. Though none of the
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HQPb exceeded 1 during the period of 2006 - 2010 in this work, some other published 14
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data in the areas reported exposure risks of Pb should also be of concern in e-waste
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areas. The average blood Pb in children in e-waste dismantling area reached 15 µg/dL,
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which were significantly higher than in control sites and the diagnostic criteria for
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children's blood Pb level defined by the US Centers for Disease Control.14, 41-42
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The HQs (GM) in non e-waste dismantling area were significantly lower than in the
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e-waste dismantling area (p
