Care: Missions, Goals, Activities. Clin. Chem., 21, 1357 (1975). (10M) Eldjarn, L., Jeiium, E., Stokke, O., Inborn Errors of Metabolism-A Challenge to the Clinical Chemist. Clin. Chem., 21, 63 (1975). (1IM) Gindler, E. M., Some Nonparametric Statistical Tests for Quick Evaluation of Clinical Data. Clin. Chem., 21, 309 (1975). (12M) Haid, E., Lehmann, P., Ziegenhorn, J., Molar Absorptivities of &NADH and 0-NAD at 260 nm. Clin. Chem., 21, 884 (1975). (13M) Howell, B. F., Margolis, S.,Schaffer, R., Detection of Inhibitors in Reduced Nicotinamide Adenine Dinucleotide by Kinetic Methods. Clin. Chem., 22, 1648 (1976). (14M) King, J. S., A Burgeoning Branch of Clinical Analysis. Clin. Chem., 21, 467 (1975). (15M) King, J. S., A New Role for the Clinical Chemist. Clin. Chem., 22, 711 (1976). (16MJ Kirschenbaum, D. M., Molar Absorptivity and Ai.:,,, Values for Proteins at Selected Wavelengths of the Ultraviolet and Visible Regions. XI. Anal. Biochem., 68, 465 (1975). (17M) Margolis, S.A., Howell, B. F., Schaffer, R., Purification and Analysis of the Purity of NADH. Clin. Chem., 22, 1322 (1976).
(18M) McComb, R. B., Bond, L. W., Burnett, R. W., Keech, R. C., Bowers, G. N., Jr., Determination of the Molar Absorptivity of NADH. Clin. Chem., 22, 141 (1976). (19M) Mertz, W., Trace-Element Nutrition in Health and Disease: Contributions and Problems of Analysis. Clin. Chem., 21, 468 (1975). (20M) Pragay, D. A., Pollution Control and Suggested Disposal Guidelines for Clinical Chemistry Laboratories. Clin. Chem., 21, 1839 (1975). (21M) Reimer, C. B., Maddison, S.E., Standardization of Human Immunoglobulin Quantitation: A Review of Current Status and Problems. Clin. Chem., 22, 577 (1976). (22M) Rodgerson, D. O., Tietz, N. W., Selection of “Recommended Methods” for Use in a Clinical Laboratory-Some Urgent Considerations and a Suggested Approach. Clin. Chem., 21, 1057 (1975). (23M) Schoengold, D. M., defiore, R. H., Miner, D. J., Hamilton, P. B., Potentiaiites of an inexpensive Computer System for Analysis of Clinical Amino Acids Data: Forecast and Speculation. Clin. Chem., 22, 16 (1976). (24M) Stokke, O., Gas Chromatography Mass Spectrometry in Laboratory Medicine: Viewpoints
on the Application in the Diagnostic Routine. Biomed. Mass. Specfrom., 3, 97 (1976). (25M) Sun, L., Clinical Chemistry in the Peoples Republic of China Today. Clin. Chem., 22, 278 (1976). (26M) Sunderman, F. W., Jr., Current Concepts of “Normal Values”, “Reference Values”, and “Discrimination Values” in Clinical Chemistry. Clin. Chem., 21, 1873 (1975). (27M) Thiers, R. E., Wu, G. T., Reed, A. H., Oliver, L. K., Sample Stability: A Suggested Definition and Method of Determination. Clin. Chem., 22, 176 (1976). (28M) Vaisrub, S., At the Mercy of the Elements. J. Am. Med. Assoc., 235, 2422 (1976). (29M) Ween, S.,Correct Application of Liquidin-Glass Thermometers for Accurate Temperature Measurements in the Clinical Laboratory. Clin. Chem., 22, 1112(1976). (30M) Werner, M., Sutherland 111, E. W., Abramson, F. P., Concepts for the Rational Selection of Assays to Be Used in Monitoring Therapeutic Drugs. Clin. Chem., 21, 1368 (1975). (31M) Ziegenhorn, J., Senn, M., Biicher, T., Molar Absorptivities of /3-NADH and 6-NADPH. Clin. Chem., 22, 151 (1976).
Inorganic and Geological Materials Joseph I. Dinnin U.S. Geological Survey, National Center, Resfon, Va. 22092
As before, this review is intended as an interdisciplinary look a t applied inorganic analysis and as a catch-all for material that may have escaped consideration in the other fundamental and applied reviews. Attention is primarily directed to review publications and selected areas that appear to hold special interest or promise in inorganic analysis. The abstract and periodical literature through October 1976 was considered. The volume of literature in inorganic and geochemical analysis has apparently not diminished in spite of the recession that has affected industrial and educational institutions in recent years. As in the period 1972-1974, the Inorganic Analytical Chemistry section of Chemical Abstracts has averaged approximately 200 abstracts per biweekly issue. If material in other pertinent sections of Chemical Abstracts and Analytical Abstracts is included, the literature base of inorganic analytical chemistry probably encompasses well over 6000 publications per year. Although publications in English or readily available foreign publications have been favored, they are not exclusive. Many pertinent and valuable publications have become available in translation after being brought to wider attention. This review is divided into four major sections that discuss the following: general literature and reviews in inorganic analysis; analytical techniques; methods used for determining individual elements; areas of application and related subjects.
GENERAL REVIEW LITERATURE There are an increasing number of collected monographs that review selected topics in inorganic analysis. Joining review series in journal form, such as CRC Critical Reviews i n Analytical Chemistry (53),and Selected Annual Reviews ( E 4 ) ,is International Quarterly Scientific Reviews Journal; Reviews i n Analytical Chemistry, edited by T. S. West (329). Also edited by West is a new edition of the “International Review of Science, Analytical Chemistry Series” (E35),containing seven review articles including three reviews of activation analysis and one each on the determination of gases and dust, forensic science, particle size analysis, and extraction. New sections of older series of collected monographs have also been published, including “Wilson and Wilson’s, Com34R
ANALYTICAL CHEMISTRY, VOL. 49, NO. 5, APRIL 1977
prehensive Analytical Chemistry”, edited by Svehla (E31E34), and “Treatise on Analytical Chemistry”, edited by Kolthoff and Elving (EI5,E16). Among new works is a multivolume compendium, in English, edited by Korte, entitled, “Methodicum Chimicum” ( E 1 7 ) .The first volume, on analytical methods, is part of an 11-volume series on the application of chemical technology. Although primarily designed for organic chemists, the work contains much of interest in inorganic analysis. Contributions by approximately 70 authors include brief, practical descriptions of most of the analytical techniques; references are included through 1971. Another major work, in German, edited by Koch and Koch-Dedic ( E I 4 ) ,presents a comprehensive, critical account of methods of trace analysis. The two volumes describe the principles and practice of macro and micro analysis, and include brief descriptions of separation and concentration methods, reagent purity and purification, and instrumental methods of analysis. More than 1000 pages are devoted to the determination of the individual elements. In possible recognition of the need for aid in a field becoming ever more diverse, there has been a proliferation of general review articles on inorganic analysis. There are the usual useful English translations of the yearly summaries provided by Pilipenko and Volkova ( F I , F2). Each review contains an extensive table listing the elements and a variety of methods used for their determination, a brief highlighting of advances in various analytical techniques, and more than 300 references. These summaries have been supplemented by a review by Alimarin and Zolotov on needs and problems ( F 3 ) and by Davydov and Belyaev ( F 4 ) on recent advances in inorganic analysis. Shorter reviews have been provided by Keyzer ( F 5 ) , Karasek ( F 6 ) , and Belcher ( F 8 ) , who has reviewed many of the methods developed at Birmingham University. The comprehensive annual reviews published in Japan Analyst, include a review of the analysis of rocks, minerals, Other reviews in Japanese and and cosmic substances (F9). languages other than English are listed in Appendix F ( F I 0-FI 6). A number of reviews in related fields contain much information useful in the analysis of inorganic materials. The yearly reviews entitled, “Nature and Analysis of Chemical Species;
Joseph 1. Dinnin is a research chemist on the staff of the U.S. Geological Survey where, for some time, he directed the Analytical Services and Research Project in Washington. He has been employed in the Federal Service since graduation from Brooklyn College in 1942 and after Army service and, with concomitant graduate study at the University of Maryland, has also been employed at the National Bureau of Standards and the U.S. Bureau of Mines. His interest in analytical geochemistry has included research studies in the analytical chemistry of niobium and tantalum, ulatinum metals, chromium minerals, and work in flame emission, absorption, and fluorescence. He is a member of ACS, SAS, AAAS, N.Y. Academy of Science and The Society for Environmental Geochemistry and Health.
Inorganics” in Journal of Water Pollution Control Federation, (F17, F18) in addition to brief reviews of analytical techniques contain a number of useful tables that make the search for applicable methods a simple task. For each of several analytical techniques such as, ion-selective electrodes, anodic and cathodic stripping voltammetry, flameless and conventional atomic absorption spectrometry, specific references and descriptive comments are given for numerous elements and inorganic species present in waters. Cross reference tables to more than 400 references increase the utility of the reviews. The proceedings of a conference on heavy metals in the aquatic environment contains a number of valuable reviews including a discussion by Laitinen (F19)on analytical techniques for heavy metals and the factors entering into the choice of analytical techniques. Reviews in applied fields may serve to provide a somewhat different perspective to inorganic analytical problems. For instance, in a review of analytical techniques for inorganic pollutants, Coleman (F20) stresses the role of sampling and microscopy, two areas that may not be sufficiently considered in tackling problems. Knippenberg (F21) in a review of techniques used in a large manufacturing firm, includes a discussion of the need for functional group analysis and the determination of valency in problems where a determination of the elements may not be sufficient. Two reviews are specifically directed to the analysis of geological materials. Blyum and Zolotov (F22,F23), in reviews of methods for the determination of microelements, include a discussion and tabulation of reagents for concentrating trace elements. Another useful table lists by element, the Clarke, or natural abundance, suitable analytical techniques, and sensitivity. They include a quotation from Lundell’s classical paper on “The chemical analysis of things as they are” and the need to devote more time to chemical analysis and less to the final act of determination. DETERMINATION OF INDIVIDUAL E L E M E N T S Recent selected books, monographs, and major review articles on the analytical chemistry of the individual elements are listed in Table I and assembled in Appendix A. A number of the previously cited monographs prepared by the Vernadskii Institute staff have been translated into English and, with others, are available from the Halsted Division of John Wiley and Sons, Inc. The number of reviews has doubled since the compilation in 1974 but I do not know if this is an indication of the diligence of the reviewer or a n actual anomaly in the literature. ANALYTICAL T E C H N I Q U E S Selected recent books and monographs reviewing individual analytical techniques are listed in Table I1 and Appendix B. Decomposition. Among the few reviews available on decomposition methods is that by Flaschka and Myers (90)on general dissolution techniques and by Silver (272),primarily directed a t plutonium and radioactive materials. Bernas (26) has reviewed the use of liquid pressure decomposition in Teflon bombs. The modification designed by Woolley (338) is useful for vapor phase decomposition. Among interesting decomposition techniques is the apparatus described by
Krasil’shchik (169) that consists of a double chamber, demountable graphite vessel heated electrically from below. Acid vapors in the upper chamber pass over the heated sample below and pass out through a side vent. In another unusual technique described by Govindaraju ( l o g ) ,a rock sample is fused with a mixture of lithium carbonate and boric acid, laminated into sheets, ground, and dissolved in an aqueous suspension of strongly acidic cationexchange resin. The resin is subsequently used for emission spectroscopic or x-ray fluorescence spectrometric analysis. Separation a n d Concentration. Since the last reporting period during which only one book was cited, there appears to have been a general increase in interest in methods of separation. At least seven recent monographs and texts (B13,B33, B52, B73, B83, B84, B88) summarize much of the available knowledge on separation techniques. Among general reviews, Irving (140, 142) has continued to provide general, helpful surveys of the currently available methods. Somewhat more specialized reviews have been provided by Korkisch (166)on methods for concentrating trace elements from snow and water, Kozlowski and Songina (168)on separation by liquid amalgams, and Somaasundaran (280) on the use of foam techniques. New selective liquid membranes that can concentrate specific solutes against their concentration gradients are being used for separating a number of transition elements (59a). Although much of the original work has been performed with stationary membranes, dispersed bubbles and drops appear to offer great promise. Membranes of silicone and tetrafluoroethylene are widely used in automatic analyzers where their gas permeability is a useful property (249).Silicone has also been used impregnated in a cellulose matrix to form inexpensive phase separators. Among other unusual separation schemes is the use of foamed plastics as a universal matrix for organic reagents as separation media. Braun and Farag (39)have reviewed these applications and provided an example in the use of l-nitroso-2-naphthol in diethyldithiocarbamate foam for the separation of cobalt (38).Silica gel has also served as a matrix for the immobilization of chelating groups (180).The chelated gel serves as a convenient substrate for x-ray fluorescence analysis. Impregnated silicone rubber foam has been useful for concentrating platinum metals (113). Solvent Extraction. The literature in solvent extraction has become so massive and diverse that few attempts have apparently been made comprehensively to review the field. Irving (141), Lyle (191), and Zolotov (346) have presented brief overviews of the application of solvent extraction in inorganic analysis but most other reviews limit themselves to selected sub-fields. The collected monograph series edited by Marinsky and Marcus (B79),contains comprehensive reviews of selected sub-fields in solvent extraction as does the proceedings of a 1974 conference held in Lyon, France (146). Among selected subjects is a monograph on the extraction of metal halide complexes by Zolotov (B116),and reviews by Miller (206), on carboxylic acids as metal extractors; by Radford (247),on the use of isothioronium compounds; by Ivanov et al. (144)on the solvent extraction of tungsten, and Karabash et al. (155), on the coextraction of traces of elements. A book by Blyum (B12),on extraction photometric methods using basic dyes has been translated into English; Lomonosov and Kozyreva (187)have reviewed the history and development of this useful technique. Three-phase extraction schemes have become sufficiently popular to merit a review (344);they have recently been applied by Nicolas (220)to the separation and concentration of the platinum metals. Of the more unusual reviews is that by Ashbrook (13)on the analytical chemistry in solvent extraction processing, that focuses attention primarily on subjects such as solvent losses and solvent composition during prolonged extraction. Paper, T h i n Layer, a n d Liquid Chromatography. Relatively few inorganic applications of paper and thin-layer chromatography are described by Zweig and Sherma in the Fundamental review in this Journal (3471, probably reflecting the decline in the use of these separations in instrumental analysis. However, the techniques are still useful for special problems and are available if needed. A recent book by Stock and Rice (BIOO),available in paperback, reviews many of the ANALYTICAL CHEMISTRY, VOL. 49, NO. 5, APRIL 1977
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Table I. Selected Books, Monographs, and Review Articles on the Analytical Chemistry of the Elements Element
Referencea
Actinides
A1 A2 A3 A4 A78
Bismuth Carbon Cadmium
A5 A6 A7 A93 A8
Calcium Cerium Cesium
A90 A86 A9 A74
Arsenic
Fluorine
Gold
A10 All A12 A13 A77 A14
Iodine
A15
Lead Lithium
A16 A73
Manganese
A80
Mercury
A17 A18
Fluorine Germanium
A19 A20 A21 A22 A23 A87 A92 A24
Niobium (tantalum)
A25 Nitrogen Osmium
,
A26 A27 A28 A29
Oxygen
Phosphorus Platinum and platinum metals
A94 A30 A88 A31 A32 A33 A34 A35 A36 A75 A91
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Author (s)
Title or description
Ahrland, S., et al. Schmidt
The chemistry of the actinides Current state of plutonium and neptunium extraction chemistry; 50 ref. Chen, K. Separation and determination of transplutonium elements; 158 ref. Burney, G. A.; Harbour, R. “Radiochemistry of Neptunium” M. Monograph on analytical chemistry of transplutonium elements Myasoedov, B. F.; Guseva, L. I., et al. Talmi, Y.; Bostick, D. T. Critical review of methods; 52 ref. Talmi, Y.; Feldman, C. Comprehensive review Review of photometric methods; 1960-1973; 183 ref. Astaf‘eva, I. N., et al. Monograph on analytical chemistry of C Yakovlev,.P. Ya., et al. Fulkerson, W.; Goeller, H. Chapter reviewing analytical methods for determining cadmium E., editors Abe, T., et al. Colorimetric analysis; silver-cadmium; monograph Frumina, N. S., et al. Monograph on analytical chemistry of Ca Kharlamova, L. I., et al. Review of methods of separation, concentration, and determination Plyushchev, V. E.; Monograph on analytical chemistry of Rb and Cs Stepin, B. D. Sholtes, R. S., et al. Results by 16 methods compared Pilipenko, A.; Gakal, R. K. 16 metal-indicator combinations compared Critical review Shiraishi, N. Lukin, A. M., et al. Reagents for germanium Nazarenko, V. A. Monograph on analytical chemistry of Ge Das, N. R.; Review of solvent extraction methods; 150 ref. Bhattacharyya, S. N. Truesdale, V. W.; Review of methods for determining iodine in seawater Spencer, C. P. Donaldson, E. M. Evaluation of 4 titrimetric methods for determining lead in ores Monograph on analytical chemistry of Li Poluektov, N. S.; Meshkova, S.B.; Poluektova, E. N. Lavrukhina, A. K.; Monograph on analytical chemistry of Mn ‘Jukina, L. V. Review of the status of total mercury analysis; 106 ref. Burrows, W. C. Standardization of methods Bureau Intl. Tech. Du Chlore Review; 335 ref. Chilov, S. Deldime, P. Food, water, paint; 27 ref. Flameless AAS; geological samples Kokot, M. L. Critical evaluation of procedures Littman, R. Review; flameless and atomic fluorescence; 442 ref. Ure, A. M. Frei, R. W., Huntzinger, Collected papers O., ed.itors Monograph on analytical chemistry of Hg Gladyshev, V. P., e t al. Use of heteroligand complexes in determining Nb and Ta; 131 ref. Elinson, S. V. Review of photometric methods with reagents containing hydroxyazo groups Pashchenko, E. N., et al. Comparative study of Nb determination methods Microdetermination of nitrogen; review; 130 ref. Fleck, A. Review of behavior of Os in various oxidation states in aqueous soluAlimarin, I. P., et al. tions Silverman, L.; LaMont, B. Review of 0 determination in metals; 96 ref. D. Review of activation analysis to determine oxygen in metals; 78 ref. Engelmann, C. Review of activation analysis methods; 2 1 ref. Volborth, A., e t al. Monograph on analytical chemistry of P Fedorov, A. A., et al. Determination of platinum metals, gold, and silver by AAS (126 Fishkova, N. L. ref.) Heady, H. H.; Broadhead, Assaying ores, concentrates, and bullion; fire assay; AAS; XRF; E.S.; NAA K. G. Problems in the chemical analysis of precious metals (and other review Pohl, H. papers, Eurisotop Inf. Bookl.) Radioactivation determination of noble metals. . . (81 ref.) Rakovskii, E. F., et al. Separation of the platinum metals on ion exchangers; 27 ref. Sykora, V.; Dubsky, F. Analytical chemistry of the noble metals (Conference proceedings) Zolotov, Y. A. Solvent extraction, separation, and concentration of platinum metNicolas, D. J. als Monograph on analytical chemistry of the platinum metals Alimarin, I. P., editor Dobkina, B. M., et al.
ANALYTICAL CHEMISTRY, VOL. 49, NO. 5, APRIL 1977
Table I (continued) Element
Referencea
Platinum and platinum metals Plutonium
A84
Promethium Radium
A38 A70
Rare earths
A39
Rhenium
A40 A41 A42 A43 A44 A83 A46
Rubidium
A74
Ruthenium Scandium
A47 A48
Selenium
A8 1 A76
A85 A37
A49 A50 A68 Silver
A72
Sulfur
A90 A89
Tellurium
A51 A76
Tin Titanium
A7 1 A52 A53 A54
Tungsten
A55 Uranium
Vanadium
A56 A57 A58 A59 A60
Zinc
A69
Gaseous elements
A61 A62 A63 A64 A65 A66
Anions
A67
A96 A97 Free radicals a
A95
Author(s) Iushko-Zakharova, 0. E.; et al. Ginzburg, S. I., et al. Markov, V. K.; Myasoedov, B. F. Roberts, F. P. Vdovenko, V. M.; Dubasov, Yu. V. Kharlmova, L. I., e t al.
Title or description Chapter on methods of determination, in monograph on geochemistry and mineralogy Review of analytical chemistry of Np and Pu; 107 ref. Analytical chemistry of Np and Pu; 107 ref. Analytical chemistry of Pm; 140 ref. Monograph on analytical chemistry of Ra
Review, 1969-1973; chemical methods of separation; concentration, and determination; 301 ref. Kowalczyk, J., et al. Review (Poland) Michelsen, 0. B., editor Analysis and application of rare earth materials; numerous reviews Taketatsu, T. Analytical chemistry of rare earth (Japan); 122 ref. Weaver, B. Review of solvent extraction separation; 538 ref. Korchemnaya, E. K., et al. Electrophoresis of platinum metals; 84 ref. Karyakin, A. V., e t al. Spectrometric analysis of rare earth oxides; monograph Borisova, L. V.; Analytical chemistry of rhenium; monograph Ermakov, A. N. Monograph on analytical chemistry of Rb and Cs Plyushchev, V. E.; Stepin, B. D. Activation determination of Ru; 30 ref. Terada, K. Chapter on analytical chemistry of Sc; separation and determination; Horovitz, C. T., editor 600 ref. Chapter on chemical analysis in monograph on Se and Te Kudryavtsev, A. A. Monograph on analytical chemistry of Se and Te Nazarenko, I. I.; Ermakov, A. N. Cooper, W. C. Chapter on analytical chemistry of Se; 154 ref. Shendrikar, A. D. Critical evaluation of analytical methods; 73 ref. Zingaro, R. A.; Chapter on analytical chemistry of Se in comprehensive monograph Cooper, W. C., editors Pyatnitskii, I. V.; Monograph on analytical chemistry of Ag Sukhan, V. V. Abe, T., et al. Colorimetric analysis; silver-cadmium; monograph Busev, A. I.; Simonova, L. Monograph on analytical chemistry of S N. Havezov, I.; Iordanov, N. Critical review of solvent extraction separations of Te(1V) Nazarenko, I. I.; Monograph on analytical chemistry of Se and Te Ermakov, A. V. Spivakovskii, V. B. Monograph on analytical chemistry of Sn Deinekina, R. S., et al. Critical review of extraction photometric methods for Ti; 27 ref. Determination of Ti and analysis of T i alloys, review; 433 ref. Melent’ev, B. N., et al. Agranovich, T. V.; Review of photometric methods Stashkova, N. V. Extraction techniques in the analytical chemistry of W; 158 ref. (Eng. Ivanov, V. M., et al. translation) Critical review of 5 methods; 59 ref. Spevackova, V.; Krtil, J. Bozhichko, M. A.; Review of 4 methods; 312 ref. (U and Th) Malyasova, 2. Z. Nemodruk, A. A., e t al. Review of 10 methods; 315 ref. (U and Th) Dolgorev, A. V.; Review of analytical methods; 154 ref. Pal’nikova, T. I. Dolgorev, A. V.; Review of methods for determining lower states of oxidation of V; 79 Zolotavin, V. L., et al. ref. Zhivopistsev, V. P.; Monograph on analytical chemistry of Zn Selezneva, E. A. Melnick, L. M., et al. Gases in metals; reviews of various methods Elwell, W. T.; Wood, D. F. Gases in metals by vacuum fusion and inert gas fusion Glover, J. H. Chemiluminescence in gas analysis and flame emission spectrometry; 59 ref. Hall, S. Developments in reducing fusion methods Sudo, E.; Saito, M. Gas analysis of iron and steel; 179 ref. Schmauch, G. E. Analysis for noble gases; 80 ref. Babco, A. K.; Photometric methods for anions; 1500 ref.; monograph Pilipenko, A. T. Goldstein, M. M.; Indirect AAS methods; 48 ref. Yudelovich, I. G. Yurist, I. M.; Talmud, M. Complexometric methods M. Dechaux. J. C. Review of methods of determination; French; 139 ref.
Appendix A ANALYTICAL CHEMISTRY, VOL. 49,
NO. 5, APRIL 1977
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Table 11. Selected Recent Books and Monographs on Individual Analytical Techniques B13, B33, B52, B73, B83, B84, B88 Separation and concentration BlOO Chromatography, paper and thin layer B20, B32, B79 Ion exchange, liquid, and extraction chromatography B34, B54, B59, B67 Gas chromatography B12, B79, B116 Solvent extraction B41, B44, B57, B96, B105 Organic reagents B7, B22, B68, B85 Electroanalytical chemistry B11 Coulometric analysis B16 Stripping voltainmetry B66 Ion selective electrodes B18, B19, B27, B35, B38, B70, B103, B106 Nuclear techniques B28 Kinetic and catalytic methods B9, B21, B62, B l l l Thermal methods of analysis B86 Gravimetry B81, B104 Gas analysis B75, B76 Microchemical techniques B17, B80, B94, B97, B101, E36 Spectroscopy, general B78 Visible and UV light absorption B12 Extraction photometry B108 Fluorometry and phosphorometric analysis B31, B63, B87, B90, B93, B98, B110, B113 Flame absorption B31, B47, B87, B113 Flame emission B63, B102, B113 Flame fluorescence B2, B8, B77, B82, B91, B94, B97, B101,B112 Emission spectroscopy B2 Mass spectrometry B26, B39, B46, B51, B61, B64 Infrared spectrometry B6, B49 Mossbauer spectroscopy B71 Ion cyclotron resonance spectrometry B72 Molecular spectroscopy B23, B36 Photoelectron and auger spectroscopy B26, B61 Raman spectroscopy B5, B10, B E , B58, B89 X-ray fluorescence spectrometry B65 X-ray diffraction B14, B92 Microprobe analysis B48, B56, B109 Scanning electron microscopy B14, B50 Electron microscopy B4, B29, B60, B69 Surface analysis B40, B114 Phase analysis B107, B115, E14, E36 Trace analysis B45 Ultracentrifugal analysis B30, B37, B53, B55, B74, B95 Instrumentation B3, B24, B42 Automation and computerization B1, B99, B115 Reagents, contamination B25 Process stream analysis
available methods in chromatography. The chromatography of inorganic ions has recently been reviewed by Blasius and Augustin (32), and Senyavin (269); a historical review of modern liquid chromatography, by Ettre and Horvath (80), was most interesting. Recent examples of applications in inorganic analysis were the separation of platinum and palladium on silicone rubber foam treated with dimethylglyoxime (113);the use of stannic antimonate papers in dimethylsulfoxide-nitric acid for the separation of 49 metal ions (246);the use of hydrophilic glycol methacrylate gels combined with oxine for trace inorganic analysis (275).Metals separated by liquid chromatography can be determined by flame absorption spectroscopy (i50). Ion-Exchange, Liquid Column, a n d Liquid Extraction Chromatography. Th‘e Fundamental review of ion-exchange and liquid column chromatography by Walton (319) cites numerous references to inorganic applications. An extensive table lists much pertinent data on each element separated and includes more than 150 applications. Recent reviews have been edited by Marinsky and Marcus (B79) Walton (3.201, and Allsop and Healey ( 7 ) .Walton (321)has also collected many of the important papers in the field. Extraction chromatography, formerly called liquid ion exchange, is a relatively new form of liquid-liquid column chromatography that takes advantage of the selectivity features of organic compounds normally used as extractants. Although the original work was performed as recently as 1960, the field now comprises more than 600 papers and a book 38R
ANALYTICAL CHEMISTRY, VOL. 49, NO. 5, APRIL 1977
(B20).A number of recent reviews have been published (4,6, 76, 201, 267, 290) describing inorganic applications of the technique. Ion chromatography (153),a combination of ion-exchange chromatography and conductivity detection is arousing increasing interest. It is based upon the rapid separation of ions on resins of low exchange capacity so that exchange takes place only on surface layers of the resin; a stripper column, interjected between the I-X column and conductivity, eliminates the interference of the acid so that the conductance of the metal hydroxide is measured directly. The combination allows good separation and rapid detection. The technique has also been applied to the direct and simultaneous determination of microgram amounts of rare alkalies, halides, and numerous anions. G a s Chromatography. Only about three percent of the references in Cram and Juvet’s Fundamental review (68)are concerned with inorganic analysis; this may reflect the extent of application of gas chromatography in applied inorganic analysis. Of four recent monographs on the subject (B34,B54, B67), only one (B59)is devoted to the gas chromatography of inorganic chelates. Two recent papers by Burgett (48) and Komarov (166)review the applications of /3-diketonates in the gas chromatographic determination of metals. Grob’s book on the chromatographic analysis of the environment (116) includes a discussion of the determination of inorganic compounds in soil. A review of gas chromatographic analysis of cations in
water analysis (207) may be of interest in other applications. Electroanalytical Chemistry. The Fundamental reviews by Stock (289),Kissinger (162),and Roe and Eggimann (255) have comprehensively and critically reviewed the literature through late 1975. Of the major publications that have come to attention since that time (B7, B22, B68), two may be of more widespread interest. The book edited by Nuernberg (B85) contains seven chapters on various subtopics in electrochemistry including instrumentation in and applications of polarography and coulometry, analytical aspects of voltammetry, and other less inorganically oriented chapters. The numerous reviews in the “Electroplating Process Control Handbook” (B43) contain a wealth of data on applied electrochemical analysis and the analytical chemistry associated with plating-bath operations. Brooks and Mark (41) have provided a brief general overview of recent electroanalytical techniques. Two recent monographs appear to offer major contributions to stripping voltammetry (B16) and coulometric analysis (B11).The monograph by Brainina, a translation of the 1972 edition, contains 224 references through 1970. Bishop’s monograph on coulometric analysis comprises a complete volume of the “Wilson and Wilson’s Comprehensive Analysis” series, edited by Svehla. A number of chapters in collected monographs have reviewed recent progress in selected topics in electroanalytical chemistry, as follows: Harrar (124), controlled potential coulometry; Cauquis (56), voltammetry in nonaqueous solvents; Schwabe (263),pH measurements; Kekedy (157),bipotentiometry; Songina and Zakharov (281),amperometric titrations; Alimarin et al. ( 5 ) electrotitrimetric methods in ultramicroanalysis. Other selected reviews have been prepared by Sturrock and Carter (291) on square wave polarography, Kies (160) and Khamrakulov and Chervyakova (158, 159) on coulometry, Neiman and Nikulina (218) on anodic stripping voltammetry, and Osteryoung, Christie, and Osteryoung (227) on pulse polarography. Among the interesting new areas of specialization are studies on the electroanalytical chemistry of membranes. Although of primary current interest for application in biological systems, the techniques may have novel inorganic applications. Buck (45),Rechnitz (250), and Rawls (248)have discussed some of the potential of the techniques. A number of computerized, fully automatic electroanalytical systems have been developed (35,171,172)and this may induce application to many inorganic materials. Ion-Selective Electrodes. The Fundamental review of ion-selective electrodes, by Buck (46),mentions three reviews that should be brought to the attention of anyone requiring authoritative introductory reviews in the field. The book by Koryta (B66)and reviews by Covington (67) and Moody (209) offer numerous references and descriptions of developments through 1973. A recent review by Nikol’skii and Materova (222)stresses Soviet work while Fischer (88) presents an introductory view of the subject. Organic Reagents. A number of books have recently been published offering useful guides to the selection and use of organic reagents in inorganic analysis. Among the most comprehensive is the translation of the handbook by Holzbecher, Divis, et al. (B57),the monograph by Fries and Getrost ( B 4 4 ) ,and the book by Tataev (B105)on organic reagents in photometric analysis. Among more specialized subjects are monographs by Sawin (B96)on reagents of the Arsenazo I11 Group, and that edited by Gusev ( 119) on diantipyrylmethane and its homologues, containing a collection of 34 articles on the subject. The final volume in the series on chelates in analytical chemistry, edited by Flaschka and Barnard ( B 4 1 ) ,contains chapters on polyaminocarboxylic acids as colorimetric reagents, and o-dihydroxy compounds as reagents. Among other reviews on selected reagents is that by Hovind (133),on thiazolylazo dyes, Katyal and Dutt (156)on hydrazones, Singh et al. (273),on violuric acids as analytical reagents, and the review by Toei and Motomizu (299) on 2nitroso-5-dimethylaminophenol and related compounds. Additional reviews on azo derivatives of antipyrine (276), dithiocarbamocarboxylic acids (50), and metal dithiocarbamates (339)add to the bountiful literature.
Among the more unusual uses of organic reagents is the description by Braun and Farag (37) of chromofoams, consisting of polyurethane foams treated with organic reagents in a plasticizer solution and used for the simple and rapid semiquantitative determination of metals in dilute aqueous solutions. Nuclear Techniques. In a critical evaluation of the literature through November 1975, Lyon and Ross (192),in the Fundamental review in this Journal, report that although the journals are filled with papers describing applications of nuclear techniques, there is little that is innovative or original. For those interested in the applications of nuclear techniques, numerous reviews have been published in recent years as guides for both the neophyte and expert. General introductory surveys of nuclear analytical techniques have been included by Pierce (238),Stiller (288),and Parsons (232)in this period’s crop of collected monographs; more comprehensive reviews have been compiled by Gilmore and Newton (101),Op de Beeck and Hoste (225),and Bilimovich and Stary (29).Among applications is a handbook, edited by Johns (149),describing methods for the analysis of environmental samples, methods for gas analysis (332),the analysis of semi-conductor materials (173),and general industrial uses of neutron activation analysis (233).Applications to the analysis of geological materials have been reviewed by Gijbels ( l o o ) ,Lavrukhina (179), and Dulski and Moeller (78). Reviews of numerous applications of radioisotopic sources to sediment analysis, mineral exploration, geochemical analysis, and numerous other fields are given in the proceedings of a 1972 conference published in 1975 (97);Pierce (239)has provided a more recent updating. Substoichiometric Analytical Methods. The recent reviews by Stary and Ruzicka (285)and Kudo and Suzuki ( 174) supplement the earlier authoritative reviews by Baishya ( I 7 ) in presenting comprehensive accounts of recent developments in this sensitive, rapid, and precise analytical technique. Recent papers by Mitchell (208)and Wyttenbach and Bajo (340) demonstrate applications of the technique. Kinetic-Catalytic Methods. Several recent reviews are available to supplement the Fundamental review by Grienke and Mark ( 1 1 4 ) and an earlier review by Malmstadt and Delaney (199). In addition to a Rumanian text (B28) on the subject, a comprehensive review of catalytic and differential rate methods has been made by Mottola (214).Weisz (325) has reviewed a number of the general applications. Yatsimirskii and Tikhonova (341) have described methods for determining microconcentrations of the platinum metals; Dolmanova et al. (75)have critically reviewed methods for some transition elements. T h e r m a l Methods. A number of recent books document what has been termed to be an “explosion” in thermal analysis. In addition to an almost completely rewritten second edition of the initial monograph on the subject by Wendlandt (B111) there are monographs by Barthel (B9),Keattch and Dollimore (B62),and a three-volume proceeding of a conference edited by Buzas (B21). Thermal analysis, like electrochemical analysis, is an umbrella term that embraces a number of analytical specialties whose common basis is the measurement of heat. Many of the specialties are individually reviewed in the aforementioned monographs by Wendlandt and Barthel. Individual sub-topics such as thermometric titrations have been reviewed by Heistand (126) and Hanse and Izatt (123).Enthalpimetric analysis is reviewed by Jordan et al. (152) and thermal methods by Duval (79). Other sub-topics are noted in the Fundamental review by Murphy (215). Gravimetric Methods. Rumors of the demise of gravimetric methods have evidently been exaggerated. The technique still lives on and produces texts a t the rate of one monograph per year which is greater than many other specialties can boast. I have not examined the books and can offer no descriptive information. The work by Okac (B86) should be readily available to interested readers; the other work, by Li (181),may be less accessible. A brief review of gravimetric analysis has been prepared by Rulfs (260) for a recent volume of the Kolthoff and Elving treatise on Analytical Chemistry. Applications of gravimetry appear fairly steadily in the literature. Examples are the use of hippuric acid for the gravimetric determination of zirconANALYTICAL CHEMISTRY, VOL. 49, NO. 5, APRIL 1977
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ium (18)and the use of 1,2,4,6-tetraphenylpyridinium as an anion precipitant for the quantitative determination of perrhenate and perchlorate (57). Titrimetric Methods. Because of their versatility, precision, and general adaptability, titrimetric methods are holding their own in popularity in modern inorganic analysis. The literature on titrimetry is not very extensive but I suspect that many titrimetric methods are adapted without much fanfare and without a general announcement in the literature of the latest minor modification. Zyka (349) has discussed the prospects for the use of titrimetric methods in modern analytical chemistry and Watters (323) has provided an introductory review. A number of special topics in titrimetry have been reviewed in various chapters of recent collected monographs, as follows: Kolthoff, precipitation titration (164); Beukenkamp and Rieman, acid-base titration (28); Goldman and Stenger, oxidation-reduction titration (105). Johansson and Wanninen’s (148) review of complexation titration supplements an earlier review of the subject by Pribel(245). Other selected reviews include a discussion by Christian (63a) of the effects of salts on titrations and a review by Jagner (145) of the use of computers in titrimetry. Barek and Berka (19a) have provided 229 references in their review of the use of Mn(II1) in oxidimetric titrations. Among interesting developments is the commercial availability of a disposable weight burette for applications in titrimetry (120), the use of ion-selective electrodes as sensors in continuous stream analysis (91),and the development of modular equipment for automated titrimetry (167). Among attacks on continuing chronic problems in titrimetry is the description of a scheme for the determination of Mn(VII), Cr(VI), and V(V) by successive photometric titration (293),and the description of a method for determining metallic elements in mixtures of compounds by selective oxidation (314). General Spectroscopy. Many of the texts and collected monographs noted in Appendix E contain reviews and introductory descriptions of many of the various branches of spectroscopy. Somewhat more comprehensive treatments can be found in compendia exclusively devoted to spectroscopy such as the “Applied Spectroscopy Reviews”, edited by Brame (BI 7), the “Handbook of Spectroscopy”, edited by Robinson (B94), “Spectroscopy” edited by Straughan and Walker (BIOI),“Spectroscopic ?‘ricks’’ edited by May (B80),and the text by Schrenk (B97) on “Analytical Atomic Spectroscopy”. The literature abounds with reviews of the individual branches of spectroscopy; these are cited separately with other pertinent literature in the respective sub-section.
Visible and Ultraviolet Light Absorption Spectrometry. Boltz and Mellon (34) in the Fundamental review note
some indication that spectrophotometric methods are being reserved for those metals not amenable to determination by atomic absorption spectroscopy and for those nonmetals not amenable to determination by ion-selective electrode potentiometry. They do, however, foresee a continuin role for spectrophotometry in the development of automatejmethods requiring repetitive sampling. T o avoid unnecessary duplication, I have attempted to correlate this review with that of Boltz and Mellon. Among the major publications that have appeared since the compilation of that review are a book by Marczenko (B78) which is an English translation of the Polish edition, and reviews by Pilipenko (240) and Foreman (93). Pilipenko, in critically reviewing the present state and future prospects for photometric methods also remarks on the general diminution of literature. He notes that spectrophotometric methods comprised 35-40% of the publications in 1967 but has diminished to 25% since the advent of AAS. Although few applications in inorganic analysis are noted in the Fundamental review of ultraviolet spectrometry (134), the technique remains useful in special circumstances. It has, for example, recently proved useful for monitoring the liquid chromatographic separation of 66 metal ions in strong hydrochloric acid (107). Among interesting new developments in spectrophotometry are the construction of miniature spectrophotometers containing light systems that may ultimately be miniaturized to occupy a volume of less than 3 X 10-6 m3,Miniaturization has been made possible by the availability of electroluminescent 40R
ANALYTICAL CHEMISTRY, VOL. 49, NO. 5, APRIL 1977
diodes as light sources and phototransistors as detectors. Numerous applications are foreseen for the tiny light systems (87). The recently announced retirement from production of the Beckman DU Spectrophotometer (9) marks the end of a phase familiar to inorganic analysts working in spectrophotometry from the late 1940’sto 1960’s.It seems fitting at the same time to note the retirement from preparation of the Fundamental review of M. G. Mellon, who did so much to develop the full potential of spectrophotometry and to note, in sadness, the untimely death of David F. Boltz, co-preparer of the Fundamental review, whose name was familiar to all inorganic analysts working in spectrophotometry and the determination of anions. Fluorometric and Phosphorometric Methods. Numerous inorganic applications of fluorometric and phosphorometric methods are noted in the Fundamental review by O’Donnell and Solie (223), the review by Shcherbov and Plotnikova (270) and in a recent monograph on fluorescence spectroscopy edited by Wehry (B108). Among other recent reviews are an evaluation of the solid state luminescence of chelates by Rollier and Ryan (256) and a review of photochromism and chemiluminescence by Adamson (3). Among interesting new developments in chemiluminescence is the design of an instrument based upon a computercontrolled photon counting system that can measure reaction rates as low as mol/year (21,216). In fluorometry, the use of a videcon tube for the rapid automatic scanning of spectra generated by the polychromatic excitation of a xenon arc shows great promise for multicomponent analysis (52). Analytical Atomic Spectroscopy (AAS). T o paraphrase someone or other, if the comprehensive and critical reviews published in the Fundamental reviews in this Journal and by the Chemical Society, did not exist, they would have had to be created. The reviews, currently prepared respectively, by Hieftje, Copeland, and de Olivares (128) and edited by Woodward (B113) give order and meaning to a literature produced at a rate of more than 1000 papers per year. Hieftje et al., citing approximately 1000 papers, review and organize the literature that appeared for two years to November 1975; the Woodward review published in 1975,reviews 1974,and cites an even greater number of publications. Anyone looking for information on the flame spectrometric analysis of specific metals and alloys, environmental, geological, and industrial materials can hope to find it in the numerous, conveniently arranged tables citing elements determined, matrix, atom reservoir, and references. Information on reviews, fundamental studies, automation and instrumentation, techniques and procedures, and other sub-topics are comprehensively and critically discussed in respective separate sections. The Chemical Society’s Annual Report on AAS contains yet more extensive tabular information and an author index to supplement comprehensive and critical discussion of sub-topics in the field. A number of books on analytical atomic spectroscopy have been published in the past two years and are noted in Table 11.Among the more recent is that edited by Wineforder (E36) providing reviews of many of the spectroscopic methods of analysis and much ancillary information useful for the trace analysis of materials. Among noteworthy activity in AAS are continued developments in the exploration of photodiode arrays and television-type readout systems, reviewed by Talmi (294,295),and recently applied to multielement flame emission analysis of serum electrolytes by Ganjei e t al. (99). Among interesting recent reviews on related subjects is that by Glover (102) on chemiluminescence in flame emission spectrometry. Chemiluminescence enjoyed a brief popularity immediately preceding the advent of atomic absorption spectroscopy and the subject had been rather neglected in recent years until interest developed in molecular-emission cavity analysis. Interest in molecular cavity emission analysis is continuing as evidenced by recent reviews presented by Belcher et al. (23, 61). Commercial instrumentation for MECA is now available from Anacom, Inc., Ashland, Mass. Among more recent interesting reviews has been a discussion by L’vov (190) on the direct analysis of powders by AAS, and a discussion by Gough (108) on the use of cathodic sputtering for the direct analysis of metals and alloys.
Among other major reviews not as yet noted in the Fundamental review are general reviews of analytical atomic spectroscopy by Kirkbright and Sargent (161) and Veillon (315). A dramatic demonstration of the sensitivity of the furnace atomization technique was provided by Koirtyohan et al. (163) who used aliquots of a solution for the analysis of individual fruit flies. The IUPAC recommendations in nomenclature, symbols, and usage in analytical flame spectroscopy have been republished in Pure and Applied Chemistry (137) and should be of interest to everyone associated with the field. Emission Spectroscopy. Barnes Fundamental review of emission spectroscopy (20) contains a comprehensive survey of the application of spectrochemical analysis to trace element analysis, and the analysis of agricultural, environmental, geological, and numerous other applications. Among publications that have appeared since that time are a text by Schrenk (B97),a multivolume work edited by Straughan and Walker ( B I O I ) ,and reviews by Kantor (154) and Boumans (36).Other reviews have surveyed instrumentation for spectroscopy (202) and laser spectroscopy (83). Plasma emission sources have been a subject of continued interest. The subject has been more recently reviewed by Skogerboe and Coleman (274) and by Greenfield et al. (112) in part I11 of a comprehensive, periodic review of the field. Among recent applications are the analysis of geological materials (106, 342), wear metals (86), and steels (51). Mass Spectrometry. Although inorganic applications are not included in the 1974 Fundamental review, a number of recent reviews such as those by Bingham and Vossen (30), Lovering (189),and DeBievre (69) do stress inorganic applications. Other general surveys have been made by Webster (324), Smith (277), and Irving (143), with selective reviews stressing the application of mass spectrometry in gas analysis (336)and ferrous metallurgy (312). Instrumentation for field ionization mass spectrometry (10) and quadruple mass spectrometry has also been described ( 5 4 ) . Among the most interesting applications of mass spectrometry was its use in a fascinating scientific detective story for the discovery of the Oklo reactor (21 7), a natural nuclear reactor that operated for 7 X lo5 years approximately 1.8 X lo9 years ago. The existence of the reactor was deduced from observation of an extremely small anomoly in the isotopic abundance of a natural uranium sample during a routine analysis. A normal concentration range of 0.7202 f 0.0006 atomic percent 235Uwas expected; a concentration of 0.7171 f 0.0007 was found. The deviation was considered to be statistically significant. Examples of less dramatic applications have been the simultaneous determination of hafnium and zirconium in rocks (228), determination of molybdenum and nickel in standard reference materials (210) and in the high accuracy trace analysis of environmental samples (211). I n f r a r e d Spectrometry. A number of books and reviews have recently described the application of infrared spectrometry (IR) to the identification and study of mineral and inorganic compounds. These include books by Gadson (B46) and edited by Farmer (B39) giving the infrared spectra of minerals, and the work edited by Karr (B61) describing the IR study of lunar and terrestrial materials. Analysts seeking comprehensive discussion of IR spectrometry have a choice among a number of monographs including books by Griffiths (B51)and Cothup et al. (B26). A monograph by Kiss-Eross (B64) constituting a volume of the “Wilson and Wilson’s Comprehensive Analytical Chemistry” series, devotes several pages, including a table of characteristic frequencies, to inorganic compounds. The comprehensive survey of IR spectrometry by McDonald in the Fundamental Review (197) includes numerous reviews. Among those of inorganic interest that have been published since that time is a series of papers by Hunt and Salisbury (135,136)on the visible and near infrared spectra of minerals in metamorphic and sedimentary rocks, and a study of soil components (85).General reviews of IR spectrometry have been given by Weitkamp (327) and Bailay and Cruickshank (15) among others in recent collected monographs. X-ray Spectrometry. The Fundamental review by Birks and Gilfrich (31) contains a summary of the current “state of the art” and a critical appraisal of past and future progress in
instrumentation, applications, and data interpretation that is “must” reading for anyone seriously interested in the application of x-ray spectrometry in inorganic analysis. The recent rapid progress in the use of energy-dispersion instrumentation, scanning electron microscopy, and ion-microprobes is placed in perspective for analysts to whom x-ray spectrometry is not a full-time profession. Serious students in the field will be interested in the second edition of the comprehensive text by Bertin (B10),and the introductory monograph by Jenkins (B58). Bragg (B15)has described the historical development of x-ray analysis. Other recent reviews have been presented by Jenkins (147), Parsons (231), Urch (313),MacDonald (195),and Owers and Shalgosky (229). Wilson (335), Scharschmidt (261), and Schultze-Rhonhof (262) have presented brief surveys in the collected monograph edited by Korte. An interesting recent application was the use of a high resolution 2-crystal x-ray spectrometer to measure chemical shifts of S Ka, Cr KP1,3, and Sn L/32 to determine oxidation states of sulfur, chromium, and tin in corroded steel pipe and electroplating solutions, respectively (103). Electron Probe, Ion Probe, a n d Scanning Electron Microscopy. In addition to the initial appraisal by Birks and Gilfrich (31),the theory and practice of scanning electron microscopy has been described in extensive monographs edited by Goldstein and Yakowitz (B48), Holt, Muir et al. (B56),and Wells et al. (B109). Electron probe microanalysis has also been more briefly surveyed by Poole (241,242),Scott (266), and Chatfield (58),and instrumentation surveyed by Liebl(182-184). Electron Spectroscopy. Baker, Brisk, and Liotta (19) in the Fundamental review of ultraviolet photoelectron spectroscopy (UPS) remark upon the tremendous expansion in the field in the past several years and note the diverse areas of application in inorganic chemistry. Still wider inorganic applications were noted by Hercules (127) in the Fundamental reviews of x-ray photoelectron (ESCA) and Auger electron spectroscopy (AES), for which more than 600 abstracts were considered. More than a dozen review articles have appeared more recently to supplement more than 100 such articles noted by Hercules. These include a book by Carlson (B23) and reviews by Penn (234), Appel et al. ( 1 1 ) ,Swingle and Riggs (292), Riviere (254), Morabito (212), Snatzke (278), Hohlneicher (130), Tousset (308), Drummond and Errock (77), Carlson ( 5 5 ) ,Orchard (226), McDonald et al. (196) and previously noted reviews by Betteridge (27) and Cheng and Prather (62). Among related techniques are reviews by Schweitzer (264) of elevated temperature vapor photoelectron spectroscopy, angular dependent ESCA (84), and Brundle and Baker’s (44) review of electron impact energy loss spectroscopy, Penning ionization, and ion neutralization spectroscopy. Mossbauer Spectroscopy. Two recent books should be of value to inorganic analysts interested in learning of possible applications of Mossbauer spectroscopy. The book by Bancroft (B6) is subtitled “An Introduction for Inorganic Chemists and Geochemists” and is aimed a t both the professional and student. Included is a discussion of the use of Mossbauer spectroscopy as a fingerprint technique and for the quantitative study of iron compounds. A book edited by Gonser (B49), includes a discussion of applications to lunar geology and mineralogy. Among reviews that have been published since the comprehensive survey in the Fundamental review (287) is a brief discussion in the treatise edited by Korte (92). Miscellaneous Spectroscopies. A number of more specialized branches of spectroscopy, have also been used for the characterization and analysis of inorganic compounds. Some, like nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy (322), and Raman spectroscopy (117) are individually surveyed in the Fundamental reviews in this Journal and, although primarily and extensively used for the analysis of organic compounds, have unique application in inorganic analysis. Nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy has, for instance, been extensively used for the study of organometallic compounds; Raman spectroscopy has been particularly useful for the study of molten salts and metal-metal bonding in mixed inorganic compounds. Other less widely used branches of spectroscopy are as follows: electron scattering spectroscopy (317); electron paramagnetic resonance spectroscopy ( 4 7 ) ;microwave specANALYTICAL CHEMISTRY, VOL. 49, NO. 5, APRIL 1977
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Table 111. Selected References on the Analysis of Metallurgical, Industrial, and Miscellaneous Materials Material Metals Metals; spot tests Iron and steel Organometallic compounds Ferrous metallurgy Copper refinery slimes Gold plating solutions and deposits Condensed phosphates Molybdenum and alloys Mercury General industry Environmental analysis Boron Miscellaneous inorganics Phosphoric acid Particle Atlas Detergents Ecological materials Air pollutants Aquatic environment Environmental trace analysis Trace elements and health Occupational health Nuclear methods; environment Environmental systems Dust Air pollution Toxicology; inorganic Archeology Taconite, metallurgical products
Reference No.
c1
c2 c4 c5 C6 C7 C8 c9 c10 c11
c12 C13 C14 C15 C16 C17 C18 c19 c20 c21 c22 C23 C24 C25 C26 C27 C28 C29 C30 C31
troscopy (151,271, 343); ion cyclotron resonance spectrometry (B71); diffuse reflectance spectroscopy (96); nuclear quadrupole resonance spectroscopy (298);photothermal ionization spectroscopy (121); molecular spectroscopy (B72);Fourier transform spectrometry (132, 203) and glow discharge optical spectroscopy (111). Electron Microscopy. In addition to the critical appraisal by Beer in the Fundamental review (22), the analytical applications of transmission electron microscopy have been described by Goodhew (B50) in a recent book and by Beretka (25) in an extensive chapter of the Wilson and Wilson treatise. Photoacoustic Spectroscopy. Among the most exciting developments in the past few years is photoacoustic spectroscopy which has its origins in work performed by Alexander Graham Bell in 1881 and is related to a technique of gas analysis originated independently by Bell, Tyndall, and Roentgen and more fully perfected by Kreuzer and Pate1 (170). Rosencwaig (257) reported that photoacoustic spectroscopy could also be used for the examination of solid materials and recently outlined some of the potential applications of the technique (258). In photoacoustic spectroscopy, modulated light absorbed by a solid in a specially designed cell is converted into heat by nonradiative processes. The periodic flow of heat to the surrounding gas creates pressure fluctuations which are detected by a sensitive microphone within the cell. The resulting analog signal forms a spectrum that is comparable to an optical absorption spectrum. However, unlike conventional spectroscopic processes, the response is not affected by light scattering. The technique is potentially applicable to the study of numerous inorganic materials including glassy semiconductors and metallic systems in powder or amorphous form, and materials absorbed or chemisorbed on the surface of other materials. Photoacoustic spectroscopy, so-named to prevent confusion with the acousto-optic effect, has been reviewed by Rosencweig (259) and Maugh (204). The performance characteristics of an instrument assembly incorporating a 1000-W 42R
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mercury-xenon high pressure continuum source have been reported by Adams, King, and Kirkbright (1); ultraviolet and visible spectra of some inorganic materials, including rutile and anatase. have been studied bv Adams. Beadle. Kine. and Kirkbright (2). In a more recent study, McClelland and Kniseley (194) Dresented an exDerimenta1 evaluation of the Derformance of system incorporating a 900-W high pressurexenon lamp on samples selected for their varied optical and thermal properties. Photochemical Methods. New developments in photochemical methods of analysis including photochemical titrations, photokinetic and photogravimetric techniques have been reviewed by Nemodruk (219) and a literature review supplied by Peter and Csanyl(236). Among new techniques is the development of a dye-sensitized continual photochemical technique (331). Ring-Oven Techniques. In spite of demonstrated success and devoted adherents ring-oven techniques do not apparently enjoy widespread application in this‘country. Recent advances have been reviewed by Weisz (326) and F. K. and P. W. West (328). A useful recent application was for the separation and determination of the various valence states of chromium and vanadium (205). Fire Assay. A recent review asks if fire assay techniques are here to stay (333).The answer is of course a resounding “yes!” if longevity and duration of use is a criterion. The technique still finds application in the separation and collection of precious metals (73, 243, 318). However, when teamed with the use of radioactive tracers, the technique may no longer be recognized by our analytical forebears (95). Biological Methods. Larvae, guppies, and mold are among the more unusual reagents used for inorganic analytical purposes in recent years. The mobility and negative phototaxis of Chironomus plumosus were used as analytical indicators for the detection of cadmium, sodium, potassium, and nickel nitrates and various chloride salts (309). The average life of Lebistes reticulatus was found to be dependent upon the concentration of mercury, copper, and cadmium in solution; the sensitivity of the determination could be increased by measuring the behavior of the guppies (310). The diameter of the zone of suppressed growth of Actinomyces oliuaceus was found to be dependent upon the concentration of mercury and cadmium salts in an agar gel medium (311). X-ray Diffraction. Pfluger’s critical overview of x-ray diffraction in the Fundamental review (237) includes a discussion of its use for quantitative analysis and applications to geological and materials science. Other discussions of x-ray diffraction procedures are comprehensively presented in the second edition of the book by Klug and Alexander (B65),and a recent review by Zwell and Danko (348). I
AREAS OF APPLICATION Analysis of Metallurgical a n d Industrial Products. Selected recent books and articles that review methods for the analysis of metallurgical and industrial products are listed by material, author, and reference number in Table I11 and Appendix C. Numerous other recent review articles describing specific techniques or applications can be found in the numerous tables in the various chapters of the Fundamental reviews of 1976; an attempt has been made to avoid duplication with the items to be found there. Geological Materials. Selected books and monographs that review methods for the analysis of rocks, minerals, and other geological materials are listed in Table IV and Appendix D. Many of the works, such as those by Donaldson (05),Ward (015),and Wenden (016) give detailed procedures for the determination of specific constituents. The translation of the monograph by Popov and Smoliarova (D11) and the new editions of the work by Jeffery (07) and Shapiro (013)should be welcomed by rock analysts. Selected references on the analysis of geological materials are listed in Table V and Appendix G. E x t r a t e r r e s t r i a l Analyses. The bi-yearly record for long distance, on-site analysis is again held by NASA for the Viking Mars Lander Program. Preliminary reports of the inorganic analyses of the martian surface samples at the Viking landing sites, and implications, are included in the three issues of Science in which the preliminary reports of the mission are
Table IV. Selected Books and Monographs on the Analysis of Geological Materials Author( s)
Comment
Ref.
Babu Borneman-Starynkevich Ceramic Research Assoc. Collins Donaldson Herrmann Jeff ery Kiesl; Malissa Levinson Perrin Popov; Smoliarova Schroll Shapiro Tugarinov Ward Wenden Kuznetsov Klika Nicol Farmer Westbrook
Proceed. Conf.; trace elements in fuel Methods of analysis; rocks and minerals Proceed. Fifth Conf. Oilfield brines Methods of analysis; ores, rocks Text; rock analysis Rock analysis Extraterritorial materials; analysis Exploration geochemistry Chemistry of rocks and minerals Methods of analysis; rocks and minerals; English translation Methods of analytical geochemistry Rapid methods; rocks Geochemistry; 8 papers on analytical methods Methods; geochemical exploration Manual of procedures Methods; rocks, waters Review; silicate analysis; major elements Physical methods; mineral analysis IR spectra of minerals Taconite, iron ore; wet chemical methods
Dl D2 D3 D4 D5 D6 D7 D8 D9 D10 D11 D12 D13 D14 D15 D16 D17 D18 E23 B39 D19
gathered (16,64,65,279,307).A by-product of the x-ray fluorescence spectrometry was the analysis of the martian atmosphere obtained when the instrument was operated in the calibration mode, without a soil sample in the analysis chamber. Chemical Characterization. Some of the most challenging work in inorganic analysis stems from problems encountered in current social concerns with the environment and the search for energy alternatives. For most such materials, there is increasing recognition of the need to know not only the type and quantity of atoms present but their location. Such chemical and physical characterization is problem-oriented and usually requires that the material be examined by more than one analytical technique. As Laitinen has noted (176), it is the responsibility of the analytical chemist to choose the characterization method best able to yield the desired information most efficiently. The examination of dust particles (198) provides an example of the multiplicity of techniques that can be used for the characterization of diverse inorganic species; Linton et al. (185)have provided an example of the application of a number of techniques to the examination of airborne particles. Other examples abound in the literature. S u r f a c e Analysis. Judging from the volume of literature, the characterization and analysis of surfaces has been a subject of widespread interest in the past several years and is probably among the most rapidly developing subjects. At least four books and more than a dozen review articles have been noted, although the subject has not been an area of active search. The books edited by Czanderna (B29) and Kane and Larrabee (B60)gather together much that is known about the analysis of surfaces and describe the research techniques whose abbreviations make uw a rather frightening a b h a b e t of modern analysis: XPS, ESGA, SIMS, XPS, DAPS, SCANIR, INS, LEED. APFM. and UPS. The’following are among recent reviews that describe the application of individual techniques or briefly survey the field; Evans ( 8 1 ) ;Morgan (213);White (330);Nicolet (221);Riach and Riggs (252);Sparrow (283);Spanier (282);Wolicki (337); Bolon et al. (33);and Bacon and Lifshin (14). In a role reversal, Pantony (230) has reviewed the use of surface chemical phenomena for quantitative trace analysis. For instance, the deliberate superimposition of an absorbed film of protein on platinum microelectrodes is used for the determination of oxygen. G a s Analysis. The techniques of gas analysis have been reviewed in two monographs on the determination of gaseous elements in metals (A61, B104). The book edited by Melnick et al. contains reviews of the techniques of vacuum fusion, inert gas fusion, and electrical discharge extraction, among others, and describes the methods used for determining gases
in metals of the alkaline earths, actinides, transition elements such as Ti, Zr, Hf, Ni, Co, Nb, etc. Instrumentation for gas analysis has been described by Verdin in a monograph on the subject (316). Microchemical Techniques. There has been a need for modern up-dating of the techniques used for the manipulation of samples on a microscale and this need has been amply met by two recent books on the subject (B75, B76). The work by McCrone and Johnson (B76) is a combination textbookcatalogue describing many of the instruments and techniques available commercially. The work by Ma and Horak (B75)has been described as a veritable desk-top encyclopedia of chemistry on a small scale and is intended as both a text and comprehensive treatise. Although most of the techniques are primarily used in organic analysis, inorganic analysts will undoubtedly find much that is applicable to inorganic materials. This work has been supplemented by a comprehensive review by Toelg (301)that includes more than 1400 references to the literature and other briefer reviews (300, 303). T r a c e Analysis. As environmental concern has mounted, there has been a burgeoning of literature on trace analysis and the special problems of contamination, losses by absorption, and other associated problems. Much of this information has been gathered together and reviewed in the recent collected monographs edited by Winefordner (E36),Koch and KochDedic (E14),the monograph by Zief and Mitchell (B115),and the brief surveys presented by Valkovic (B107). Other aspects of trace analysis have been reviewed by Toelg (304,305),Gallivan (98),and Okochi (224).Toelg (302,306) and Zolotov (345)have also reviewed the problems associated with the analysis of high purity materials. The April 1975 issue of Clinical Chemistry, devoted to a discussion of trace elements and health, may offer much of interest to inorganic analysts. A comprehensive review by Reinhold (251)includes more than 350 references to the subject. S t a n d a r d Reference Materials. As increasingly more analytical functions are being performed by instruments, the role of standard reference materials (SRM) in calibrating and monitoring analyses appears to have broadened. The rate of increase is evidenced by the number and variety of SRM that become available each year and by the burgeoning literature on the subject. The role of the National Bureau of Standards in the preparation, standardization, and promotion of SRM has been described by Cali and others (H6-H8) and exemplified by the proceedings of the 1973 NBS sponsored Symposium on “Standard Reference Materials and Meaningful Measurements”, recently published (H23).The symposium proceedings contain a number of papers of interest to inorganic analysts including summaries of a number of panel discussions on the use of SRM in the cement, chemical, metal, glass and ceramic, and mining industries. ANALYTICAL CHEMISTRY, VOL. 49, NO. 5, APRIL 1977
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Table V. Selected References on the Analysis of Geological Materials
Technique AAS and FES
Material or Remark
Ref.
Rock analysis; flameless AAS; metal micro tube atomizer Pulsed thermal atomization; Cd, Ag, T1 Ilmenite and inorganic pigments; Mn, Cr Cu, Zn, P b Ilmenite and inorganic pigments; Cu Naz02 sinter; Si, Al, Fe, Cr, Ti, Ca, Mg, Cu, Pb, Zn, Co, Ni, Mn Sulfide concentrates; Bi, Cd, Ca, Cr, Co, Al, Mg, Mn, Ni, Sr Graphite furnace; Co, Cr, Cu, Mo, Ni, V Fluorite ores; major and trace elements Borosilicate glass; HF dissolution Marine sediments; Teflon bomb; HF; aqua regia Computer controlled geochemical analysis Review, silicate analysis Refractories: ceramics
GI G2 G3 G4 G5 G6 G7 G9
Laser microanalyzer Rocks and minerals Silicates; air blast method Direct reader; trace elements Sphalerites Automated analysis; silicates; microwave plasma Miscellaneous rocks Inductively coupled plasma excitation
G17 G20 G21 G22 G23 G24 G25
Electron microprobe; silicates; energy dispersion Direct fusion; energy dispersive electron microprobe Combined extraction-XRF; Cu, Ni, Co Trace element; 19 rock standards Silicate rocks; minor and trace elements XRF; exploration geochemistry XRF; evaluation Ion beam; silicates XRF quantometer; rocks, soils, clay XRF; silicates; trace elements Nondispersive soft XRF; major elements Limestone; nepheline ore Electron probe; rock analysis Nondispersive XRF; major and minor elements Electron microprobe; asbestos dust Radioisotopic source; rock analysis Radioisotopic source; Rb, Sr Magnetites; Ti, V, Cr, Mn Radioisotopic source; geochemical exploration; Greenland Ion beam spectrometry; silicate minerals
G26 G27 G28 G29 G30 G31 G32 G33 G34 G35 G36 G37 G38 G39 G40 G41 G42 G43 G8 G18
Review qualitative x-ray diffraction, clay X-ray diffraction; clay Electron microscopy; SEM; review; minerals Laser microprobe; rocks Automated solution photometry; silicate analysis Chemical phase analysis; ores and rocks Review; instrumental identification of mineral impurities Gasometric determination of calcite and dolomite Spark source mass spectrometry; rocks Anodic stripping voltammetry; schist; Cu, Pb Carbonates, titration; perchloric acid Carbonate; sedimentary rocks; x-ray diffraction; thermogravimetric and gasometric methods Instruments in mineral analysis Silicate analysis; miscellaneous Review, general methods; rocks and ores Review; miscellaneous topics; silicates
G44 G45 G46 G47 G48 G50 G52 G53 G54 G55 G56 G57
Emission spectroscopy
g10 g11
G13 G14 G15 G16 g19
X-ray fluorescence spec and electron microprobe
Miscellaneous
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ANALYTICAL CHEMISTRY, VOL. 49, NO. 5, APRIL 1977
G58 G59 G60 G61
A new journal on analytical standards in mineral, ore, and rock analysis has begun publication (H14) and should help to concentrate much of the information on the subject now spread among diverse publications. Much of the recent literature on SRM has been cited by Barnes (20).Literature that has come to attention since that time is listed in Appendix H. Phase Analysis. A rather brief book by Young (B114)calls attention to a subject that has heretofore been restricted to metallurgical and geological analysis. This work and a recent survey by Steger (286) review many of the chemical methods that are in use for the determination of each of several phases that contain a common element. Other methods including gamma resonance spectrometry are described in recent Soviet publications (104,B40). Sampling. Sampling has been a continuing problem in inorganic analysis and is becoming of increasing concern as attention is directed to the role played by minor and trace constituents of both industrial and environmental materials. The proceedings of a 1974 symposium on the subject, sponsored by the National Bureau of Standards, became available in 1976 (F25)and contains much of interest to those concerned with the problem. Other recent discussions of sampling have been related to ferrous metallurgy (129, 131),electroplating (94), geochemical exploration (43), and general industry (74). Instrumentation. Among the numerous publications describing instrumentation useful for inorganic analysis is one whose title sums up the philosophy of an analyst faced with the development of an instrument: “HOWto Build and Use Electronic Devices Without Frustration, Panic, Mountains of Money, or an Engineering Degree” (B55).There is much additional help available for an analyst with the time and determination to read but nothing to guarantee the absence of frustration and panic. Among continuing sources of guidance are new volumes based on the proceedings of the Instrument Society of America’s Instrumentation Symposia (B30, B95). These prompt publications offer a wide subject mix that covers almost all of the laboratory and process instrumentation with which analysts are concerned. Among other continuing sources of information are the instrumentation series in Analytical Chemistry that in recent periods have comprehensively reviewed TV-type multichannel detectors (296),instrumentation for measuring fast optical signals (193), instrumentation for fluorescence and phosphorescence (188),interferometry (115),and numerous other subjects. Another continuing series of articles on instrumentation, edited by Ewing, is provided by the Journal of Chemical Education and also covers an extremely wide range of instrumentation. Surveys of new instrumentation exhibited a t the 1975 and 1976 Pittsburgh Conferences on Analytical Chemistry and Applied Spectroscopy in Cleveland, Ohio, (59,60,265),report little evidence of any new analytical technique on the verge of blossoming into a major field of analysis but much evidence that new instruments are becoming more sophisticated and mature. Effort that had in the past gone into the development of new techniques or entirely new models was said to now be going into automation and reliability; one report states that the instrumental “continents” have been discovered and the explorers are busy mapping the terrain (60). Automation and Computerization. Judging from the
volume of publications on the subject, the pace of mechanization and computerization of analytical procedures has increased dramatically in the past few years. Most issues of the major analytical journals contain one or more reports of the application of computerization and mechanization to the analysis of a major industrial or environmental material. The application of computers to chemistry has engendered its own journal (66) and a t least several books (B3,B24, B42). Entire issues of two recent journals (7,284)have each been devoted to a series of articles on the how, when, and if of computerized automation as a guide for analysts contemplating such installations. A chapter reviewing automation of analytical methods has been included in the Korte treatise (244) and reviews have been prepared on the application of microprocessors (12, 71, 72) microcomputers (40)and computers (175, 297) to analytical chemistry. Computer interfacing has been the subject of a series of monthly articles by Larsen, Rony, and Titus (178)in addition to individual reviews (70). Reagents. The fifth edition of the American Chemical Society’s specifications for “Reagent Chemicals” (BI ) should reward examination by inorganic analysts concerned with the purity and composition of reagents. More than 35 new reagents and tests have been added since the last edition. A recent book by Zief and Mitchell on contamination control in trace analysis (B115) should also be of great value. Among recent interesting reviews is a discussion by Perrin (235)on the selection and use of masking agents in analytical chemistry and a review by Headridge (125) of the applications of hydrofluoric acid and fluorides in inorganic analysis. Water Analysis. The Applied review on water analysis by Fishman and Erdmann in this Journal (89) describes numerous methods for the determination of inorganic constituents and may prove to be a useful source of information for selected problems in inorganic analysis. Several recent books on water analysis by Burrell (49), Riley (253),and Wilson (334)may also be of more widespread interest. History. The bicentennial anniversary of the founding of the United States and the centennial anniversary of the founding of the American Chemical Society and the Society for Analytical Chemistry have fostered a number of historical reviews that provide fascinating reading for anyone interested in the evolution of inorganic methods and instruments. I t must be remembered that until early in this century chemistry was almost synonymous with analytical chemistry and many of the historical figures in the field were primarily inorganic analysts. The origins of colonial analytical chemistry have been traced by Belcher (23) in a survey of 200 years of Anglo-American analytical chemistry. Glimpses of the practise of analytical chemistry in Britain a century ago are provided by Irving (139)in a history of the past 100 years. The origins of many analytical techniques have also been traced by Irving (138);historical origins of techniques such as mass spectrometry, activation analysis, polarography, and atomic spectroscopy have been traced by Ewing (82) in the special issue of Chemical and Engineering News. The period from 1860-1900 was described by Hamence (122);analysts will recognize the origins of many of their favorite methods in the chemistry practised almost a century ago. Other fascinating retrospectives have been provided by Greenaway (110),Chirnside and Hamence (63),and Brooks and Smythe (42)with the promise of more with fruition of the Centennial History project sponsored by the ACS Division of Analytical Chemistry and edited by Laitinen and Ewing (177).
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610, Wiley-Halsted, New York, 1975, Engl. transl., Israel Program for Scientific Translations, Jerusalem. (6) Alimarin, I. P.; Bolshova, T. A,, “Use of extraction chromatography for trace metal preconcentration and separation”, in “Extraction Chromatography”, T. Braun and G. Ghersini, Ed., Elsevier, New York, 1975, pp 325-43. (7) Allsop, R. T.; Healey, J. A. D.. “Chemical Analysis, Chromatography, and Ion Exchange”, Heinemann, London, 1974,53 pp. ( 8 ) Am. Lab., 7, Sept. 1975. (9) Anal. Cbem., 48, 1060A (1976). (10) Anbar, M.;Aberth, W. H., Anal. Chem., 46, 59A-62A, 64A (1974). ( 1 1) Appel, B. R., Wesolowski, J. J., Hoffer, E.,
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APRIL 1977
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(295) Talmi, Y., Anal. Chem., 47, 699A-709A (1975). (296) Taimi, Y., Anal. Chem., 47, 658A-670A, 698A-709A (1975). (297) Tatsii, Yu. G.; Belyvaev, Yu. I.; Aiimarin, I. P., Zh. Anal. Khim., 31, 521-42 (1976). (298) Todd, J. E., "Nuclear quadrupole resonance spectroscopy", in "Method. Chim.". F. Korte, Ed., Vol. 1, Pt. A, Academic Press, New York, 1974, pp 403-7; 13 ref. (299) Toei, K.; Motomizu, S., Analyst (London), 101,497-511 (1976). (300) Toelg, G., Pure Appl. Chem., 44, 645-70 (1975). (301) Tdlg, G., "Elemental Analysis With Minute Samples", in "Comprehensive Analytical Chemistry", G. Svehla, Ed., Vol. 3, Elsevier, 1975, pp 1184. (302) Toelg, G., Talanta, 21, 327-45 (1974). (303) Toelg. G., "Trends in ultramicro elemental analysis", in "Method. Chim.", F. Korte, Ed., Vol. 1, Pt. B, Academic Press, New York, 1974, pp 1155-64. (304) Toelg, G., Naturwissenschaften, 63, 99-110(1976).
ANALYTICAL CHEMISTRY, VOL. 49, NO. 5, APRIL 1977
(305) Toelg, G., "Basis of trace analysis", in "Method. Chim.", K. Korte, Ed., Vol. 1, Pt. B, Academic Press, New York, 1974, pp 698-710. (306) Toelg, G., J. Less-Common Met., 43, 157-67 (1975). (307) Toulmin, P., Ill; Clark, B. C.; Baird, A. K.; Keil, K.; Rose, H. J., Jr., Science, 194, 81-83 (1976). (308) Tousset, J.. "Electron spectroscopy (ESCA)", Analusis, 3, 221-35 (1975); 163 ref. (309) Tumanov, A. A.; Orlov, B. N.; Korneva. N. V.; Mel'nichenko, 0.A,, Tr. Khim. Khim. Tekhnol., (3), 41-3 (1974); Chem. Abstr., 83:201451k. (310) Tumanov, A. A,; Orlov, B. N.; Korneva, N. V.; Mel'nichenko, 0. A,, Tr. Khim. Khim. Tekhnol. (3), 39-40 (1974); Chern. Abstr., 83:201476. (311) Tumanov, A. A.; Postnov, I. E.; Osipova, N. I.; Fiiimonova, I. A,, Tr. Khim. Khim. Tekhnol., 3, 37-8 (1974); Chem. Abstr., 83:201475. (312) Tunney. A. A,, "Survey of spark source mass spectroscopy and its possible application to the iron and steel industry", Brit. Steel Corp., Report GS/TECH1479/1/751C, 1976, 28 pp; Chem. Abstr., 85: 103209). (313) Urch, D. S., "X-ray spectroscopy", NATO Adv. Study lnst. Ser., Ser. C, 20, 449-92 (1975); Chem. Abstr., 84:157321n. (314) Usvyatsov, A. A,; Korosteleva, V. A,; et al., Zavod. Lab., 42, 3-8 (1976). (315) Veiilon, C., "Optical atomic spectroscopic", in "Trace Analysis", J. D. Winefordner, Ed., Wiley, New York, pp 123-81. (316) Verdin, A,, "Gas Analysis Instrumentation", Halsted-Wiley, New York, 1973, 414 pp. (317) Walker, I. C., "Electron scattering spectroscopy", Chem. SOC.Rev., 3,467-78 (1974); 39 ref. (318) Wall, S. G.; Chow, A,, Anal. Chim. Acta, 70, 425-38 (1974). (319) 'Walton, H. F., Anal. Chem., 48, 52R-66R (1975). (320) Walton, H. F., "Techniques and applications of ion exchange chromatography", in "Chromatography", E. Hefftmann, Ed., 3rd ed., Van Nostrand-Reinhoid, New York, 1975, pp 344-61. (321) Walton, H. F., "Ion-Exchange Chromatography", Dowden, Hutchinson and Ross, Stroudsburg, Pa., 1976, 440 pp. (322) Wasson, J. R.; Lorenz, D. R., "Nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy", Anal. Chem., 48, 246R-261R (1976). (323) Watters, J. I., "Titrimetric analysis: introduction", in "Treatise Anal. Chem.", Pt. I, Vot. 11, I. M. Koithoff and P. J. Elving, Ed., Wiley, New York, 1975, pp 6845-974. (324) Webster, R. K., "Mass Spectrometry", in "Mod. Phys. Tech. Mater. Technol.", T. Mulvey and R. K. Webster, Ed., Oxford Univ. Press, London, 1974, pp 247-64. (325) Weisz, H., Angew. Chem., lnt. Ed. Engl., 15, 150-156 (1976). (326) Weisz, H., "Recent advances in the ring oven technique", Analyst (London), 101, 152-60 (1976); 104 ref. (327) Weitkamp, H., "infrared spectroscopy", in "Method. Chim.", F. Korte. Ed., Vol. 1, Pt. A, Academic Press, New York, 1974, pp 268-89; 71 ref. (328) West, F. K., West, P. W., "Water TechnologylQuality". J. Am. Water Works Assoc., 15-19 (1975). (329) West, T. S., Ed., lnternational Quarterly Scientific Reviews Journal: Reviews in Analytical Chemistry, Scientific Publications Division, Freund Publishing House Ltd., P.O.B. 35010, Tel Aviv, Israel. (330) White, C. W., "Surface composition by analysis of impact radiation", U.S. Natl. Bur. Stand. U.S.A., Spec. Pub/.. 1976,400-23,81-94; Chem. Abstr., 85:56216x. (331) White, V. R., "Dye-sensitized continuous photochemical analysis. Development of a new analytical method." Dissertation; Univ. Microfilms, Ann Arbor, Mich., Order No. 74-21, 405; Chem. Abstr., 83:50920p, 1974; 133 pp, (332) Wicker, E. E., "Activation analysis", in "Determination of Gaseous Elements in Metals", L. M. Melnick, L. L. Lewis, and B. D. Holt, Ed., Wiley, New York, 1974, pp 75-1 11. (333) Williams, C. J.; Seidemann, H. J., Jr.; Hawley, R. E., Am. Lab., (e), 63-69 (1975). (334) Wilson, A. L., "The Chemical Analysis of Water", Analytical Sciences Monograph No. 2, The Society for Analytical Chemistry. London, 1974, 186 PP. (335) Wilson, J. D., "X-ray spectrometry", in "Mod. Phys. Tech. Mater. Technol.", T. Mulvey and
R. K. Webster, Ed., Oxford Univ. Press, London, 1974, pp 206-20. (336) Winge, R. K.; Fassel, V. A., in "Determination of Gaseous Elements Met.", L. M. Melnick, L. L. Lewis, B. D. Holt. Ed., Wiley, New York, 1974, pp 265-87. (337) Wolicki, E. A,, "Nuclear and ion beam techniques for surface and near-surface analyses", in "Determination of Gaseous Elements in Metals", L. M. Melnick. L. L. Lewis, and B. D. Holt, Ed., Wiley, New York, 1974, pp 673-727. (338) Woolley, J. F., Analyst (London), 100, 896-98 (1975). (339) Wyttenbach, A,; Bajo, S., Anal. Chem., 47, 1813 (1975). (340) Wyttenbach, A,, Bajo, S., Anal. Chem., 47, 2 (1975). (341) Yatsimirskii, K. B.; Tikhonova, L. P., Usp. Anal. Khim., 306-19 (1974). (342) Yudelevich, I. G.; Cherevko, A. S., Spectrochim. Acta, PartB, 31, 93-101 (1976). (343) Zeil, W., "Microwave spectroscopy", in "Method. Chim.", F. Korte, Ed., Vol. 1, R. A, Academic Press, New York, 1974, pp 407-15; 43 ref. (344) Zhivopistsev, V. P.; Petrov, B. I.; Makhnev, Yu. A,; Ponosov, I. N., Uch. Zap. Perm. un-t, 230-43 (1974); Chem. Abstr., 83:37095 (Russ.). (345) Zoiotov, Yu. A,, Usp. Anal. Khim., 3-16 (1974); Chem. Abstr., 83:52685k. (346) Zoiotov, Yu. A., "Extraction Methods of separation in Analytical Chemistry", in "Recent Contributions to Geochemistry and Analytical Chemistry", A. i. Tugarinov, Ed., pp 61 1-618, Wiley-Halsted, 1975, Engi. transl., Israel Program for Scientific-Translations. (347) Zweig, G.; Sherma, J., Anal. Chem., 48, 66R-83R (1976). (348) Zwell, L.; Danko, A. W., "Applications of X-ray diffraction methods to quantitative chemical analysis", Appl. Spectrosc. Rev., 9, 167-221 (1975); 265 ref. (349) Zyka, J., "Prospects of titrimetric methods in modem analytical chemistry", Pure Appl. Chem., 44, 685-90 (1975). Appendix A. Selected Books, Monographs, and Revlew Arllcles on the Analytical Chemlstry, of the Elements ( A l ) Ahrland, S.; Bagnali, K. W.; et al., "The Chemistry of the Actinides", Pergamon, New York, 1975, 636 pp. (A2) Schmidt, V. S . ; Shesterikov, V. N., Radiokhlmia, 17, 729-43 (1975). (A3) Chen, K. S., Hua Hsueh TungPao, 3, 17-23 (1974); Chem. Abstr., 83:38127c. (A4) Burney, G. A.; Harbour, R. M., "Radiochemistry of Neptunium", prepared for subcommittee on Radiochemistry, NAS-NRC; NAS-NN3060; published by Tech. Info. Center, Office of Info. Services, U.S.A.E.C., Dec. 1974, 229 pp. (A5) Talmi, Y.; Bostick, D. T., J. Chromatogr. Sci., 13,231-237 (1975). (A6) Talmi, Y.; Feidman, C., in "Arsenical Pesticides", E. A. Woolsen, Ed., ACS Symposium Series No. 7 (1975). (A7) Astaf'eva. I. N.; Shcherbov, D. P.; Plotnikova, R. N., Zh. Anal. Khim., 30, 147-59 (1975). (A8) Fulkerson, W.; Goeller, H. E., Ed., "Cadmium; the Dissipated Element", Rep. No. ORNLNSF-EP 21, ORNL-NSF Environmental Program. Oak Ridge Natl. Lab., Oak Ridge, Tenn., 473 pp. (A9) Kharlamova, L. I.; Borcheva, T. A,; Solomatin, V. T., lnd. Lab., 40, 1393-1403 (1974). (AlO) Sholtes, R. S.; Meadows, E. H., Jr.; Koogler, S. B., U.S. Nat. Tech. Inform. Serv., PB Rep., No. 230954/OGA, 1973, 129 pp; Chem. Abstr., 83: 85667t. ( A l l ) Pilipenko, A. T.; Gakal, R. K., Ukr. Khim. Zh., 40, 638-43 (1974); Chem. Abstr., 83: 85576n. (A12) Shiraishi, N., BunsekiKagaku, 23, 833-5 (1974); Chem. Abstr., 83:148912n. (A13) Lukin, A. M.; Smirnova, K. A,; Vysokova, N. N.; Nemzer, I. I., Nauk-lssled. TekhXkon. lssled. NllTEkhim, Moscow, USSR, 1974, 51 pp; Chem. Abstr., 83:21870n. (A14) Das, N. R.; Bhattacharyya, S. N., Talanta, 23, 535-40 (1976). (A15) Truesdale, V. W.; Spencer, C. P., Mar. Chem., 2, 33-47 (1974). (A16) Donaidson, E. M., Talanta, 23, 163-71 (1976). (A17) Burrows, W. C., "A Review of the status of total mercury analysis", in "Heavy Metals in the Aquatic Environment", P. A. Krenkel, Ed., Pergamon,
New York, 1975, pp 51-61. (A18) Mercury analysis working party of BlTC (Bureau inti. Technique Du Chlore), Anal. Chim. Acta, 84, 231-57 (1976). (A19) Chilov, S., Talanta, 22, 205-32 (1975). (A20) Deldime, P., lng. Chim. (Brussels), 56, 56-63 (1974): Chem. Abstr., 85:13258v. (A21) Kokot, M. L., Miner. Sci. Eng., 6(4), 236-246 (1974). (A22) Littman, R., "Analysis of trace mercury concentration. Critical evaluation of current procedures. Proposed method for determination by instrumental neutron activation analysis." Dissertation, Xerox Univ. Microfilm, Ann Arbor, Mich., Order No. 7521,338 (1975); 125 pp. (A23) Ure, A. M., Anal. Chim. Acta, 76, 1-26 (1975). (A24) Elinson, S. V., Usp. Khim., 44, 1537-54. (Russian Chemical Reviews, Engl. transl.). (A25) Dobkina, B. M.; Nadezhdina, G. B.; Kuchmistaya, G. I., Nauch. Tr. Nauch-lssled. Prom., 37, 14-21 (1973); Chem. Abstr., 83:32754n. (A26) Pashchenko, E. N.; Vasil'eva, L. A,; Mal'tsev, V. F.; Volkova, N. P., Zavod. Lab., 39, 1297-301 (1973). (A27) Flock, A,, "Micro determination of nitrogen", CRC Crit. Rev. Anal. Chem., 4, 141-154 (1975). (A28) Alimnarin, I. P.; Khvostova, V. P.; Kadyrova. G. I., Zh. Anal. Khim., 30, 2007-19 (1975). (A29) Silverman, L.; LaMont, B. D., "Determination of Oxygen in Metals", in "Determination of Gaseous Elements in Metals", L. M. Melnick et ai., Ed., Wiley-lnterscience, New York, N.Y., 1974, pp 341-60. (A30) Volborth, A,; Miller, G. E.; Garner, C. K., Am. Lab., 7, 87-88, 90, 92, 94, 96, 98 (1975). (A31) Fishkova, N. L., Zh. Anal. Khim., 29, 2121-7 (1974). (A32) Heady, H. H.; Broadhead. K. G., "Assaying Ores, Concentrates, and Bullion", U.S. Bureau of Mines Information Circular 7695, rev. ed., 1976, 24 PP. (A33) Pohl, H., "Problems in the chemical analysis of precious metals", Eurisotop Off. Inf. Bookl., pp 7-249 (1974); French. (A34) Rakovskii, E. F.; Krylova, T. D.: Baevskaya. G. M., Zh. Anal. Khim., 29, 2166-71 (1974). (A35) Sykora, V.; Dubsky, F., Sb. Vys. Sk. Chem.-Techno/. Praze, Anal. Chem., H10, 113-28 (1974) Engl.; Chem. Abstr., 83:67621. (A36) Zolotov, Y. A., Zh. Anal. Khim., 29, 2085-87 (1974); entire issue devoted to determination of noble metals. (A37) Markov, V. K.; Myasoedov, B. F., Radiokhimiya, 17, 778-810 (1975). (A38) Roberts, F. P., "Analytical Chemistry of Promethium ' ' , Promethium Techno/., 1973, 19 12 11; Chem. Abstr., 84: 11725a. (A39) Kharlmova, L. I.; Borcheva, T. A.; Solomatin, T. A,, Zh. Anal. Khim., 31, 143-58 (1976). (A40) Kowalczyk, J.; Lukas, W.; Tomasik, Z., f r . Nauk, lnst. Chem. Nieorg. Metal. Plerwiastkow Rzadkich Poiifech. Wroclaw, 32, 17-35 (1975); Chem. Abstr., 833187746b (Pol.). (A41) Michelsen, 0. B., Ed., "Analysis and Application of Rare Earth Materials", NATO Adv. Study Inst., 1973, 375 pp. (A42) Taketatsu, T., Kagaku No Ryoiki, 29, 874-87 (1975) (Japan); Chem. Abstr., 84: 144138h. (A43) Weaver, 6.,/on Exch. Solvent Extr., 6, 189-277 (1974). (A44) Korchemnaya, E. K.; Naumova, V. I.; Ermakov, A. N., Usp. Anal. Khim., 281-96 (1974). (A45) Deleted in revision. (A46) Borisova, L. V.; Ermakov, A. N., "Analytical Chemistry of Rhenium", Nauka, Moscow, USSR, 1974,318 pp. (A47) Terada, K.. Kagaku No. Ryoiki, 29, 306-12 (1974); Chem. Abstr., 83:85444t. (A48) Horovitz, C. T., Ed., "Scandium; its Occurrence, Chemistry, Physics, Metallurgy, Biology &Technology", Academic Press, New York, 1975, 598 pp, (A49) Cooper, W. C., "Analytical Chemistry of Selenium", in "Selenium", R. A. Zingaro and W. C. Cooper, Ed., pp 615-653, Van Nostrand Reinhold, New York. 1974, 835 pp. (A50) Shendrikar, A. D., Sci. Total Environ., 3, 155-68 (1974). (A51) Havezov, I.; lordanov, N., Talanta, 21, 1013-24(1974). (A52) Deinekina, R. S.; Yakovlev, P. Ya.; Basargin, N. N., Nov. Metodylspyt. Met., 1, 171-7 (1972); Chem. Abstr., 83:148901n. ~
(A53) Melent'ev, B. N.; Fedorova, L. Ya., ltogi Nauki Tekh., Tekh. Anal. Metall., 3, 5-1 18 (1975); Chem. Abstr., 84:38177k. (A54) Agranovich, T. V.; Stashkova, N. V., Standart. Obrazt. Chern. Metall., 3, 18-28 (1974): Chem. Abstr., 83:125581k. (A55) Ivanov, V. M.; Busev, A. I.; Sokolova, T. A,, "Extraction in the Analytical Chemistry of Tungsten", Zh. Anal. Khim., 30, 1784-1800 (1975). (A56) Spevackova, V.; Krtii, J., Jad. Energ., 21, 294-7 (1975); Chem. Abstr., 84:11719b. (A57) Bozhichko, M. A.; Malyasova, Z. Z., Tr. lnst. Geol. Geofiz., Akad. Nauk SSR, Sib. Otd., 286, 243-4, 272-83; Chem. Abstr., 84:144132b; (1975). (A58) Nemodruk, A. A.; Myasoedov, B. F.; Karalova, Z. K., Tr. lnst. Geol. Geofiz., Akad. Nauk SSSR, Sib. Otd., 286, 245-50, 272-83 (1975); Chem. Abstr., 84:144133c. (A59) Doigorev, A. V.; Pal'nikova, T. I., Zh. Anal. Khim., 30, 2020-2034 (1976). (A60) Dolgorev, A. V.; Zolotavin, V. L.; Serikov, Yu. A,, Zavod. Lab., 40, 1425-30 (1974). (A61) Melnick, L. M.; Lewis, L. L.; Holt, B. D., "Determination of Gaseous Elements in Metals", Wiley-Interscience, New York, N.Y., 1974, 744 PP. (A62) Elwell, W. T.; Wood, D. F., "Determination of Gases in Metals by Vacuum-Fusion and Inert-Gas Fusion Methods", in "Comprehensive Analytical Chemistry", Voi. Ill, G. Svehia, Ed., pp 259-304, Elsevier, New York, 1975, 399 pp. (A63) Glover, J. H., Analyst (London), 100, 449-63 (1975). (A64) Hall, S., Proc. Chem. Conf., 27, 114-26 (1974); Chem. Abstr., 8 5 1 0 3 3 9 9 ~ . (A65) Sudo, E.; Saito, M., Tetsu To Hagane, 60, 1805-19 (1974); Chem. Abstr., 83:79926h. (A66) Schmauch, G. E., "Methods of analysis for the noble gases", Grit. Rev. Anal. Chem., 4, 107-39 (1974). (A67) Babco, A. K.; Pilipenko, A. T., "Photometric Analysis-Methods for Determining Nonmetals", Khimiya, Moscow, USSR, 1974, 360 pp. (A68) Zingaro, R . A,; Cooper, W. C., Ed., "Selenium", Van Nostrand-Reinhold, New York, 1974, 835 pp, (A69) Zhivopistsev, V. P.; Selezneva, E. A,, "Analytical Chemistry of Zinc", Nauka, Moscow, USSR, 1975, 198 pp. (A70) Vdovenko, V. M.; Dubasov, Yu. V., "Analytical Chemistry of Radium", Halsted, New York, 1975. 198 OD. (Enol.). (A71) Sp(vakovskii, V. E., "Analytical Chemistry of Tin", Nauka, Moscow, USSR, 1975, 250 pp. (A72) F'yatnitskii, I. V.; Sukhan, V. V., "Analytical Chemistry of Silver", Nauka, Moscow, USSR, 1975, 263 pp. (A73) Poluektov, N. S.; Meshkova, S. B., Poluektova, E. N., "Analytical Chemistry of Lithium", Nauka, Moscow, USSR, 1975, 203 pp, (A74) Plyushchev, V. E.; Stepin, B. D., "Analytical Chemistry of Rubidium and Cesium", Nauka, Moscow, USSR, 1975, 223 pp. (A75) Nicolas, D. J., "The Application of ThreePhase Liquid-Liquid Extractionto the Separation and Concentration of Noble Metals" Report No. 1684, National Institute of Metallurgy, Johannesburg, South Africa, 1974, 13 pp. (A76) Nazarenko, I. I.; Ermakov, A. N., "Analytical Chemistry of Selenium and Tellurium", Halsted Div. of Wiley, New York, 1973, 281 pp; Engl. transl. (A77) Nazarenko, V. A., "Analytical Chemistry of Germanium", Haisted Div., Wiley, New York, N.Y., 1975, 360 pp; Engl. transl. (A78) Myasoedov, B. F.; Guseva, L. I.; Lebedev, M. S.;Milyukova. M. K.; Chmutova, M. K., "Analytical Chemistry of Transpiutonium Elements", Halsted Div., Wiley, New York, 1974, 404 pp. (A79) Deleted in revision. (ABO) Lavrukhina, A. K.; Yukina, L. V., "Analytical Chemistry of Manganese", Nauka, Moscow, 1974, 220 pp. (A81) Kudryavtsev, A. A., "The Chemistry and Technology of Selenium and Tellurium", second ed., Collets' Publishers, Ltd., London, 1974, 278 pp; Engl. transl. (A82) Deleted in revision. (A83) Karyakin, A. V.; Anikina, L. I.; Pavienko, L. I.; Laktionova, N. V., "Spectrometric Analysis of Rare Earth Oxides", Nauka. Moscow, USSR, 1974, 152 pp. (A84) lushko-Zakharova, 0. E.; Ivanov, V. V.; Razina, I. S.;Cherniaev, L. A,, "Geochemistry, mineralogy, and methods of determination of the platinum group", from lzdatelstvo "Nedra", Moscow,
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1970, 199 pp, transl. from the Russian, 1974. (A85) Ginzburg, S. I.; Ezerskaya, N. A,; Prokof'eva, I. V.; Fedorenko, N. V.; Shlenskaya, V. I.; Bei'skii, N. K., "Analytical Chemistry of Platinum Metals", Halsted Press, Wiley, New York, 1975, 673 pp; Engl. transl. (A86) Frumina, N. S.; Kruchkova, E. S.;Mushtakova, S. P., Nauka, Moscow, USSR, 1974, 250 PP. (A87) Frei, R. W.; Huntzinger, O., Ed., "Analytical Aspects of Mercury and other Heavy Metals in the Environment", Gordon and Breach, New York, 1975, 196 pp. (A88) Fedorov, A. A,; Chernyakhovskaya, F. V.; Vernidub. A. S.;et al., "Analytical Chemistry of Phosphorus", Nauka, Moscow, USSR, 1974, 219 PP. (A89) Busev, A. I.; Simonova, L. N., "Analytical Chemistry of Sulfur", Nauka, Moscow, USSR, 1975, 271 pp. (A90) Abe, T.; lida, Y.; Ikeda, E.; Ishii, H.; Ishihara, Y.; Sai, K.; Umezaki, Y.; Oikawa, K.; et al., "lnorganic Colorimetric Analysis, Vol. I: Silver-Cadmium". Kyoritsu Shuppan, Tokyo, Japan, 1973, 513 pp; Chem. Abstr., 83:163057k. (A91) Alimarin, I. P., Ed., (Ginsburg, S. I., Ezerskaya, N. A.. Prokoveva, I. V., Fedorenko, N. V., Shlenskaya, V. I., Bel'skii, N. K.),"The Analytical Chemistry of the Platinum Metals", Nauka, Moscow, 1972,614 pp. (A92) Gladyshev, V. P.; Levitskaya, S.A,; Fiiippova, L. M., "Analytical Chemistry of Mercury", Nauka Moscow, USSR, 1974,228 pp. (A93) Yakovlev, P. Ya.; Yakovlev, E. F.; Orzhekhovskaya, "The Analytical Chemistry of Carbon", Nauka, Moscow. (A94) Engelmann, C., "Use of activation analysis by y photons and charged particles to determine the oxygen content in nonferrous metals, such as aluminum, copper, lead, and their alloys, titanium, zirconium, niobium, molybdenum, tantalum, sodium, cesium, silicon, germanium, and selenium", Eurisotop Off. Inf. Bookl. 1973, 74, 88 pp, (Engl.); Chem. Abstr., 83:172045y. (A95) Dechaux, J. C., Bull. SOC.Chim. Fr., (12, Pt. 1) 2801-10 (1974); 139 ref; Chem. Abstr., 83: 15720~. (A96) Goldstein, M. M.; Yudelovich, I. G., Zh. Anal. Khim., 31, 801-8 (1976). (A97) Yurist, I. M.; Talmud, M. M., Zh. Anal. Khim., 31, 1984-2001 (1976).
Appendix B. Selected Recent Books and Monographs on lndivldual Analytical Techniques ( B l ) American Chemical Society, "Reagent Chemicals", ACS, Washington, D.C., 1974, 685 PP (82) American Society for Testing and Materials, "1975 Annual Book of ASTM Standards", Pt. 42: Emission, Molecular, and Mass Spectroscopy; Chromatoqraphy; Resinography; Microscopy, ASTM. 1975,452 pp. (83) American Society for Testing and Materials, "Computerized Laboratory Systems", Spec. Tech. Pub/., 578, ASTM, 1975, 278 pp. (84) American Society for Testing and Materials, "Surface Analysis Techniques for Metallurgical Applications", Spec. Tech. Pub/., 596, 1976, 146 PP. (B.5) Azaroff, L. V., Ed., "X-Ray Spectroscopy", McGraw-Hill, New York, 1974, 560 pp. (B6) Bancroft, G. M., "Mossbauer Spectroscopy: An Introduction for Inorganic Chemists and Geochemists", Halsted Press Div./Wiiey, New York, 1974, 252 pp. (87) Bard, A. J., Ed., "Electroanalytical Chemistry", Vol. 8, Dekker, New York, 1975, 380 pp. (88) Barnes, R., Ed., "Emission Spectroscopy", Dowden, Hutchinson and Ross, Stroudsburg, Pa.; Halsted Div./Wiley, New York 1976, 548 pp. (B9) Barthel, J., "Thermometric Titrations", Wiley, New York, 1975, 209 pp. (B10) Bertin, E. P., "Principles and Practice of X-Ray Spectrometric Analysis", 2nd ed., Plenum Press, New York, 1975, 1079 pp. (81 1) Bishop, E., "Coulometric Analysis", in "Wilson and Wilson's ComprehensiveAnalysis", G. Svelha, Ed., Vol. II D, Elsevier, New York, 1975, 674 PP. (812) Blyum, I. A,, "Extraction Photometric Methods of Analysis Using Basic Dyes", Izdatel'stvo "Nauka", Moscow, USSR, 1970, 219 pp. English translation by US. Geological Survey. Available
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purchase: NTIS, Chicago, 111.; loan: library, US. Geol. Survey. (813) Bock, R., "Introduction to the Methods of Analytical Chemistry, Vol. 1: Methods of Separation", Verlag Chemie, Weinheim, Ger., 1974, 362 PP W.). (814) Bowen, D. K.; Hail, C. R., "Microscopy of Materials: Modern Imaging Methods Using Electron, X-Ray, and Ion Beams", Wiley, New York, 1975, 304 PP. (815) Bragg, S. L., "The Development of X-Ray Analysis", D. C. Phillips and H. F. Lipson, Ed., Hafner Press, Division/Macmillan, New York, 1975, 270 PP, (916) Brainina, Kh. E., "Stripping Voltammetry", Halsted/Wiley,New York, 1974, 222 pp; transl. from the Russian. (817) Brame. E. G., Jr., Ed., "Applied Spectroscopy Reviews", Dekker, New York, Vol. 7, 1974, 381 pp; Vol. 88, 1974, 293 pp; Vol. 9, 1975,338 pp; Vol. 10, 1976, 305 pp. (818) Braun, T.; Bujdoso, E., Ed., "Modern Trends in Activation Analysis", Elsevier, Amsterdam, 1974, 684 pp; Proceed. Intl. Conf., France, 1972. (B19) Braun, T.; Bujdoso, E., Ed., "Radiochemical Separation Methods", Elsevier, Amsterdam, 1975, 478 pp; Proceed. 7th Radiochem. Conf. Marianske Lanske, 1973; Reprint J. Radioanal. Chem. (820) Braun, T.; Ghersini, G., Ed., "Extraction chromatography", Elsevier, New York, 1975, 566 PP. (821) Buzas, I., Ed.. "Thermal Analysis"; Vol. I, Theory, Inorganic Chemistry; Vol. iI, Organic Macromolecular Chemistry, Earth Sciences; Vol. 111, Applied Sciences, Methods and Instrumentation; Heyden and Son, New York, 1975; Proceed. 4th Intl. Conf. on Thermal Anal., Budapest, Hungary, 1974. (822) Bykova, L. N.; Krasnikova, L. Ya., "Physiochemical Methods of Analysis, Pt. 1: Electrochemical Methods of Analysis", Mosk. Tekst. Inst., Moscow, USSR, 1974, 39 pp; Chem. Abstr., 83:105955m. (823) Carlson, T. A., "Photoelectron and Auger Spectroscopy", Plenum Press, New York, 1975,418 PP. (824) Carrington, R. A. G., Ed., "Computers for Spectroscopists", Halsted/Wiiey, New York, 1974, 275 pp. (B25) Clevitt, K. J., "Handbook of Process Stream Analysis", Ellis Horwood. Chichester; Wiley, New York. 1975, 470 pp. (B26) Colthup, N. B.; Daly, L. H.; Wiberley, S.E., "Introduction to Infrared and Raman Spectroscopy", Academic Press, New York, 1975, 544 pp. (827) Coomber, D. I., "Radiochemical Methods of Analysis", Plenum Press, New York, 1975, 498 PP. (828) Costache, D., "Chemical Analysis by the Kinetic Method", Acad. Rep. SOC.Rom., Bucharest, Rom., 1974, 276 pp; Chem. Abstr., 83:149013g. (829) Czanderna, A. W., Ed., "Methods of Surface Analysis", Vol. I, Elsevier, New York, 1975, 482 PP. (B30) Dailey, W. V.; Combs, J. F.; Zinn, T. L., Ed., "Analysis Instrumentation", Vol. 12, Instrument Society of America, Pittsburgh, Pa., 1974, 175 PP. (831) Dean, J. A.; Rains, T. C., "Flame Emission and Atomic Absorption Spectrometry, Vol. 3: Elements and Matrices", Dekker, New York, 1975, 674 PP. (832) Deyi, Z.; Macek, K.; Janak, J., Ed., Journal of Chromatography Library, Vol. 3: "Liquid Column Chromatography: A Survey of Modern Techniques and Applications", Elsevier, New York, 1975, 1175 PP. (833) Dilts, R. V., "Analytical Chemistry: Methods of Separation", Van Nostrand, New York, 1974, 592 PP. (B34) Dimitrov, Kh.; Petsev. N., "Gas Chromatography", Nauka Izkustv., Sofia, Bulg., 1974, 420 pp; Chem. Abstr., 83:71109s. (835) Dyer, A., "Introduction to Liquid Scintillation Counting", Heyden, London, 1974, 111 pp. (B36) Eland, J. H. D., "Photoelectron Spectroscopy", Butterworths, London, 1974, 239 pp. (837) Ewing, G. W.; Ashworth, H. A,, "The Laboratory Recorder", Plenum, New York, 129 pp. (838) Faires, R. A.; Parks, B. H., "Radioisotope Laboratory Techniques", 3rd ed., WileyMalsted, New York, 1973, 312 pp. (839) Farmer, V. C., Ed., "The Infrared Spectra of Minerals", Mineralogical Society Monograph No. 4, Mineralogical Society, London, 1974, 539 pp. (840) Filippova, N. A., "Phase Analysis of Ores
ANALYTICAL CHEMISTRY, VOL. 49, NO. 5, APRIL 1977
and Products of their Processing", 2nd ed., Khimiya, Moscow, USSR, 1975, 280 pp. (B41) Flaschka, H. A.; Barnard, A. J., Jr.. Ed., "Chelates in Analytical Chemistry", Voi. 5, Dekker, New York, 1976, 328 pp. (842) Foreman, J. K.; Stockwell, P. B., "Automatic Chemical Analysis", Horwood, Chichester; Wiley, New York, 1975, 346 pp. (843) Foulke, D. G., "Electroplat. Process Control Handbook", 2nd ed., Robert E. Krieger Publ. Co., Huntington, N.Y., 1975; Chem. Abstr., 84159123-4; 159127; 159129; 159263-266; 144128; 188872-6; 85:13250. (844) Fries, J.; Getrost, H., "Organic Reagents for Trace Analysis", Merck, Darmstadt, Ger., 1975, 453 pp; Chem. Abstr., 84:38340. (845) Fujita, H., "Foundations of Ultracentrifugal Analysis", Wiley-interscience, New York, 1975, 459 PP. (946) Gadson, J. A,, "Infrared Spectra of Minerals and Related Inorganic Compounds", Butterworth, Reading, Mass., 1975, 277 pp. (847) Gaydon, A. G., "The Spectroscopy of Flames", 2nd ed., Chapman and Hall, London; Haisted/Wiley, New York, 1974, 412 pp. (848) Goldstein, J. I.; Yakowitz, H., "Practical Scanning Electron Microscopy: Electron and Ion Microprobe Analysis", Plenum, New York, 1975, 582 pp. (B49) Gonser, U., Ed., "Mossbauer Spectroscopy", Springer-Verlag, New York, 1975, 241 pp. (850) Goodhew, P. J., "Electron Microscopy and Analysis", Springer-Verlag, New York, 1975, 192 PP. (B51) Griffiths, P. R., "Chemical Infrared Fourier Transform, Spectroscopy", Wiley, New York, 1975, 340 pp. (852) Grushka, E., "New Developments in Separation Methods", Dekker, New York, 1976, 256 PP. (953) Harvey, G. F., Ed., "Standards and Practices for Instrumentation", 4th ed., Instrument Society of America, Pittsburgh, Pa., 1974, 812 pp. (954) Heftmann, E., "Chromatography", 3rd ed., Van Nostrand-Reinhold, 1975, 600 pp. (855) Hoenig, S. A.; Payne, F. L.,"How to Build and Use Electronic Devices Without Frustration, Panic, Mountains of Money, or an Engineering Degree", Little, Brown, and Co., Boston, 1973, 360 PP. (B56) Holt, D. B.; Muir, M. D.; Grant, P. R.; Boswarva, 1. M., Ed., "Quantitative Scanning Electron Microscopy", Academic Press, New York, 1974, 570 pp. (857) Holzbecher, 2.; Divis, L.; Kral, M.; Suche, L.; Vracil, F., "Handbook of Organic Reagents in Inorganic Analysis", Wiley, New York, 1976, 734 PP, (858) Jenkins, R., "An Introduction to X-Ray Spectrometry", Heyden, London, 1974, 163 pp. (859) Kamalizad, A,, "Analytical Gas Chromatography of Transition Metal Chelates", Xerox Univ. Microfilms, Order No. 75-6043, 1974, 170 pp; dissertation. (B60) Kane, P. F.; Larrabee, G. B., Ed., "Characterization of Solid Surfaces", Plenum Press, New York, 1974, 670 pp. (B61) Karr, C., Jr., Ed., "Infrared and Raman Spectroscopy of Lunar and Terrestrial Minerals", Academic Press, New York, 1975, 375 pp. (862) Keattch, C. J.; Dollimore, D., "An Introduction to Thermoaravimetrv". Heyden. London, 1975, 164 pp. (863) Kirkbright, G. F.; Sargent, M., "Atomic Absorption and Fluorescence Spectroscopy", Academic Press, New York, 1974, 798 pp. (864) Kiss-Eross, K., "Analytical Infrared Spectroscopy" in "Wilson and Wilson's Comprehensive Analytical Chemistry", G. Svehla, Ed., Elsevier, New York, 1976, 555 pp; 1749 ref. (865) Klug, H. P.; Alexander, L. E., "X-Ray Diffraction Procedures for Polycrystalline and Amorphous Materials", 2nd ed., Wiley-Interscience, New York, 1974, 966 pp. (B66) Koryta, J., "Ion Selective Electrodes", Cambridoe Univ. Press. New York. 1975. 207 DD. (867) IKotsev, N., "Handbook of Gas' Chromatography", Tekhnika, Sofia, Bulg., 1974, 224 pp; Chem. Abstr., 83:25451d. (868) Kozlovskii, M. T., "Selected Works, Vol. I: Analytical Chemistry. Electrochemical Methods of Analysis", Nauka; Alma-Ata, Kaz. SSR, 1974, 302 pp; Chem. Abstr., 83:105959r. (869) Kuppers, E., "Low Energy Electrons and Surface Chemistry", Verlag Chemie, Weinheim/ Bergstr., Germany, 1974, 251 pp.
(870) Kuznetsov, R. A,, "Activation Analysis", 2nd ed., Atomizdat, Moscow, USSR, 1974,343 pp; Cbem. Abstr., 83:163066n. (871) Lehman, T. A,; Bursey, M. M., "Ion Cyclotron Resonance Spectrometry", Wiley, New York, 1976, 230 pp. (872) Levine, i. N., "Molecular Spectroscopy", Wiiey-interscience, 1975, 512 pp. (B73) Li, N. N., Ed., "Recent Developments in Separation Science", CRC Press, Cleveland, Ohio. (874) Lion, K., "Elements of Electrical and Electronic Instrumentation", McGraw-Hill, New York. 1975, 400 pp. (875) Ma, T. S.; Horak, V., "Microscale Manipulations in Chemistry", Wiley, New York, 1976, 488 PP. (876) McCrone, W. C.; Johnson, R. I., Ed., "Techniques, Instruments, and Accessories for Microanalysts; A Users Manual", 1st ed.; Walter C. McCrone Associates, Inc., Chicago, Ill., 1974, 230 PP. (877) Mannkopff, R.; Friede, G., "Principles and Methods of Chemical Emission Spectral Analysis", Verlag Chemie, Weinheim, Ger., 1975, 218 pp; Cbem. Abstr., 84: 12035n. (878) Marczenko, Z., "Spectrophotometric Determination of Elements", Ellis Horwood Ltd., ChiChester; Halsted/Wiley, New York, 1976, 643 pp. (879) Marinsky, J. A,; Marcus, Y., "Ion Exchange and Solvent Extraction, Vol. 6". Dekker, New York, 1974, 301 pp. (880) May, L., "Spectroscopic Tricks", Vol. 3, Plenum, 1975, 400 pp. (B81) Melnick, L. M.; Lewis, L. L.; Holt, B. D., Ed., "Determination of Gaseous Elements in Metals", Wiley-interscience, New York, 1974, 744 pp. (882) Mika, J.; Torok, T., "Analytical Emission Spectroscopy", Crane, Russak, New York, 1974, 529 pp; Engl. transl. (B83) Miller, J. M., "Separation Methods in Chemical Analysis", Wiiey-lnterscience, 1974, 336 PP. (884) Minczenski, J.; Chwastowska, J.; Dybzynski, R., "Trace Analysis, Methods of Separation and Preconcentration". Wydawnictwo Naukowo-Techsiczne, Warzawa, 1973, 567 pp (Polish). (885) Nuernburg, H. W., Ed., "Electroanalytical Chemistry", Wiley-interscience, 1975, 609 pp, (B86) Okac, A,, "Principles of Analytical Gravimetry", Academia, Prague, Czech., 1974, 112 pp; Cbem. Abstr., 83:163055. (887) Parsons, M. L.; Smith, B. W.; Bentley, G. E., "Handbook of Flame Spectrometry", Plenum, New York, 1975, 480 pp. (888) Perry, E. S.; van Oss, C. J.; Grushka, E., Ed., "Separation and Purification Methods", Vol. 2, Dekker, New York, 1974, 466 pp. (B89) Pickles, W. L.; Barrett, C. S.; Newkirk, J. B.; Ruud, C. O., Ed., "Advances in X-Ray Analysis", Vol. 18, Plenum, New York, 1975, 642 pp. Proceed. 23rd Ann. Conf. on Applications of X-Ray. Analysis, . Denver, 1974. (B90) Pinta, M., "Atomic Absorption Spectrometry", Wiley/Halsted, New York, 1975, 418 pp (French ed., 1971). (B91) Rao, C. N. R., "Ultraviolet and Visible Spectroscopy", Butterworths, London, 1975, 224 PP. (892) Reed, S. J. B., "Electron Microprobe Analysis", Cambridge Univ. Press, Cambridge, 1975, 400 pp. (893) Robinson, J. W., "Atomic Absorption Spectroscopy", 2nd ed., Dekker, New York, 1975, 234 pp. (894) Robinson, J. W., Ed., "Handbook of Spectroscopy", Vol. 1, 1974, 928 pp; Vol. 2, 1974, 600 pp. (895) Saltzman, R. S.; Zinn, L.; Sims, R., "Analysis Instrumentation", Vol. 13, Instrument SOC. of Am., Pittsburgh, Pa., Proc. 21st Ann. Symp.; Philadelphia, Pa., 1975, 154 pp. (B96) Savvin, S. B., "Organic Reagents of the Arsenazo 111 Group", Atomizdat, Moscow, USSR, 1971. (897) Schrenk, W. G., "Analytical Atomic Spectroscopy", Plenum, New York, 1975, 375 PP. (898) Siemer, D. D., "Development of techniques for nonflame spectroscopic determination of trace metals", Xerox U. Microfilms, No. 75-5326, 1974, 106 pp. (B99) Stepin, B. D., Ed., "Reagents and Very Pure Substances Series: Methods of Analysis of Substances", Nauchno-lssled. inst. Tekh.-Ekon. issied.;
MOSCOW, USSR, 1974, 88 pp; Cbem. Abstr., 85: 56237e. (8100) Stock, R.; Rice, C. 8. F., "Chromatographic Methods", 3rd ed., Wiley, New York, 1974, 338 pp. (8101) Straughan, B. P.; Walker, S., Ed., "Spectroscopy", Chapman and Hall; Halsted/Wiiey, New York, 1976; Voi. 1, 304 pp; Vol. 2, 362 pp; Vol. 3, 324 pp. (8102) Sychra, V.; Svoboda, V.; Rubeska, i., "Atomic Fluorescence Spectroscopy", Van Nostrand-Reinhold, London, 1975, 379 pp. (8103) Szabo, E.; Simonits, A,. "Activation Analvsis". Musz. Kiado. Budaoest., Huno.. _ . 1973., 362 pp; t h e m . Abstr., 83:i32583v. (8104) Takao, Z., Ed., "Standard Methods for Gas Determination in Metallic Materials", Maruzen, Tokyo, Japan, 1974, 227 pp. (8105) Tataev, 0. A.; Anisimova, L. G.; Polyakin, Yu. L., "Organic Reagents in Photometric Analysis", Makhachkaia, USSR, 1974, 121 pp; Cbem. Abstr., 83:10855q. (B106) Toigyessy, J.; Varga, S.,"Nuclear Analytical Chemistry iV, Analysis based on the Interaction of Nuclear Radiation with Matter", university Park Press, Baltimore, Md., 1975, 300 pp. (B107) Valkovic, V., "Trace Element Analysis", Taylor & Francis Ltd., Halsted/Wiley, New York, 1975, 229 pp. (B108) Wehry, E. L., Ed., "Modern Fluorescence Spectroscopy", Vols. 1 and 2, Plenum, New York, 1976, 238 and 460 pp. (B109) Wells, 0. C.; et al., "Scanning Electron Microscopy", McGraw Hill, New York, 1974, 421 PP. ( B I IO) Welz, B., "Atomic Absorption Spectroscopy", 2nd ed., Verlag Chemie, Weinheim, Ger., 1975, 296 pp. ( B l l l ) Wendiandt, W. W., "Thermal Methods of Analysis", 2nd ed., Wiley, New York, 1974, 505 PP. (81 12) Williams, D., Ed., "Spectroscopy", Part A., Academic Press, New York, 1976, 366 pp, (B113) Woodward, C., Ed., "Annual Reports on Analytical Atomic Spectroscopy, 1974", Voi. 4, The Chemical Society, Letchworth, London, 1975. (B114) Young, R. S., "Chemical Phase Analysis", WileyIHalsted, 1974, 138 pp. (B115) Zief, M.; Mitchell, J. W., "Contamination Control in Trace Analysis", Wiiey Interscience, New York, 1976, 336 pp. (8116) Zolotov, Yu. A,; lofa, B. 2.; Chuchalin, L. K., "Extraction of Metal Halide Complexes", Nauka, Moscow, USSR, 1973, 378 pp,
Appendix C. Selected References on the Analysis of Metallurgical and Miscellaneous Inorganic Materials (CI) American Society for Testing and Materials, "1975 Annual Books of ASTM Standards, Pt-12: Chemical Analysis of Metals; Sampling and Analysis of Metal Bearing Ores", ASTM, Philadelphia, Pa., 1975, 835 pp. (C2) American Society for Testing and Materials, "Nondestructive Rapid identification of Metals and Alloys by Spot Test", Spec. Tech. Pub/., 550,ASTM Philadelphia, Pa., 1974, 56 pp. (C3) Deleted in revision. (C4) British Steel Corporation; "Methods of Chemical Analysis of iron and Steel", B.S.C. Corporate Development Laboratory, Hogle Street, Sheffield, Great Britain, 1974, 161 pp. (C5) Crompton, T. R., "Chemical Analysis of Organometallic Compounds," Vol. 2, 1974, 164 pp, Si, Ti, Zn, Hb. Vol. 3, 1974, 212 pp, Ge, Sn, Pb, Academic Press, New York. (C6) Timoshenko, N. N., Zavod. Lab., 41, 1169-76 (1975). (C7) Young, R. S.,Talanta, 23, 125-30 (1976). (C8) Heller, H. A,, Gold Plat. Techno/., 430-54 (1 974). (C9) Greenfield, S.; Ciift, M., "Analytical Chemistry of the Condensed Phosphates", Pergamon Press, Elmsford, N.Y., 1975, 216 pp. ((210) Pyatiletova, N. M.; Yaroshenko, A. D.; Novikova, I. S.;Orlov, V. V., "Analysis of Molybdenum and its Alloys", Metallurgiya, Moscow, USSR, 1974, 128 pp. (C11) Amer, S. "Control of purity and mercury purification", Rev. Metal. (Madrid), IO, 357-70 (1974); Cbem. Abstr., 83:90213n. (C12) Whalley, C., "Analytical Chemistry in Industry", Analyst (London), 99, 817-23 (1974).
(C13) Laitinen, H. A,, "Analytical Chemistry in inter-disciplinary environmental science", Analyst (London), 99, 1011-8 (1974). (C14) Thevenot, F.; Viala, J. C., Analusis, 3, 76-84 (1975). (C15) Metody Anal. Khim. Reakt. Prep. No 21, 1973; Chem. Abstr., 83:14128e; 145130-32; 145136; 145279-81; 145307-9q; 190 pp, (C16) Tsypienkova, T. V., Ruk. Anal. Proizvod. Fosfora, Fosfornoi Kisloty Udobr., 1973, 73-86; Cbem. Abstr., 83:145324r. (C17) McCrone, W. C.; Deliy, J. G., The Particle Atlas, second ed., 4 voi., 1138 pp, Ann Arbor Science Publishers, Ann Arbor, Mich., 1975. (C18) Longman, G. F., "The Analysis of Detergents and Detergent Products", Wiley, New York, 1975, 625 pp. ('219) Alien, S. E.,Ed., "Chemical Analysis of Ecological Materials", Halsted-Wiley, N.Y., 1974, 565 pp. (C20) Warner, P. O., "Analysis of Air Pollutants", Wiley-lnterscience, New York, 1976. (C21) Krenkel, P. A,, Ed., "Heavy Metals in the Aquatic Environment", Pergamon Press, New York, 1975, Proc. Int. Conf., Nashville, Tenn., Dec. 1973, 352 pp. (C22) Hemphill, D. D., Ed., "Trace Substances in Environmental Health", VIII, Proc. Univ. of Missouri 8th ann. Conf. on Trace Substances in Environmental Health, Univ. of Missouri, Columbia, Mo., June 11-13, 1974; Publ., Nov. 1974. (C23) National Academy of Science, "Geochemistry and the Environment; Vol. i, The Relation of Selected Trace Elements to Health and Disease", National Academy of Science, Washington, D.C., 1974, 113 pp. (C24) Crable, G. F., "Electron Spectroscope Analysis of the Atomic Content of Samples of Occupational Health Interest", HEW Publ. No. 75-13, 35 PP. (C25) Vogt, J. R.; Meyer, W., Ed., "Nuclear Methods in Environmental Research", Proc. Second Int. Conf., Columbia, Mo., 1975. (C26) Duika, J. J.; Risby, T. H., Anal. Cbem., 48, 640A, 641A, 644A, 645A, 646A, 648A-653A (1976). (C27) Malissa, H., Ang. Chem., Int. Ed. Engl., 15, 141-9 (1976). (C28) Steven, R. K.; Herget, W. E., Ed., "Analytical Methods Applied to Air Pollution Measurements", Ann Arbor Sci. Publ., Ann Arbor, Mich., 1974, 303 pp. (C29) Sunshine, I., Anal. Cbem., 47, 212A-15A (1975). (C30) rite, M. S., "Methods of Physical Examination in Archaeology", Seminar Press, New York, 1972, 389 pp. (C31) Westbrook, W. T.; Jefferson, R. H.; Birr, A. L. "Wet Chemical Methods for Analyzing Taconite, Iron Ore, and Metallurgical Products", U.S. Bur. Mines lnf. Circ., 8665, 1975, 30 pp. Appendix D. Selected Books and Monographs on the Analysis of Geologic Materials ( D l ) Babu, S. I., Ed., "Trace Elements in Fuel", Proc. Conf., Chicago, 1973, Amer. Chem. Soc., Washington, D.C., 1975, 216 pp, (D2) Borneman-Starynkevich, I. D., Ed., "Metody Khim. Anal. Gorn. Porod. Mineral., 1973 Metody Khimicheskogo Analiza Gornykk Porod i Mineraloo, 1973". (Methods of Chem. Anal. of Rocks and Minerals). (D3) Fifth Ceramic Chemists Conference, Proceedings, Llandudno, Wales, 1974, Spec. Pub/., 86, British Ceramic Research Assoc., Stoke-on-Trent, 1974, 158 pp. (D4) Collins, A. G., "Geochemistry of Oiifield Brines", Elsevier, New York, 1975, 496 pp. (D5) Donaldson, E. M., "Methods for the Analysis of Ores, Rocks, and Related Materials", No. 881, Mines Branch, Dept. of Energy, Mineral Resources, Ottawa, 1974, 377 pp. (D6) Herrmann, A. G., "Rock Analysis Practicum: Chemical-Instrumental Methods for the Determination of Principal Components", Springer, Berlin, Ger., 1975, 204 pp, (D7) Jeffery, P. G., "Chemical Methods of Rock Analysis, second ed., Pergamon, New York, 1975, 525 pp. (D8) Kiesl, W.; Malissa, H., Jr., "Anaiyse Extraterrestrischen Materials", Springer-Veriag, New York, 1974, 326 pp. (D9) Levinson, A. A,, "Introduction to Exploration Geochemistry", Applied Publishing Co., Box 5546, Calgary. Alberta, Canada, 1974, 612 pp.
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(D10) Perrin, M. B., "An Introduction to the Chemistry of Rocks and Minerals", Halsted/Wiley, New York, 1975, 98 pp. (D11) Popov, N. P.; Smoliarova, I. A., Ed., "Chemical Analysis of Rocks and Minerals", Nedra, Moscow, USSR, 1974, 248 pp; English translation by U.S. Geological Survey; avail. NTIS, Chicago, Hi. (D12) Schroll, E., "Analytische Geochemie; Band I. Methodik", Ferdinand Enke Verlag, Stuttgart, Germany, 1975, 292 pp. (D13) Shapiro, 'L,, "Rapid Analysis of Silicate, Carbonate, and Phosphate Rocks", Rev. ed.; U.S. Geoi. Survey Bull., 1401, 1975, 76 pp. (D14) Tugarinov, A. I., "Recent Contributions to Geochemistry and Analytical Chemistry", Halsted/ Wiley, New York, 1975, 640 pp. (015) Ward, F. N., Ed., "New and Refined Methods of Trace Analysis Useful in Geochemical Exploration", U.S. Geoi. Survey Bull., 1408, 1975, 105 PP. (D16) Wenden, D. A.. "The Chemical Analysis of Geological Materials", Rep. No. 18, Institute of Mining Research, Univ. of Rhodesia, P.O. Box MP 167, Mount Pleasant, Salisbury, Rhodesia, 1975, 53 PP. (D17) Kuznetsov, V. A,, Ed., "Methods of Geochemical Analyses of Rocks and Natural Waters", Akad. Nauk Byeloruss., SSR, Minsk, Byeloruss. SSR, 1974, 182 pp; Chem. Abstr., 85:153513. (D18) Klika, Z.,"Principles of selected analytical methods used in silicate analyses. I. Major constituents", Sb. Ved. Pr. Vys. Sk. Banske Ostrave, Rada Horn.-Geoi., 21, 37-59 (1975); Chem. Abstr., 85: 115978. (D19) Westbrook, W. T.; Jefferson, R. H.; Birr, A. L., "Wet Chemical Methods for Analyzing Taconite, Iron Ore, and Metallurgical Products", U.S. Bur. Mines inf. Circ., 8665, 1975, 30 pp. Appendix E. Selected Analytical Method Handbooks, Texts, and Collected Monographs (El) Baldinus, J. G.; et al., "Treatise on Analytical Chemistry, Pt. 2", Wiley, New York, 1976, 509 PP. (E2) Baiulescu, G. E.; Nascutiu, T., Ed. Tehn., Bucharest, Rom., 1974, 212 pp; Chem. Abstr., 83:90407d. (E3) Bark, L. S., Ed., Selected Annual Reviews of the Analytical Sciences, Voi. 3, The Chemical Society, Letchworth, England, 1975, 162 pp. (E4) Bark, L. S., Ed., Selected Annual Reviews of the Analytical Sciences, Vol. 4, The Chemical Society, Letchworth, England, 1976, 73 pp. (E5) Campbell, B., Ed., "CRC Critical Reviews in Analytical Chemistry", Vol. 5, 1975; Vol. 6, 1976. (E6) Cateiani, D.; Colombi, A,, "Elements of Instrumental Analytical Chemistry", L' Ed. Sci. L. e G. Guadagni, Milan, Italy, 1974, 128 pp, (E7) Charlot, G., "Chimie Analytique Quantitative. Volume 1. Methodes Chimiques et Physico-Chimiques Volume II. Methodes Selectionnees. D'Anaiyse Chimique Des Elements", Vol. 1, 325 pp, Vol. Ii, 571 pp. Masson et Cie, Paris, 1974. (E8) Erdey, L.; Mazor, L., "Analytical Handbook. Methodology", Muszaki, Budapest, Hungary, 1974, 942 pp. (E9) Ewing, G. W., "instrumental Methods of Chemical Analysis", 4th ed., McGraw-Hili. New York, 1975, 672 pp. (E10) Fifield, F. W.; Kealey, D., "Principles and Practice of Analytical Chemistry", International Textbook Go., London, England, 1976, 378 pp. (El 1) Franson, M. A,, Managing Ed., "Standard Methods for the Examination of Water and Wastewater", 14th ed., Am. Public Health Assoc., Am. Water Works Assoc., Water Pollution Control Fed.; APHA, Washington, D.C., 1976, 1193 pp. (E12) Hanson, N. W., Ed., "Official, Standardised, and Recommended Methods of Analysis", The Chemical Society, Letchworth, England, 1973, 897 PP , (E13) Horwitz. W.. Ed., "Official Methods of Analysis", 12th ed., Assoc. Official Anal. Chemists, Washington, D.C., 1975, 1094 pp. (E14) Koch, 0. G.; Koch-Dedic G. A,, "Handbook der Spurenanalyse", 2nd ed., Vol. 1 and 11, Springer-Veriag, New York, 1974, 750 and 846 PP. (E15) Kolthoff, I. M.; Elving. P. J., Ed., with the assistance of Sandell, E. B., "Treatise on Analytical Chemistry", Part 1, Vol. Xi, Wiley, New York, 1975, pp 6533-7232. (E16) Kolthoff, I. M.; Sandell, P. J., Ed., Stross, F. H., "Treatise on Analytical Chemistry", Part 3, Vol.
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3, "Analytical Chemistry in Industry", Wiley, New York, N.Y., 1976, 608 pp. (E17) Korte, F., Editor-in-Chief, "Methodicum Chimicum. Vol. 1, Analytical Methods. Part A. Purification, Wet Processes, Determination of Structure. Part E: Micromethods, Biological Methods, Quality Control Automatization", Academic Press, New York, 1974, pp 628 and 629. (E18) Laitinen, H. A,; Harris, W. E., "Chemical Analysis, 2nd ed., McGraw-Hill, New York, 1975, 640 pp. (E19) Loginov, N. Ya.; Voskresenskii, A. G.; Soiodkin, I. S., "Analytical Chemistry", Prosveshchenie, Moscow, USSR, 1975, 475 pp, (E20) Lyaiikov, Yu, S., "Physiochemical Methods of Analysis". 5th ed., Khimiya, Moscow, USSR, 1974, 536 pp. (E21) Mann, C. K.; Vickers, T. J.; Gulick, W. M., "Instrumental Analysis", Harper and Row, New York, 1974, 766 pp. (E22) Mulvey, T.; Webster, R. K., Ed., "Modern Physical Techniques in Materials Technology", Oxford Univ. Press, New York, 1974, 321 pp. (E23) Nicol, A. W., "Physico-Chemical Methods of Mineral Analysis", Plenum Press, New York, 1975,484 pp. (E24) NIOSH Manual of Analytical Methods, HEW Publication No. NIOSH 75-75-121, NIOSH Office of Technical Publications, Cincinnati, Ohio, 1974. (E25) Olsen, E. D., "Modern Optical Methods of Analysis", McGraw-Hill, 1975, 640 pp, (E26) Pecsok, R . L.; et al., "Modern Methods of Chemical Analysis", 2nd ed., Wiley, New York, 1976, 573 pp. (E27) Peters, D. G.; Hayes, J. M.; Hieftje, G. M., Chemical Separations and Measurements: Theory and Practice of Analytical Chemistry, Saunders, Philadelphia, Pa., 1974, 749 pp. (E28) Pietrzyk, D. J.; Frank, C. W., "Analytical Chemistry: An Introduction", Academic, New York, 1974, 668 pp. (E29) Shapiro, S.; Gurich, Ya, "Analytical Chemistry", 2nd ed., Mir, Moscow, USSR, 1975,559 pp, translated from Russian; Ch. Abstr., 84: 159294e. (E30) Simmons, I. L.; Ewing, G. W., Ed., "Progress in Analytical Chemistry", Proc. Conf., Plenum Press, New York, 1976, 336 pp. (E31) Svehla, G., Ed., "Wilson and Wilson's Comprehensive Analytical Chemistry", Vol. 3, Elsevier, New York, 1975, 399 pp. (E32) Svehia, G., Ed., "Wilson and Wilson's Comprehensive Analytical Chemistry", Vol. IV, Eisevier, New York, 1975, 374 pp. (E33) Svehla, G., Ed., "Comprehensive Analytical Chemistry", Vol. V, Elsevier, New York, 1975,383 PP. (E34) Svehia, G., Ed., "Wilson and Wilson's Comprehensive Analytical chemistry", Voi. VII, Elsevier, New York. 1976, 322 pp. (E35) West, T. S., Ed., "International Review of Science, Physical Chemistry, Series Two, Vol. 12: Analytical Chemistry Part l " , Sevenoaks: Butterworth, 1976, 334 pp. (E36) Winefordner, J. D., Ed., "Trace Analysis", Wiiey, New York, 1976, 484 pp. (E37) Witekova, S., "Chemical Analysis", Pts. !, 11, Ill, 2nd ed., Wyd. Nauk, Warsaw, Pol., 1974, 1155 pp; Chem. Abstr., 85:103460]. (E38) Zolotov, Yu. A,; Petrikova, M. N., Ed.. "Advances in Analytical Chemistry", Nauka, MoScow, 1974, 361 pp. Appendix F. General Reviews of lnorganlc and Geochemical Analysls (FI) Piiipenko, A. T.; Voikova, A. I., "Development of Analytical Chemistry in 1973", Zavod. Lab., 40, 1297-322 (1974). (F2) Pilipenko, A. T.; Volkova, A. I., "Development of Analytical Chemistry in 1974". Zavod. Lab., 41, 1425-50 (1975) Chem. Abstr., 85:40320n. (F3) Alimarin, I. P.; Zolotov, Y. A., Zh. Anal. Khim., 30, 1253-9 (1975). (F4) Davydov, A. V.;Belyaev, Yu. I., Zh. Anal. Khim., 31, 213-19 (1976). (F5) Keyzer, H., Chem. N.Z., 38, 84-8 (1974); Chem. Abstr., 83:145019v. (F6) Karasek, F. W., Res./Dev., (7), 20-24 (1975). (F7) Deleted in revision. (F8) Beicher, R., Proc. 5th Ceram. Chemists Conf., Spec. Publ., 86, Brit. Ceram. Res. Assoc., 141-57 (1974). (F9) Jpn. Anal., 1R-250R (1974). (F10) Tohyama, K., Zairyo. 23, 817-27 (1974);
ANALYTICAL CHEMISTRY, VOL. 49, NO. 5 , APRIL 1977
Chem. Abstr., 83:67628x. ( F l l ) Alimarin, I. P., Chem. Anal. (Warsaw), I S , 714-37 (1974). (F12) Kovatsits, M.; Horvath, M.; Vajda, F.,Banyasz. Kohasz. Lapok, Banyasz., 108,321-4 (1975); Chem. Abstr., 83:187753b. (F13) Minczewski, J., Chem. Anal. (Warsaw), t9, 1119-29 (1974); Chem. Abstr., 83:132493r. (F14) Saupe, K., Giesserei, 61, 784-7 (1974); Chem. Abstr., 83:92509s. (F15) Perez-Bustamante, J. A,. /on (Madrid), 35, 260-9 (1975); Chem. Abstr., 83:172049c. (F16) Gabriel, G., Chem. Ztg., 99, 495-502 (1975); Chem. Abstr., 84:159121w. (F17) Shuman, M. S.; Fogleman, W. W., J. Water Poll. Contr. Fed., 48, 999-1037 (1976). (F18) Minear, R . A.; Henderson, J. S.; Mcintyre, C. L.; Rose, R. R., J. Water Pollut. Contr. Fed. (Literature Review h u e ) , 1118-1161, (1975). (F19) Laitinen, H. A., "Analytical Techniques for Heavy Metals other than Mercury", in Proc. of the MI. Conf. on Heavy Metals in the Aquatic Environment, Nashville, Dec. 1973, P. A. Krenkel, Ed., Pergamon, New York, 1975, pp 73-80. (F20) Coleman, R . F., Anal. Chem., 46, 989A-996A (1974). (F21) Knippenberg, W. F., Philips Tech. Rev., 34, 298-304 (1974). (F22) Biyum, I. A.; Zolotov, Yu. A,, Zh. Anal. Khim., 31, 159-69 (1976). (F23) Zolotov, Yu. A.; Blyum, I. A,, Pure Appl. Chem., 44, 671-84 (1975). (F24) American Society for Testing and Materials, Proc. 76th Ann. Meeting, Philadelphia, Pa., 1973, Spec. Tech. Pubi., 564, 1974. (F25) LaFieur, P. D., Ed., "Accuracy in Trace Analysis: Sampling, Sample Handling, Analysis"; 2 vol., Proc. 7th Mater. Res. Symp., National Bureau of Standards, Gaithersburg, Md., Oct. 7-1 1 , 1974; NBS Spec. Publ. 422, U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington, D.C., 1976, >I293 pp. Appendix G. Selected References on the Analysis of Geological Materials (Gl) Ohta, K.; Suzuki, M., Taianta, 22, 465-9 (1975). (G2) Belyaev, Yu. i.; Oreshkin, V. N.; Vnukovskaya, G. L., Zh. Anal. Khim., 30, 503-7 (1975). (G3) Kolihova, D.; Dudova, N.; Janouskova, J.; Sychra, V.. Chem. Listy, 69, 613-22 (1975). (G4) Sanzolone, R. F . ; Chao, T, T., Anal. Chim. Acta, 86, 163-8 (1976). (G5) Sychra, V.; Janouskova, J.; Kolihova, D.; Dudova, N.; Marek, S.,Chem. Listy, 69, 623-6 (1975). (G6) Corbett, J. A.; Godbeer, W. C.; Watson, N. C., Australas. Inst. Mining Met., Proc., 250, 51-4 (1974); Chem. Abstr., 83:85586r. (G7) Robert, R . V. D.; Mallett. R . C., Natl. Inst. Metali., Repub. S. Ah., Rep. No., 1746, 1975, 4 PP. (G8) Kunzendorf, H., Dan, A. E. C., Res. Estabi. Risoe, Risoe-1610, 125 pp, 1973; Chem. Abstr., 83:179907u. (G9) Schweizer, V. B., At. Absorpt. Newsl., 14, 137-141 (1975). (GIO) Brandvoid, L. A., N.M. Bur. Mines Miner. Resour., Circ., 142, 1-22 (1974). (G11) Kilroy, W. P.; Moynihan, C. T., Anal. Chim. Acta, 83, 389-92 (1976). (G12) Deleted in revision. (G13) Rantala, R. T. T.; Loring, D. H., At. Absorpt. Newsl., 14, 117-20 (1975). (G14) Bristow, Q., J. Geochem. fxplor., 4, 371-83 (1975). (G15) Sinha, B. C., Cent. Glass Ceram. Res. inst. Bull., 21, 101-7 (1974). (G16) Price, W. J., "Atomic Absorption; A Solution to some Refractory Problems", Proc., 5th Ceram. Chemists Conf., Llandudno, 1974, Brit. Ceram. Research Assoc. (Publishers), Spec. Pubi. 86, 5 1-66 (1974). (G17) Eremin, N. I., Mineral. Mag., 40, 312-14 (1975). (G18) Tsong, I. S. T.; McLaren, A. C., Spectrochim. Acta, Part 8, 30, 343-51 (1975). (G19) Kul'skaya, 0. A,; Kozak, S. A., At. Spektrosc. i Spektr. Anaiiz., 113-16 (1974); Chem. Abstr., 83:107858b. (G20) Goiubeva, E. D., Spektrosk. €e Primen. Geofiz. Khim., 104-6, (1975); Chew. Abstr., 85: 71617~. (G21) Watson, A. E.; Russell, G. M., Natl. Inst. Metali., Repub. S. Afr., Rep., 1656, 1974, 14 pp.
(G22) So, C. S.;Paik, Y. H., Chijil Hakhoe Chi, I O , 169-84 (1974); Chem. Abstr., 83:107707b. (G23) Kuppusami, G.; Mevelle, G.; Chouard, C., Anal. Chem., 48, 1325 (1976). (G24) De Pablo Galan, L., Dev. €con. Geol., 1974 (Publ. 1975); Chem. Abstr., 84:83670b. (G25) Scott, R. H.; Kokot, M. L., Anal. Chim. Acta, 75, 257-70 (1975). (G26) Reed, S. J. 6.; Ware, S.G., J. Petrol., 16, 499-519 (1975). (G27) Nicholls, I. A,, Chem. Geol., 14, 151-7 (1974). (G28) Guelacar, 0. F., Anal. Chim. Acta, 73, 255-64 (1974). (G29) Stern, W. B., X-Ray Spectrometry, 5, 56-80 (1976). (G30) Brenner. I. 6.; Argov, L.; Eldad, H., Appl. Spectrosc., 29, 423-426 (1975). (G31) Levinson, A. A.; De Pablo, L., J. Geochem. Explor., 4, 399-408 (1975). (G32) Stoch, H., "An Evaluation of the XRF Analysis of Rocks & Silicates under Routine Conditions", Report No. 1719, National Institute of Metallurgy, Johannesburg, South Africa, 1975, 26 pp. (G33) Tsong, I. S.T.; McLaren, A. C., Spectrochimica Acta, Part B, 30, 343-51 (1975). (G34) Gribble, G. W., U S N.T.I.S., PB Rep. No. 237003/9GA, 1974, 91 pp. (G35) Gunn. B. M., in LaFleur (F-25), pp 11091118. (G36) Hebert, A. J.; Street, K., Jr., Anal. Chem., 46, 203 (1974). (G37) Rozova, 0. F.; Smagunova, A. N.; Popova, V. I., et al., Zavod. Lab., 41, 417-20 (1975). (G38) Lavrent'ev, Yu. G.; Pospelova, L. V.; Sobolev, N. V.; Mallkov, Yu. I., Zavod, Lab., 40, 657-61 (1974). (G39) Gregory, P. P.; Ereiser. J. A,, Can. J. Spectrosc., 19, 52-56 (1974). (G40) Pooley, F. D., Ann. Occup. Hyg., 18, 181-6 (1975); Chem. Absfr., 85:71644d. (G41) Zaitsev, E. I.;Kurochkin, S.S.;Dneprovskii, I. S.;Margolin, E. M., Zavod. Lab., 40, 1339-43 (1974). (G42) Bacso, J.; Balogh, K., Radioanal. Chem., 22, 157-64 (1974). (G43) Pyatkov, A. G.; Romanenko, I. M.; Shushpanov. A. P.; Lukash, V. I.,Zavod. Lab., 41,431-3 (1975). (G44) Robert, M., Ann. Agron., 28, 363-99 (1975). (G45) Gorbunov, N. I.; Sergeenko, V. T.; Tikhonov, S. A., Pochvoved. Agrokhim., 11, 138-49 (1974); Chem. Abstr., 83:90345g. (G46) Lorimer, G. W.; Cliff, G., "Analytical electron microscopy of minerals"; H. R. Wenk, Ed., Proc. Symp. Electron Microsc. Mineral, 1974; (Pub. 1976), pp 506-19. (G47) Yoshida, M.; Murota, M., J. Geosci., Osaka
City Univ., 19, 81-7 (1975); Chem. Abstr., 84: 173323. (G48) Langer, K.; Baumann, P., Fresenius' Z. Anal. Chem., 277, 359-68 (1975). (G49) Deleted in revision. (G50) Steger, H. F., Talanta, 23, 81-87 (1976). (G51) Deleted in revision. (G52) Hamer, D. H.; Rolle, F. R.; Schelz, J. P., J. Am. lnd. Hyg. Assoc., 37, 296-304 (1976); Chem. Abstr., 85:86567. (G53) Hetenyi, M.; Varsanyi, I., Acta Mineral.Petrogr., 22, 165-70 (1975); Chem. Abstr., 85: 71661. (G54) Nieminen, K.; Yliruokanen, I., Bull, Geol. SOC.Fin/., 46, Pt. 2, 167-76 (1974) (Engl.). (G55) Lund, W.: Salberg, M., Talanta, 22, 1013-16 (1975). (G56) Norwitz, G.; Galan, M., Anal. Chim. Acta, 75, 189-97 (1975). (G57) Molnar. E., Acta Mineral.-Petrogr., 21, 259-67 (1974); Chem. Abstr., 83:21694. (G58) Deferne, J., Schwelz. Strahler, 3, 440-6 (1975); Chem. Abstr., 84:11726. (G59) Piryutko, M. M., Probl. Khim. Sillk., 295-301 (1974); Chem. Abstr., 83:37020. (G60) Onishi, H., in LaFleur, Ed., pp 773-790, Ref. (F-25). (G61) Bunseki Kagaku, 23, 828-842 (1974).
Appendix H. Selected References on the Use of Standard Reference Materials in lnorganlc Analysis (HI) Abbey, S.,"Studies in Standard Samples of Silicate Rocks and Minerals. Part 4: 1974 Edition of Usable Values", Geol. Survey of Canada, Paper 74-41, 1975, 23 pp. (H2) Anderson, D. H.; Murphy, J. J.; White, W. W., Anal. Chem., 48, 116 (1976). (H3) Beles, J., Hutn. Llsty, 30, 580-5 (1975); Chem. Abstr., 85:157229t. (H4) Belyaev, Yu. I.; Shcherbakov, V. I.; Makarova, L. A,, Zh. Anal. Khim., 31, 230-35 (1976). (H5) Brenner, I. 6.; Eldad, H.; Argov, L.; Harel, A,; Assuns, M., AppL Spectrosc., 29, 82-85 (1975). (H6) Cali, J. P., Anal. Chem., 48, 802A-804A, 808A. 810A, 812A, 814A, 816A. 818A (1976). (H7) Cali, J. P.; Reed, W. P., "The Role of the National Bureau of Standards: Standard Reference Materials in accurate Trace Analysis", in LaFleur, Editor, pp 41-63, Ref. F-25. (He) Cali, J. P.; Mears, J. W.; Michaelis, R . E.; Reed, W. P.; Seward, R. W.; Stanley, C. L.; Yolken, H. T.; Ku. H. H., "The Role of Standard Reference Materials in Measurement Systems", Natl. Bur. Stand. (U.S.),Monogr., 148, 1975, 50 pp. (H9) Chalmers, R. A,, "Standards and Stan-
dardization in Chemical Analysis", in "Wilson and Wilson's Comprehensive Analytical Chemistry", G. Svehla, Ed., Vol. 111 Elsevier, New York, 1975, pp 185-223. (HIO) Christie, 0. H. J., Talanta, 22, 1048-50 (1976). (HI 1) de la Roche, H.; Govindaraju, K., Analusis, 8, 347-372 (1976). (H12) Douglas, L. A,. Adv. X-Ray Anal., 17, 88-96 (1974). (H13) Flanagan, F. J., Editor, "Descriptions and Analyses of Eight New USGS Rock Standards", U.S. Geol. Surv. Prof. Paper, 840, 192 pp, (1976). (H14) Geostandards Newsletter, published by Working Group, Analytical Standards of Minerals, Ores, and Rocks, Association Nationale de la Recherche Technique, 101, Avenue Poincare. 751 16 Paris, France; Vol. 1. No. 1, July 1976. (H15) Gillieson, A. H., Adv. X-Ray Anal., 17, 16-19 (1974). (H16) IUPAC, Pure Appl. Chem., 41, 395-403 (1975). (H17) Leipunskaya, D. I.; Drynkin, V. I.; et al., J. Radioanal. Chem., 26, 293-304 (1975). (H18) Marr, H. E., Ill; Campbell, W. J.; Neylan, D. L., Adv. X-Ray Anal., 17, 247-57 (1974). (H19) Perrault, G.; Herbert, P.; Kubat, V., Can. J. Spectrosc., 19, 63-7 (1974). (H20) Pliner, Y. L.; Stashkova. N. V.; Fedorova, N. D.; Kuz'min, I, M., Zavod. Lab., 41, 1331-3 (1975). (H21) Rubeska, I., Analusis, 4, 314-19 (1976). English. (H22) Schindler, R.; Scheutzow, R., 2.Angew. Geol., 21, 130-6 (1975). (H23) Seward, R. W., Ed., "Standard Reference Materials and Meaningful Measurements", (NBS408). Proc. 6th Materials Res. Sym., Nov. 1973, Gaithersburg, Md., GPO, 1975, 811 pp, (H24) Steiger, H. F., Talanta, 23, 643-8 (1 976). (H25) Stepin, V. V.; Kir'yanova, L. A,; Kryglova, M. N.; Petrova, N. P., Stand. Obraztsy, Chern. Metall., 2, 10-15 (1973); Chem. Abstr., 83:180648w. (H26) Stoch, H., "The preparation and analysis of minerals for use as reference material, progress report No. 3", Report No. 1803, National Institute for Metallurgy, Johannesburg, S.Africa, 1976. (H27) Stoch, H.; Steele, T. W.; Copelowitz, I., "The establishment of preferred values for a series of rare-earth samples", Report No. 1807, National Institute for Metallurgy, Johannesburg, S. Africa, 35 PP ( 1976). (H28) Taylor, J. K.; Deardorff, E. R.; Durst, R. A,; Maienthal, E. J.; Rains, T. C., "Simulated precipitation reference standards", U S . NTIS, PB Rept. PB 248743, 1975. 25 pp. (H29) Yolken, H. T., Adv. X-RayAnal., 17, 1-15 (1974).
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