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Article

Influence of Winemaking Processing Steps on the Amounts of (E)-2-Decenal and Tridecane as Off-Odorants Caused by Brown Marmorated Stink Bug (Halyomorpha halys) Pallavi Mohekar, James Osborne, Nik G Wiman, Vaughn Walton, and Elizabeth Tomasino J. Agric. Food Chem., Just Accepted Manuscript • DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.6b04268 • Publication Date (Web): 08 Jan 2017 Downloaded from http://pubs.acs.org on January 9, 2017

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Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry is published by the American Chemical Society. 1155 Sixteenth Street N.W., Washington, DC 20036 Published by American Chemical Society. Copyright © American Chemical Society. However, no copyright claim is made to original U.S. Government works, or works produced by employees of any Commonwealth realm Crown government in the course of their duties.

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Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry 1

Influence of Winemaking Processing Steps on the Amounts of (E)-2-Decenal and Tridecane as Off-Odorants Caused by Brown Marmorated Stink Bug (Halyomorpha halys) Pallavi Mohekar†, James Osborne†, Nik G. Wiman‡, Vaughn Walton‡, Elizabeth Tomasino*,†



Oregon State University, Department of Food Science & Technology, 100 Wiegand

Hall, Corvallis, Oregon 97331, USA ‡

Oregon State University, Department of Horticulture, 4017 Agriculture and Life

Sciences Building, Corvallis, Oregon 97331, USA *

[email protected], (T) (541)-737-4866, (F) (541)-737-1877

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ABSTRACT

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Brown marmorated stink bugs (BMSB) release stress compounds, tridecane and (E)-

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2-decenal, that effect final wine quality. This study focuses on determining the effect

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of wine processing on (E)-2-decenal and tridecane release in both red and white

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wines. Wines were produced by adding live BMSB to grape clusters at densities of 0,

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0.3, 1 and 3 bugs per cluster. Compound concentrations were measured using HS-

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SPME-MDGC-MS. For red wines, the highest levels of stress compounds were found

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using 3 BMSB/cluster (tridecane, 614 µg/L and (E)-2-decenal, 2.0 µg/L). Pressing

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was found to be the critical process point for stress compound release and additional

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pressing processes, press type and press fractions, were investigated. BMSB taint for

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white wines was not found to be problematic to wine quality. An action control of 3

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BMSB/cluster is recommended as this related to the known consume rejection

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threshold for (E)-2-decenal.

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Keywords: brown marmorated stink bug, press type, Pinot noir, Pinot gris, Merlot

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Introduction

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Brown marmorated stink bug (BMSB) (Halyomorpha halys Stål) (Hemiptera:

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Pentatomidae) is an economically important insect pest of multiple agricultural crops,

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including winegrapes. In vineyards, BMSB can effect yield and quality by direct

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feeding on berries.1,2 This damage may further lead to secondary pest attacks or

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infection by other pathogens1,3 and result in fruit collapse due to progressive

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necrosis.1,4 Direct injury to grape berries at veraison and pre-harvest have been found

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in Virginia vineyards.3 Additional damage by BMSB occurs through grape

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contamination post-harvest and has been little explored. Effects of post-harvest

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contamination is the major focus of this study.

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Contamination of winegrapes occurs when BMSB are carried into the winery within

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the grape clusters. BMSB are known to migrate into vineyards during the harvest time

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(August-September in North America),5–7 greatly increasing the chance of winegrape

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contamination. The insects are harvested and go unnoticed within grape clusters due

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to their small size, cryptic behavior and coloring. The presence of BMSB during wine

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processing can effect juice and wine quality through the release of volatile

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compounds produced as a stress response.8–10

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BMSB stress compounds include tridecane and (E)-2-decenal, and make up more

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than 70% of released stress compounds.8,11 Tridecane, the largest component of

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BMSB stress compounds is an odorless compound. To the best of our knowledge

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there is no information regarding any sensory effects of tridecane on wine quality.

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(E)-2-Decenal however is an aromatic compound with undesirable strong green,

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coriander (or cilantro) and musty-like aromas.10 (E)-2-Decenal concentrations in

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Pinot noir at above 4.8 µg/L (consumer rejection threshold, CRT) result in a

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significant drop in consumer preference, indicating a negative effect of this

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compound on wine quality.10 Only wines made contaminated with BMSB contained

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(E)-2-decenal and tridecane (data not shown).

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The stress compounds produced by BMSB may be considered detrimental to wine

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quality10, as mentioned previously, and therefore should be minimized. While

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measures are being taken to control BMSB in vineyards, no treatment is completely

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effective.1,12 Therefore post-harvest processes need to be managed to reduce any

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possible release of stress compounds into wine. This knowledge is very important to

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winemakers in devising quality control measures. Research to minimize multicolored

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asian lady beetle (MALB) taint has shown that wine processing can alter taint

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associated compounds in the final wine, when it is not possible to remove the insects

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prior to grape processing.13 There is a good possibility that different wine processes

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will also impact release of stress compounds from BSMB in wine grapes. The

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objective of this study was to determine the wine processing steps responsible for

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BMSB stress compound release in both red and white wine, and to determine when

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levels of contamination in grape clusters reach the CRT of (E)-2-decenal (4.8 µg/L).

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There is little information available on post-harvest processing related to release of

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BMSB stress products and effect to final product quality. This work is the first to

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investigate this aspect of BMSB contamination. The impact of BMSB was measured

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in terms of (E)-2-decenal, the main compound responsible for the BMSB odor and

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tridecane, another BMSB stress compound. Additionally, the effect of dead BMSB

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included during wine processing was also investigated.

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Methods

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Chemicals

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HPLC/ACS-grade (E)-2-decenal, 3-octanol, and tridecane were purchased from

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Sigma Chemical Co. (St. Louis, MO, USA). n-Tetradecane-d30 was purchased from

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C/D/N Isotopes Inc. (Quebec, Canada). All compounds had a minimum purity of

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98%. Milli-Q water was obtained from a Millipore Direct-Q® 5 UV-R water

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purification system (EMD-Millipore, Billerica, MA, USA). Absolute ethanol (200-

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proof) was obtained from Pharmco-AAPER (Vancouver, WA, USA) and sodium

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chloride from VWR International LLC (PA, USA). Commercial wines used for

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calibration curves and check standards were free of BMSB taint and include, 2010

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Oregon Pinot noir, 2012 California Merlot and 2010 Oregon Pinot gris.

83 84

Brown Marmorated Stink Bug

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BMSB were collected during August to September of 2013 and 2014 from various

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locations throughout the Willamette Valley, Oregon. Insect ID was conducted using

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key characters for this species.14 Insects were stored in plastic cages at 20 oC and fed

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organic fruits, vegetables and water. BMSB densities of 0.3, 1 and 3 per grape cluster

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were used to produce different wine treatments (Table 1). Twelve hours prior to wine

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processing, BSMB were chilled to 4.4 °C, counted and placed into plastic cages. This

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lower temperature slows metabolism, ensuring that all stress compounds released are

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due to wine processing. One hour prior to processing they were transported to the

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winery and brought to room temperature. BSMB for dead bugs were killed by

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freezing at minimum 24 hours prior to processing.

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Grapes

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Vitis vinifera L. cv. Pinot noir, Pinot gris and Merlot grapes were hand-harvested

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from a small research vineyard, owned and managed by Oregon State University

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(Monroe, OR, 44.3140°N, 123.2968°W). Pinot gris and Merlot wines were made in

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2013 and Pinot noir was made in 2013 and 2014. Grapes were inspected after harvest

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and found to be free of BMSB. Fruit was stored for 24 – 48 hours at 4 oC directly

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after harvest.

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Vinification

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The different winemaking treatments include contamination with live BMSB, dead

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BMSB, press type, and press fractions (Table 1). The number of BMSB per cluster

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was based on previously recorded BMSB levels in East coast vineyards 3,15. Standard

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commercial winemaking protocols (supplementary information) were used to make

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white and red wine.

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Sampling

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Must and wine samples were collected after each processing step. Must parameters

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are found in Table S1. A 40 ml sample was collected in 50 ml centrifuge tubes (VWR

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International) during wine processing for stress compound analysis. Samples were

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centrifuged at 4200 rpm for 10 minutes (Allegra–22 Centrifuge, Beckman Coulter

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Inc.) and stored in 40 ml amber vials with polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) lined caps

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(Sigma Aldrich) at -18 oC.

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Additional wine treatments

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Pressing

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Differences in press types and press fractions were compared to determine their

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impact on stress compound levels in the finished wines. We compared the stress

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compound levels between Pinot noir using basket (2 bar for 1 min) and a bladder

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press (1 bar for 2 min). To determine the effect of press fraction, Merlot wine was

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processed using a bladder press (1 bar for 2 min). This wine was divided into its free

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run and first press fractions. One third of the free run was processed separately from

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the pressed fraction. The taint levels in the finished wine made from the press fraction

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was calculated based on the final volume before removal of the free run.

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Presence of dead BMSB

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It is possible in vineyards that grape clusters chemically treated for pests may contain

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dead BMSB. This study was conducted to determine if dead insects are able to release

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stress compounds within wines during processing. For this reason, Pinot noir wine

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was made, per red wine vinification protocol, but used 0.3 dead BMSB per cluster in

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place of live BMSB (Table 1).

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Chemical Analysis

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Standard Wine Parameters

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Wine samples were analyzed for alcohol, pH, titratable acidity, reducing sugar, SO2

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(free and total) and malic acid. Alcohol percentage from 2013 and 2014 wines were

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measured using an ebulliometer and density meter (Anton Paar DMA 4500 M-EC).

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Titratabilew acidity was measured using titration method, pH was measured using a

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pH meter, reducing sugar was measured using Rebelein method, and free and total

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SO2 was measured using the aspiration method.16 Malic acid was measured using

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enzymatic kit (Vitiessential Laboratories, AU). Color and total phenolics were

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measured by absorbance at 520 and 280 nm using an UV-3101fc spectrophotometer

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(Shimazdu North America, Pleasanton, CA, USA).17 All samples were analyzed in

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triplicate.

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BMSB taint analysis

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Sample preparation

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Stock standard solutions and working standards of all (E)-2-decenal, 3-octanol,

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tridecane and n-tetradecane-d30 were prepared as described in Tomasino et al.18

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Sample preparation for wines and must

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All samples were prepared in a 20 mL amber vials (22.5 x 75.5 mm). 7.04 mL of

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Milli-Q water and 1.8 mL of wine sample was added to the vial to achieve a 5X

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dilution. For juice samples, the water level was reduced to 5.24 mL and the alcohol

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level was adjusted by adding 1.8 mL of 14% (for red wine) or 11% (for white wine)

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ethanol solution, to ensure the ethanol concentration was the same in all vials. Sample

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dilution was followed by the addition of 80 µL of internal standard and 4.5 g sodium

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chloride. Vials were tightly capped with PTFE-lined caps and placed in a stack cooler

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attached to the Combi-Pal autosampler (CTC-Analytics, Zwingen, Switzerland). Vial

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temperature was maintained at 8 oC prior to sample extraction. All samples, including

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calibration curves, were run in triplicate.

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SPME fibre, conditioning and sample extraction

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Headspace solid phase microextraction (HS-SPME) using stableflex

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divinylbenzene/carboxen/polydimethylsiloxane (DVB/CAR/PDMS) combination

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SPME fiber (50/30 µm thick, 2 cm long, 24 Ga, Sigma-Aldrich, USA) was used for

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the measurement of BMSB stress compounds from must/wine. All new fibers were

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incubated for 30 min at 250 oC before their first use.

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Using a CTC Combi-Pal autosampler (CTC-Analytics AG, Switzerland) sample vials

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were incubated at 40 oC and agitated simultaneously at 500 rpm (5 sec on, 2 sec off)

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for 10 min. The SPME fiber was then inserted into the vial headspace for the

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absorption of sample volatiles for 60 min at 40 oC with no agitation. The fiber was

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injected into the first GC and compounds were desorbed at 250 oC for 10 min. The

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fiber was conditioned further in an NDL heater for 10 min at 250 oC.

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Detection of (E)-2-Decenal and Tridecane by Heart-Cut Multidimensional Gas

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Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry

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A gas chromatogram (GC, Shimadzu GC-2000 plus) was connected to a GCMS

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(Shimadzu QP 2010) by a heated transfer line (Shimazdu North America, Pleasanton,

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CA, USA). The GC in the first dimension contained a heart-cut dean’s switch

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(Shimazdu North America, Pleasanton, CA, USA). The system was controlled using

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MDGCsolutions (Shimazdu North America, Pleasanton, CA, USA). The basic

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components of the system and operating parameters to measure (E)-2-decenal and

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tridecane in wine are described below.

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First dimension system: The column used in the first GC was an Rtx-wax column,

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30.0 m length, 0.25 mm ID and 0.5 mm film thickness (Crossbond®

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Carbowax®polyethylene glycol, Restek Corporation, Bellefonte, PA, USA). The

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carrier gas used was helium with the flow rate at a constant pressure of 169.5 kPa.

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The injector was set in splitless mode. A flame ionize detector (FID) was set to

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230 °C and used to determine that heart-cuts were consistent (no peaks in the

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specified cut windows). The fiber was injected using the autosampler. The oven

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temperature was programmed as follows; 35 °C for 5 min, raised to 100 °C at a rate

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of 10 °C/min and held for 10 min, increased again to 180 °c at a rate of 4 °C/min,

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then increased to 250 °C at a rate of 10 °C/min and held at 250 °C for 10 minutes.

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The heart cut windows used were from 12.5-15.5 min, 17.0-19.3 min, 20.0-25.0 min,

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and 31.5-34.5min. The switching pressure used was 135 kPa.

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Second dimension system: An Rxi-5MS column, 15 m x 0.25 mm ID x 0.5 m (100%

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dimethyl polysiloxane, Restek Corporation, Bellefonte, PA, USA) was in the second

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oven and threaded through the heated transfer line and connected to the dean’s switch

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in the first system. The oven temperature program started at the same time as the first

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dimension and is described as follows; 35 °C for 10 min, increased to 70 °C at a rate

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of 3 °C/min held for 8 min, increased again to 115 °C at a rate of 3 °C/min and held

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for 6 min, increased to 250 °C at a rate of 15 °C/min and held for 6 min. Flow rate in

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this system was constant and held at 86.9 kPa.

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The MS ion source and interface temperatures were 200 and 250 oC. The MS detector

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was operated in electron impact mode (EI, 70 eV) under a scan mode (m/z 33-303

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Da) at an absolute voltage of 0.8 kV. A detector gain of +0.6 kV was used for each of

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the target compounds and isotopes. Compound identification was based on

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comparison of pure standards and NIST11 (National Institute of Standards and

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Technology) mass spectra library. Retention times, target ions and qualifier ions for

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each compound are reported in Table 2.

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Quantitation, Limit of Detection, Limit of Quantitation

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Quantitation for (E)-2-decenal and tridecane was carried out using stable isotope

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dilution analysis19. Limit of detection (LOD) and limit of quantitation (LOQ) are

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described in Tomasino et al.18 Quantitation parameters for the two BMSB stress

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compounds are found in Table 2. White wine standards curves were measured in

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Pinot gris wines and the standard curve was a composite of samples run in both Pinot

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noir and Merlot.

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Data Analysis

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Limit of Detection, Limit of Quantitation, Accuracy, Repeatability

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Calculations for LOD and LOQ were based those used by Callejón et al.20

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Recoveries of standard addition were estimated by running red and white base wines

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with added reference standards. Percent recoveries were used to determine the

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accuracy of the measurments.18 Tridecane showed a low percent recovery in both red

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and white wine (Table 3). Therefore a recovery factor, x4.94 for Pinot gris and x2.17

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for Pinot noir and Merlot was applied to the final calculation as a correction. A low

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solubility of tridecane in water and therefore in ethanol solution could be responsible

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for its low percent recovery. Future work should focus on improving these parameters

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for tridecane quantitation. (E)-2-Decenal measurements did not require any

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adjustments as percent recovery was well within an acceptable range of 80-120%

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(Table 3).21 During each run, a standard with (E)-2-decenal concentration of 3.22

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µg/L and tridecane concentration of 6.45 µg/L was analyzed to ensure compound

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stability.

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Statistical Analysis

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All statistical analysis was run using XLSTAT-Pro 2014 (Addinsoft, New York, NY,

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USA). Significant differences among BMSB wine treatments were measured using

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one-way Analysis of Variance (ANOVA), student’s t-test and Tukey’s HSD.

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Results and discussion

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Basic chemical composition

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Wine chemical composition displayed a small variation among treatments but none

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would be due to BMSB addition (Table 4). All wines reached dryness or desired

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alcohol level. Some differences in ethanol content of the 2013 merlot were noted.

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This is most likely due to the usage of the different press fractions for the treatments

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versus the control. Different press fractions are known to alter juice and wine

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composition.22 No differences were found for titratable acidity, phenolic content or

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color (data not shown), but some differences were found for pH and residual sugar.

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Residual sugar differences are most likely due to fermentation parameters. BMSB do

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not absorb sugar and they cannot consume enough sugar to cause the differences

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found. Additionally the differences in pH are unlikely to be from the additional of

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BMSB. Research done investigating MALB in wine fermentations have shown that

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insects did not alter any of the basic wine parameters.13

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BMSB taint in white wine

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Concentrations of (E)-2-decenal and tridecane were greatest after hard press (Figure

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1). This was expected as BMSB would still be alive during pressing and may

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continuously produce stress related compounds. However at finished wine only low

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levels of tridecane, 9.69 µg/L, were measured in T2. (E)-2-decenal appeared to be

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completely removed during alcoholic fermentation. This is most likely due to

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compounds being driven off by carbon dioxide, (E)-2-decenal reacting with SO2 or

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conversion to its corresponding alcohol n-decanol during fermentation.23–25 Fiola9

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also reported loss of BMSB stress compounds post fermentation. Sensory analysis

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comparing Pinot gris with and without 9.7 µg/L of tridecane were not found to be

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different.26 This suggest that at the tested concentration, tridecane does not appear to

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effect white wine quality. Therefore the risk of BMSB contamination affecting white

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wine is low, as the critical processing step, pressing which was responsible for the

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greatest amounts of stress compounds released, occurs prior to fermentation.

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(E)-2-Decenal and tridecane in red wine

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As anticipated, the concentration of both (E)-2-decenal and tridecane increased with

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an increase in BMSB density (Table 5, Figure 2). Destemming/crushing produced the

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greatest concentrations of (E)-2-decenal (Table 5) and pressing produced the greatest

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concentrations of tridecane (Figure 5). As with white wine, both compounds were

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greatly reduced during fermentation but pressing after fermentation resulted in an

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increase in both stress compounds. It is thought that compounds were reduced due to

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compounds being driven off by carbon dioxide rather than the other two possible

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mechanisms mentioned previously, as the winemakers could distinctly smell BMSB

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stress compounds when mixing the cap with the fermenting juice (known as punch

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downs). All final treatment wines contained tridecane and the 2014 Pinot noir T3

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wine also contained (E)-2-decenal in the finished wine. The presence of BMSB stress

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compounds in the red wines after pressing is of concern given the minimal decrease

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of the taint compounds in the wine post-pressing and the low reactivity of BMSB

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stress compounds in the wine matrix. For example, (E)-2-decenal levels decreased by

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only a small amount after pressing in comparison to a large reduction after

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destemming. Pressing has been found to be more problematic than destemming for

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other taints, such as MALB.27 Pressing parameters and the use of press fractions are

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known to alter the composition of juice and wine, including sugar content,22 phenolic

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content28,29 and varietal aromas.30,31 Due to the high significance of pressing for

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BMSB stress compounds in red wine the study was expanded to specifically

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investigate different pressing options.

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The effect of press type

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At a density of 3 BMSB/cluster, the use of a bladder press versus a basket press

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produced greater concentrations of tridecane (Figure 3). A similar result was observed

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at BMSB density of 0.3 bugs/cluster (data not shown). These preliminary findings

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suggest that taint levels in the finished wine can be minimized by using different

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presses. A bladder press presses the grapes from the center of the press outwards

309

while a basket press presses the grapes from the top and bottom. Both of these presses

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have a different application of pressure which can alter final composition. Different

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press types have been found to alter the amount of varietal aromas in juice and

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wine.32 The application of greater or more consistent pressure appears to crush more

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berries and BMSB which results in a greater extraction of wine and stress

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compounds.

315 316

It should be noted that in this study the basket and bladder press were operated at

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different pressures and times. This was due to the size of each press, with the basket

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press being smaller than the bladder press. Therefore our results may not accurately

319

represent larger commercial sized basket or bladder presses.

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The effect of press fraction

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Press fractions in red wine making are often kept separate to achieve a desired

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composition.22,33 Certain wines, such as champagne or sparkling wines, are produced

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from free run, without any press fraction.34 The levels of BMSB taint in free run

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versus press fraction after alcoholic fermentation was of interest, as blending may

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provide a solution to reduce BMSB compounds in wine. Our results show that free

327

run wines contained significantly less tridecane compared to press fraction wines (α =

328

0.05) (Figure 3). This was anticipated since pressing typically crushes the BMSB,

329

releasing more stress compounds. The use of free run and elimination of pressing step

330

is recommended for highly contaminated grape clusters and investigating blends of

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free run and press fractions may also result in low to no BMSB stress compounds in

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the final wine.

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The impact of dead BMSB

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Tridecane levels from wines made with dead BMSB at a density of 0.3 bugs/cluster

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had (E)-2-decenal concentrations below the HS-SPME-MD-GCMS LOD in final

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wine. Finished wine contained 7.74 µg/L of tridecane which was significantly lower

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than the tridecane concentration of 26.88 µg/L, found in Pinot noir made from live

339

BMSB at the same density. Unfortunately due to a lack of bugs that year it was not

340

possible to test higher bug densities. It is anticipated that the greater the

341

BMSB/cluster the amount of stress compounds would increase. The result of this

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treatment indicates that killing BMSB in the field may not be enough to get rid of

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BMSB taint compounds from the wine. However, this would only be true if the

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BMSB were in a stressful situation prior to death (such as agitated due to machine

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harvesting). If the stress compounds were not produced prior to death, then crushing

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of dead BMSB into wine would result in little to no release of stress compounds.

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BMSB threshold in grape clusters

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We did not calculate an economic or action threshold for white wine since BMSB

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taint does not appear to be problematic, as final wine did not contain any (E)-2-

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decenal and in a sensory tests, the amount of tridecane was not found to alter aroma

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perception.26 A single threshold limit is reported for both Pinot noir and Merlot since

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(E)-2-decenal CRT in these wines is similar.26 A conservative approach has been

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adopted for reporting BMSB threshold density of 3 BMSB/cluster due to the negative

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effect of its taint compounds on wine quality, the variation caused by press type, and

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the non-linear relationship between the amount of taint released and BMSB densities

357

in grape clusters. BMSB tolerance limit is estimated to be 3 bugs per cluster, resulting

358

in wine with 2 µg/L (E)-2-decenal. Additional BMSB treatments would need to be

359

researched to determine a specific number of bugs/cluster, with corresponding

360

pressing technology, resulting in 4.8 µg/L of (E)-2-decenal or greater. Higher taint

361

levels are expected during industrial pressing operation utilizing a heavier press type

362

and longer pressing time. Therefore, an upper threshold of 3 BMSB per cluster should

363

maintain (E)-2-decenal level in wine below its CRT. Consumer preference may still

364

be effected at this low level of (E)-2-decenal. A previous study has shown that 28%

365

of the consumer panel exhibits low preference towards (E)-2-decenal and therefore

366

could reject Pinot noir containing (E)-2-decenal below 0.05 µg/L.10

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367 368

The BMSB threshold levels from this study are higher than previously reported

369

threshold of 10-20 BMSB per 25 lb lugs (0.1-0.2 per cluster).9,35 This disparity is

370

most likely due to differences in wine processing. These threshold limits were based

371

on wines in which BMSB was removed prior to pressing. We have clearly shown that

372

the BMSB taint in must decreases during fermentation and that it is pressing after red

373

wine fermentation that is the critical processing point.

374 375

This study provides the first estimates of the BMSB threshold limit of 3

376

BMBS/cluster. BMSB threshold levels can be applied to guide a pesticide application

377

program in the vineyard. Additionally, it provides a valuable reference point for

378

future research on this taint. BMSB appears to be problematic to wine quality if the

379

insects are present during red wine processing, as pressing is the critical step for

380

release of stress compounds into wine at concentrations that would impact aroma

381

perception. We do not see any BMSB taint problems associated with white or rose

382

wines because pressing occurs before fermentation. However, the effect of tridecane

383

to red wine quality should be investigated. While this compound is known to be

384

odorless it may still effect wine quality through interactions with other wine

385

compounds.36

386 387

While present levels of BMSB found in vineyards do not appear great enough to alter

388

the quality of red wines, BMSB have been found in vineyards throughout the wine

389

grape growing season with levels has high as 18 bugs counted in a 3 minute time

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390

period.3 Therefore it is entirely plausible that some vineyards will experience 3

391

BMBS/cluster levels in the near future. Outcomes from this work provide important

392

information for winemakers to make informed decisions to reduce the effect of

393

BMSB stress compounds on final wine quality. It also provides an action threshold of

394

3 BMSB/cluster to vineyard managers to devise control measures.

395 396

Additionally, results from this study are not only important for wine quality but also

397

suggest that other agricultural products may experience problems due to BMSB

398

should they have the insects present with the fruit or vegetable during any post-

399

harvest processing. Food products that may be particularly affected include those that

400

have a high level of processing, such as puree and juice production, using crops that

401

are known to be hosts to BMSB.

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402 403

Funding Sources This work was supported by the National Institute of Food and Agriculture, U.S.

404

Department of Agriculture, [SCRI#2011-51181-30937] and the U.S. Department of

405

Agriculture, Northwest Center for Small Fruits [OWB# 4040-0001].

406 407

Supporting Information/Associated Content

408 409

This material is available free of charge via the Internet at http://pubs.acs.org.

410

Vinification details for both red and white wines.

411

Table S1. Must composition for Pinot noir, Pinot gris and Merlot before and after

412

sugar and acid adjustments made during year 2013 and 2014

413 414

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415 416 417 418 419 420 421 422 423 424 425 426 427 428 429 430 431 432 433 434 435 436 437 438 439 440 441 442 443 444 445 446 447 448 449 450 451 452 453 454 455 456 457 458 459

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Leskey, T. C.; Hamilton, G. C.; Nielsen, A. L.; Polk, D. F.; Rodriguez-Saona, C.; Bergh, J. C.; Wright, S. E. Pest Status of the Brown Marmorated Stink Bug, Halyomorpha Halys in the USA. Outlooks Pest Manag. 2012, 23, 218–226. Callot, H.; Brua, C. Halyomorpha halys (Stål, 1855), the marmorated stink bug, new species for the fauna of France (Heteroptera Pentatomidae). L’Entomologiste 2014, 69, 69–71. Basnet, S.; Kuhar, T. P.; Laub, C. A.; Pfeiffer, D. G. Seasonality and Distribution Pattern of Brown Marmorated Stink Bug (Hemiptera: Pentatomidae) in Virginia Vineyards. J. Econ. Entomol. 2015, 108, 1902– 1909. Lee, D.-H. Current status of research progress on the biology and management of Halyomorpha halys (Hemiptera: Pentatomidae) as an invasive species. Appl. Entomol. Zool. 2015, 50, 277–290. Nielsen, A. L.; Hamilton, G. C. Seasonal Occurrence and Impact of Halyomorpha halys (Hemiptera: Pentatomidae) in Tree Fruit. J. Econ. Entomol. 2009, 102, 1133–1140. Nielsen, A. L.; Hamilton, G. C. Life History of the Invasive Species Halyomorpha halys (Hemiptera: Pentatomidae) in Northeastern United States. Ann. Entomol. Soc. Am. 2009, 102, 608–616. Nielsen, A. L.; Hamilton, G. C.; Shearer, P. W. Seasonal Phenology and Monitoring of the Non-Native Halyomorpha halys; (Hemiptera: Pentatomidae) in Soybean. Environ. Entomol. 2011, 40, 231–238. Baldwin VI, R. L.; Zhang, A.; Fultz, S. W.; Abubeker, S.; Harris, C.; Connor, E. E.; Van Hekken, D. L. Hot topic: Brown marmorated stink bug odor compounds do not transfer into milk by feeding bug-contaminated corn silage to lactating dairy cattle. J. Dairy Sci. 2014, 97, 1877–1884. Fiola, J. A. Brown Marmorated Stink Bug (BMSB) Part 3 - Fruit Damage and Juice/Wine Taint. Timely Viticulture. 2011. Mohekar, P.; Lapis, T. J.; Wiman, N. G.; Lim, J.; Tomasino, E. Brown Marmorated Stink Bug Taint in Pinot noir: Detection and Consumer Rejection Thresholds of trans-2-Decenal. Am. J. Enol. Vitic. 2017, 68, 120–126. Mohekar, P.; Tomasino, E.; Wiman, N. G. Defining defensive secretions of brown marmorated stink bug, Halyomorpha halys. In Annual Meeting of the Entomological Society of America; Minneapolis, MN, 2015. pp. 164 Leskey, T. C.; Short, B. D.; Lee, D.-H. Efficacy of insecticide residues on adult Halyomorpha halys (Stål) (Hemiptera: Pentatomidae) mortality and injury in apple and peach orchards: Residual insecticide efficacy on Halyomorpha halys. Pest Manag. Sci. 2014, 70, 1097–1104. Pickering, G. J.; Ker, K.; Soleas, G. J. Determination of the critical stages of processing and tolerance limits for Harmonia axyridis for “ladybug taint” in wine. Vitis 2007, 46, 85–90. Hoebeke, E. R.; Carter. Halyomorpha halys (Stål) (Heteroptera: Pentatomidae): a polyphagous plant pest from Asia newly detected in North

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America. P Entomol Soc Wash. Proc. Entomol. Soc. Wash. 2003, 105, 225– 237. Smith, J. R.; Hesler, S. P.; Loeb, G. M. Potential Impact of Halyomorpha halys (Hemiptera: Pentatomidae) on Grape Production in the Finger Lakes Region of New York. J. Entomol. Sci. 2014, 49, 290–303. Iland, P. Chemical Analysis of Grapes and Wine: Techniques and Concepts; Patrick Iland Wine Promotions PTYLTD, 2004. Harbertson, J.; Spayd, S. Measuring Phenolics in the Winery. Am. J. Enol. Vitic. 2006, 57, 280–288. Tomasino, E.; Harrison, R.; Breitmeyer, J.; Sedcole, R.; Sherlock, R.; Frost, A. Aroma composition of 2-year -old New Zealand Pinot noir wine and its relationship to sensory characteristics using canonical correlation analysis and addition/omission test. Aust. J. Grape Wine Res. 2015, 21, 376–388. Siebert, T.; Smyth, H.; Capone, D.; Neuwohner, C.; Pardon, K.; Skouroumounis, G.; Herderich, M.; Sefton, M.; Pollnitz, A. P. Stable isotope dilution analysis of wine fermentation products by HS-SPME-GC-MS. Anal Bioanal Chem 2005, 381, 937–947. Callejón, R. M.; González, A. G.; Troncoso, A. M.; Morales, M. L. Optimization and validation of headspace sorptive extraction for the analysis of volatile compounds in wine vinegars. J. Chromatogr. A 2008, 1204, 93–103. Sinha, S. N.; Bhatnagar, V. K.; Doctor, P.; Toteja, G. S.; Agnihotri, N. P.; Kalra, R. L. A novel method for pesticide analysis in refined sugar samples using a gas chromatography–mass spectrometer (GC–MS/MS) and simple solvent extraction method. Food Chem. 2011, 126, 379–386. Darias-Martín, J. Influence of two pressing processes on the quality of must in white wine production. J. Food Eng. 2004, 63, 335–340. Morakul, S.; Athes, V.; Mouret, J.-R.; Sablayrolles, J.-M. Comprehensive Study of the Evolution of Gas−Liquid Partitioning of Aroma Compounds during Wine Alcoholic Fermentation. J. Agric. Food Chem. 2010, 58, 10219– 10225. Robinson, A. L.; Ebeler, S. E.; Heymann, H.; Boss, P. K.; Solomon, P. S.; Trengove, R. D. Interactions between wine volatile compounds and grape and wine matrix components influence aroma compound headspace partitioning. J. Agric. Food Chem. 2009, 57, 10313–10322. Frivik, S. .; Ebeler, S. E. Influence of Sulfur Dioxide on the Formation of Aldehydes in White Wine. Am. J. Enol. Vitic. 2003, 54, 31–38. Mohekar, P. Brown Marmorated Stink Bug (BMSB), Halyomorpha halys Taint in Wine : Impact on Wine Sensory, Effect of Wine-processing and Management Techniques. PhD, Oregon State University: Corvallis, Oregon, 2016. Kögel, S.; Gross, J.; Hoffmann, C. Sensory detection thresholds of “ladybird taint” in’Riesling’and’Pinot Noir’under different fermentation and processing conditions. VITIS-J. Grapevine Res. 2015, 51, 27. Patel, P.; Herbst-Johnstone, M.; Lee, S. A.; Gardner, R. C.; Weaver, R.; Nicolau, L.; Kilmartin, P. A. Influence of Juice Pressing Conditions on

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Figure Captions

Figure 1. BMSB stress compound concentrations throughout Pinot gris processing, a) (E)-2-decenal (□) in T2 and (□)T1; b) Tridecane (■) in T2 and (■) T1 Figure 2. Tridecane concentrations throughout Pinot noir processing (■) in 2014 T3, (■) 2014 T1, (■) 2014 PN with dead BMSB T1, and (■) 2013 T2 Figure 3. Differences in tridecane concentration in 2014 Pinot noir T3 using (■) bladder press, 2013 Pinot noir T3 using (■) basket press, and in Merlot T2 using (□) press fraction and (□) free run.

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Table 1. Vintage, grape and treatment details for red and white wines.

Year

Wine grape

Number of BMSB per treatment (per Kg of grapes) Control

T1*

T2

T3

(0 BMSB/ cluster)

(0.25 or 0.3 BMSB/ cluster)

(1 BMSB/ cluster)

(3 BMSB/ cluster) 30

2013

Pinot noir

0

3

8

2013

Pinot gris

0

2.5

10

2013

Merlot

0

̶

̶

2013

Merlot (press fraction)

2013

Merlot (free run)

2014

Pinot noir

2014

Pinot noir with dead BMSB

̶ ̶ 0

3

6.6 ̶

Press type

3

2.5

Basket

3

6.1

Bladder

3

3.0

Basket

2

18.0

Bladder

̶

2

18.0

Bladder

30

2

30.0

Bladder

3

30.0

Bladder

̶ ̶

6.6

Batch Number of size replicates (Kg)

̶

3

*In Pinot gris, T1 corresponds to 0.25 BMSB per cluster. In rest of the wine treatments T1 corresponds to 0.3 BMSB per cluster.

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26

Table 2. Quantitation parameters for HS-SPME-MDGC-MS analysis of BMSB stress compounds.

Analyte

CAS No.

Purity (%)

Retention Target time

Ions

(min)

m/z

Confirming ions m/z

Standard

Standard

Calibration

curve

curve

range

(R2)

(R2)

(µg/L)

Red

White

Wine

Wine

Tridecane

629-50-5

99.0

37.67

57

43, 71, 85

0 ̶ 38.73

99.32

99.85

(E)-2-decenal

3913-81-3

95.0

40.28

55

70, 98

0 ̶ 19.37

99.79

98.86

3-Octanol

20296-29-1

99.0

25.05

59

55, 83

n-Tetradecane-d30

204244-81-5

98.5

42.24

66

50, 82

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Table 3 Limit of detection, limit or quantitation and spike recoveries for (E)-2-decenal and tridecane using HS-SPME-MDGC-MS

(E)-2-decenal

Tridecane

LOD (µg/L)

LOQ (µg/L)

Recovery (%)

LOD (µg/)

LOQ (µg/L)

Recovery (%)

White wine

0.02

0.07

90.60

0.02

0.06

20.24

Red wine

0.01

0.03

94.52

0.01

0.03

46.00

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Table 4. Significant differences (α=0.05) found in basic chemical parameters for finished wines. Alcohol (% v/v)

pH

Residual Sugar (g/L)

2013 PG Control

11.4 ± 0.2a

3.1 ± 0.0a

21.5 ± 1.5a

2013 PG Treatment 1 (0.25 BMSB/ cluster)

11.8 ± 0.4a

3.1 ± 0.0a

17.5 ± 3.9a

2013 PG Treatment 2 (1 BMSB/ cluster)

11.8 ± 0.1a

3.1 ± 0.0a

22.2 ± 0.3a

2013 PN Control

14.0 ± 0.2b

3.7 ± 0.0a

1.6 ± 0.1a

2013 PN Treatment 1 (0.3 BMSB/ cluster)

14.5 ± 0.5a

3.7 ± 0.0b

1.7 ± 0.2a

2013 PN Treatment 2 (1 BMSB/ cluster)

14.8 ± 0.2a

3.7 ± 0.0a

1.7 ± 0.4a

2013 PN Treatment 3 (3 BMSB/ cluster)

14.5 ± 0.1a

3.7 ± 0.0a

1.4 ± 0.4a

2013 Merlot Control

14.4 ± 0.5a

3.5 ± 0.0a

2.0 ± 0.1ab

2013 Merlot Press Treatment 1 (1 BMSB/ cluster)

12.9 ± 0.0b

3.5 ± 0.0a

1.9 ± 0.1b

2013 Merlot Free Run Treatment 1 (1 BMSB/ cluster)

12.9 ± 0.0b

3.5 ± 0.1b

2.1 ± 0.0ab

2014 PN Control

13.5 ± 0.2bc

3.8 ± 0.1a

1.1 ± 0.1ab

2014 PN Treatment 1 (0.3 BMSB/ cluster)

13.7 ± 0.1ab

3.6 ± 0.0b

1.4 ± 0.1a

2014 PN Treatment 3 (3 BMSB/ cluster)

13.1 ± 0.1c

3.7 ± 0.0ab

1.8 ± 0.6b

2014 PN Treatment (0.3 Dead BMSB per cluster)

14.1 ± 0.1a

3.8 ± 0.0a

1.3 ± 0.0a

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Table 5 (E)-2-Decenal (µg/L) concentrations in Pinot noir wines from 2013 and 2014 at different wine processing stages for 2 different BMSB treatment levels.

Treatment

0.3BMSB/cluster (T1)

3BSMB/cluster (T3)

Vintage

2014

2013

2014

Destemming

3.9±0.3

nd*

95.0±14.0

Cold Soak

2.0±0.1

nd

10.5±2.0

End of fermentation

nd

nd

2.0±0.1

Pressing

2.0±0.0

2.0±0.1

9.5±1.6

End of MLF

nd

2.0±0.1

2.2±0.0

Finished wine

nd

nd

2.0±0.1

*nd=none detected

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30

700 30

500 20

400 300

10

200 100

0

0 Destemming

Soft Press

Hard Press

Settling

End of fermentation

Figure 1.

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Finished wine

Tridecane concentration (µg/L)

(E)-2-decenal concentration (µg/L)

600

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Tridecane concentration (µg/L)

4500.0 3750.0 3000.0 2250.0 1500.0 750.0 0.0 Destemming

Cold Soak

End of fermentation

Pressing

Red wine processing steps Figure 2.

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End of malolactic fermentation

Finished wine

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32

Tridecane concentration (µg/L)

750

a

500 c 250

d

b 0 2014 Pinot noir 2013 Pinot noir (Bladder press) (Basket Press)

Figure 3.

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2013 Merlot (Press fraction)

2013 Merlot (Free run)

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Graphic for Table of Contents

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