Insect Pheromone Technology - American Chemical Society

9 Formulations and Equipment for Large Volume Pheromone Applications by Aircraft A . F . K Y D O N I E U S , J. M. G I L L E S P I E , M . W . B A R R Y , and J . Hercon Division, Health-Chem Corporation, New York, NY 10010

WELCH—

T. J . H E N N E B E R R Y — U . S . Dept. of Agriculture, Western Cotton Research Laboratory, Phoenix, AZ 85040

Downloaded by PURDUE UNIV on August 28, 2014 | http://pubs.acs.org Publication Date: June 18, 1982 | doi: 10.1021/bk-1982-0190.ch009

B . A . L E O N H A R D T — U . S . Dept. of Agriculture, Beltsville Agricultural Research Laboratory, Beltsville, MD 20705

The U.S. Environmental Protection Agency has issued Registrations and Experimental Use Permits for seven Hercon controlled release pheromone formulations of Disrupt (flake) for population suppression by mating disruption of pink bollworm, gypsy moth, western pineshoot borer, peachtree borer, spruce budworm, artichoke plume moth, and tobacco budworm. Application rates range from 13 to 220 grams of flakes/acre with 1.5 to 10 grams pheromone (active ingredient) /acre, flake sizes from 1/32 to 1/4 inch, and duration of effectiveness from 2 weeks to 4 months. Special equipment was designed to apply all of the flake sizes from aircraft at any rate from 10 to 300 grams/acre. The equipment features ease of application, 300-acre capacity/mission, and quick clean-up and turnaround, all of which are c r i t i c a l for commercial acceptance. Acrylic emulsion stickers, compatible with the dispensing machinery, were developed for use with the flake; the stickers do not appreciably alter pheromone release rates. Illustrations of mating disruption are presented. D u r i n g t h e p a s t s e v e r a l y e a r s , t h e r e h a v e b e e n numerous r e p o r t s d e s c r i b i n g the d i s r u p t i o n o f mating o f important insect p e s t s by p e r m e a t i n g t h e a i r w i t h m i n u t e amounts o f pheromone. In t h i s approach, pheromone-emitting p a r t i c u l a t e s a r e broadcast o n t o c r o p s r e q u i r i n g p r o t e c t i o n f r o m i n s e c t s ; t h e pheromone e n t e r s t h e a t m o s p h e r e a b o v e t h e c r o p , a n d i n s e c t s f i n d thems e l v e s u n a b l e t o f o l l o w t h e pheromone t r a i l s t h a t n o r m a l l y l e a d them t o a mate. The r e s u l t : a s h a r p d r o p i n m a t i n g , g r e a t l y reduced r e p r o d u c t i o n , and fewer o f t h e i n s e c t p e s t s t o contend with i n the future.

0097-6156/82/0190-0175$06.00/0 © 1982 American Chemical Society

In Insect Pheromone Technology: Chemistry and Applications; Leonhardt, B., et al.; ACS Symposium Series; American Chemical Society: Washington, DC, 1982.


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The a d v a n t a g e s o f t h i s t e c h n i q u e , when p r o p e r l y u s e d , a r e impressive. Pheromones a r e g e n e r a l l y n o n t o x i c and o n l y s m a l l amounts p e r u n i t a r e a a r e r e q u i r e d . W i t h p h e r o m o n e s , l e s s i n s e c t i c i d e i s n e e d e d t o manage i n s e c t p e s t p o p u l a t i o n s , t h e r e b y d e c r e a s i n g i n s e c t i c i d e c o s t s and r e d u c i n g i n s e c t i c i d e r e s i d u e s t o a minimum. P e r h a p s e v e n more i m p o r t a n t , t h e d e c r e a s e d l e v e l of i n s e c t i c i d e r e q u i r e d t o m a i n t a i n c o n t r o l p e r m i t s the benef i c i a l i n s e c t s t o p e r s i s t i n g r e a t e r numbers, a l l o w i n g them t o a s s i s t i n r e s t r i c t i n g the p r o l i f e r a t i o n of the t a r g e t e d i n s e c t species. There are other advantages, too. W i t h lower l e v e l s of i n s e c t i c i d e , w i l d l i f e a r e n o t a p t t o be a f f e c t e d and e n v i r o n m e n t a l p r o b l e m s a s s o c i a t e d w i t h p e s t i c i d e u s e , e.g., g r o u n d w a t e r c o n t a m i n a t i o n and p e s t i c i d e t r a n s l o c a t i o n , w i l l d e f i n i t e l y be diminished or e l i m i n a t e d . The p o t e n t i a l r e w a r d s o f t h i s a p p r o a c h h a v e , i n t h e p a s t s e v e r a l y e a r s , p r o m p t e d a number o f c o m p a n i e s t o u n d e r t a k e t h e development of a commercial t e c h n o l o g y f o r a p p l y i n g t h e p h e r o mone d i s r u p t a n t , t h e r e b y h a s t e n i n g t h e day when t h i s i m p o r t a n t t e c h n i q u e c a n be f u l l y e x p l o i t e d a s a s a f e r and more e f f i c i e n t means o f p e s t c o n t r o l . S i g n i f i c a n t f e a t u r e s o f e a c h c o m p a n y s s y s t e m a r e 1) t h e method ( o r f o r m u l a t i o n ) u s e d t o r e l e a s e t h e s y n t h e t i c c h e m i c a l d i s r u p t a n t i n t o t h e a t m o s p h e r e , and 2) t h e e q u i p m e n t and a d j u n c t m a t e r i a l f o r a p p l y i n g the pheromonal f o r m u l a t i o n to the crop requiring protection. I n t h i s p r e s e n t a t i o n , we d e s c r i b e t h e s y s t e m d e v e l o p e d by H e r e o n D i v i s i o n o f H e a l t h - C h e m C o r p o r a t i o n , New Y o r k , New Y o r k lOOlOw 1

The

H e r e o n Method f o r C o n t r o l l i n g Pheromone R e l e a s e

The H e r e o n d i s p e n s e r i s a p a t e n t e d 3 - l a y e r p l a s t i c l a m i n a t e w i t h t h e pheromone i n t h e i n n e r l a y e r (1) ( F i g u r e 1) . I t c a n be f a b r i c a t e d i n a v a r i e t y o f s i z e s and s h a p e s ; e.g., a s s m a l l s q u a r e s g e n e r a l l y f o r u s e a s t h e a t t r a c t a n t i n t r a p s , o r when used as a mating d i s r u p t a n t , as a f l a k e (square or oblong) i n s i z e s r a n g i n g f r o m 1/32 t o h i n c h ( F i g u r e 2 ) . I n c a s e s r e q u i r i n g g r e a t e r r a t e s o f pheromone r e l e a s e , t h e l a m i n a t e may even be g r o u n d t o a powder. When t h e d i s p e n s e r s a r e e x p o s e d , t h e pheromone g r a d u a l l y d i f f u s e s o u t t h r o u g h t h e o u t e r l a y e r s o f t h e l a m i n a t e and i s t h e r e b y s l o w l y r e l e a s e d t o t h e a t m o s p h e r e i n a manner s i m i l a r t o t h a t of an i n s e c t s e c r e t i n g i t s l u r e i n t o t h e a i r to a t t r a c t a m a t e . S i n c e most pheromones a r e p o t e n t , v e r y l i t t l e pheromone i s n e e d e d , and t h e d i s p e n s e r s c a n f r e q u e n t l y c o n t a i n enough pheromone t o l a s t a n e n t i r e s e a s o n . L o c a t i o n o f t h e b u l k o f t h e pheromone i n t h e i n n e r l a y e r o f t h e p l a s t i c p r o t e c t s i t f r o m d e g r a d a t i o n by l i g h t , a i r and w e a t h e r . T h i s f e a t u r e c a n be i m p o r t a n t b e c a u s e some pheromones a r e r a t h e r u n s t a b l e ( e . g . , a l d e h y d e s ) , and t h e y h a v e t o be p r o t e c t e d u n t i l r e l e a s e d ,


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Protective Plastic Barrier


Active Agent Reservoir Layer

Figure 1. The Hereon Disrupt pheromone dispenser. Controlled amounts of active agent move from reservoir layer to surface and subsequent diffusion.

Figure 2.

Types of Hereon controlled release dispensers. Key: A, sheet; B, strip or tape; C, wafer; D, confetti; and E, granules or powder.



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e s p e c i a l l y s i n c e d e g r a d a t i o n p r o d u c t s have been f o u n d t o n u l l i f y a t t r a c t i o n o f c e r t a i n pheromones (2) ( 3 ) . A key f e a t u r e o f t h e H e r e o n d i s p e n s i n g s y s t e m i s t h e e a s e o f r e g u l a t i n g t h e pheromone e m i s s i o n r a t e f r o m t h e d i s p e n s e r . T h u s , t h e e m i s s i o n r a t e may be a d j u s t e d by v a r y i n g one o r more o f a v a r i e t y o f p a r a m e t e r s ( 4 ) : 1) t h i c k n e s s o f o u t e r l a y e r s o f t h e d i s p e n s e r s , 2) pheromone c o n c e n t r a t i o n p e r u n i t a r e a o f t h e d i s p e n s e r , 3) s i z e ( a r e a ) o f t h e d i s p e n s e r , 4) amount o f f l a k e a p p l i e d p e r a c r e , 5) t h e p o l y m e r u s e d t o f a b r i c a t e t h e d i s p e n s e r , a n d / o r 6) p o l y m e r s t i f f n e s s . D u r a t i o n o f e f f e c t i v e n e s s may a l s o be e x t e n d e d by i n c r e a s i n g t h e t h i c k n e s s o f t h e i n n e r l a y e r o f t h e d i s p e n s e r , i n e f f e c t i n c r e a s i n g t h e s i z e o f t h e pheromone r e s e r v o i r of each f l a k e . In a d j u s t i n g emission r a t e s , the inherent v o l a t i l i t y of a chemical i s taken i n t o account. F o r e x a m p l e , a compound w i t h an 1 8 - c a r b o n c h a i n w i l l v o l a t i l i z e a t a much l o w e r r a t e t h a n a s i m i l a r compound w i t h a 1 2 - c a r b o n c h a i n . S h o u l d we want t o h a v e e q u a l amounts o f e a c h o f t h e compounds r e l e a s e d p e r u n i t t i m e , we w o u l d h a v e t o make t h e o u t e r l a y e r s o f t h e d i s p e n s e r much t h i n n e r f o r t h e 1 8 - c a r b o n compound t h a n f o r t h e more v o l a t i l e 1 2 - c a r b o n one ( o t h e r t h i n g s b e i n g e q u a l ) . H e r e o n I n s e c t Pheromone M a t i n g - D i s r u p t a n t

Products

H e r e o n D i v i s i o n o f H e a l t h - C h e m C o r p o r a t i o n has been awarded r e g i s t r a t i o n s o r e x p e r i m e n t a l u s e p e r m i t s by t h e U.S. E n v i r o n m e n t a l P r o t e c t i o n Agency f o r m a t i n g d i s r u p t a n t p r o d u c t s f o r t h e following insect species. Platyptilia carduidactyla A r t i c h o k e Plume M o t h Lymantria dispar Gypsy M o t h Synanthedon e x i t i o s a Peachtree Borer Pectinophora g o s s v p i e l l a Pink Bollworm Choristoneura furniferana S p r u c e Budworm T o b a c c o Budworm Heliothis virescens Western Pineshoot Borer Eucosma sonomana T y p i c a l f o r m u l a t i o n s and t e c h n o l o g y p e r t a i n i n g t o m a t i n g disruptant products d e v e l o p e d by H e r e o n f o r t h e a b o v e i n s e c t s a r e d i s c u s s e d below under t h e f o l l o w i n g t h r e e headings: (Disrupt Flake) Flake (Phero-tac Sticker) Sticker D i s p e n s i n g Equipment As has b e e n n o t e d i n v e r y e a r l y w o r k on t h e t e c h n i q u e o f m a t i n g d i s r u p t i o n w i t h pheromones ( 5 ) , t h e t e c h n i q u e w o r k s b e s t when a p p l i e d b e f o r e i n s e c t p o p u l a t i o n s b u i l d up, e.g., e a r l y i n t h e s e a s o n , o r w i t h l o w - l e v e l p o p u l a t i o n s . Use o f pheromone-mating d i s r u p t a n t s d i r e c t l y a g a i n s t h i g h i n s e c t p o p u l a t i o n s i s n o t recommended. However, i n s e c t p o p u l a t i o n s t h a t a r e a l r e a d y h i g h a r e brought t o low l e v e l s w i t h i n s e c t i c i d e s b e f o r e a p p l y i n g t h e pheromone-mating d i s r u p t a n t . Populat i o n l e v e l s may t h e n be h e l d l o w by c o n t i n u e d u s e o f t h e m a t i n g


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disruptant. I t i s a l s o n o t e w o r t h y t h a t pheromones a r e n o t u s e f u l i n a l l i n s t a n c e s ; e.g., when t h e r e a r e t o o many p e s t s p e c i e s t o c o n t r o l s i n c e e a c h s p e c i e s w o u l d r e q u i r e a d i f f e r e n t pheromone. On t h e o t h e r h a n d , t h e r e a r e i m p o r t a n t l a r g e and s m a l l a g r i c u l t u r a l s i t u a t i o n s i n w h i c h pheromones c a n h a v e a v e r y g r e a t i m p a c t . F o r e x a m p l e , pheromones c a n be u s e d a g a i n s t c o t t o n i n s e c t s (6) ( 7 ) , w h i c h r e q u i r e f o r c o n t r o l a b o u t 30% o f a l l t h e i n s e c t i c i d e s u s e d i n t h e U. S., o r t h e y c a n be u s e d a s p a r t o f an i n t e g r a t e d p e s t management p r o g r a m a g a i n s t a v a r i e t y o f o t h e r insect pests.


Disrupt

Flake

Parameters

Flake parameters are adjusted to provide the proper r e l e a s e r a t e f o r e a c h i n d i v i d u a l s p e c i e s ; i . e . , one t h a t w i l l m a i n t a i n a pheromone l e v e l i n t h e a t m o s p h e r e a b o v e t h e c r o p h i g h enough to d i s r u p t i n s e c t communication adequately f o r the d e s i r e d time ( u s u a l l y f o r t h e d u r a t i o n o f t h e i n s e c t m a t i n g f l i g h t o r f o r an e n t i r e season. M u l t i p l e a p p l i c a t i o n s are f r e q u e n t l y needed.). W i t h t e m p e r a t u r e , s u n , w i n d , r a i n , and o t h e r c l i m a t i c f a c t o r s b e i n g v a r i a b l e and i n f l u e n c i n g t h e pheromone r e l e a s e r a t e , *and w i t h t h e s e n s i t i v i t y o f t h e t a r g e t i n s e c t t o i t s own pheromone b e i n g g e n e r a l l y unknown, optimum e m i s s i o n r a t e s f o r t h e d i s p e n s e r s c a n n o t be p r e d i c t e d , and one must r e l y on t h e r e s u l t s of a s e r i e s of f o r m u l a t i o n s w i t h a range of e m i s s i o n r a t e s i n small f i e l d t r i a l s to help s e l e c t a s u i t a b l e d i s r u p t a n t formu lation. New f o r m u l a t i o n s c a n t h e n be compared w i t h s u c c e s s f u l ( e f f e c t i v e ) ones i n t h e l a b o r a t o r y under s t a n d a r d i z e d c o n d i t i o n s t o s e e k an i m p r o v e d p r o d u c t ; e.g., one w i t h a r e l e a s e r a t e e q u i v a l e n t t o an e f f e c t i v e f o r m u l a t i o n , but w i t h a l o n g e r d u r a t i o n of e f f e c t i v e n e s s . T a b l e I p r e s e n t s s i z e s and w e i g h t s ( i n t e r m s o f g r a m s / a c r e ) of Hereon's D i s r u p t f l a k e s t y p i c a l l y used a g a i n s t s i x i n s e c t pests. T a b l e I . T y p i c a l f l a k e s i z e s and d i f f e r e n t insect species

Insect

f l a k e weights used

Flake size

Gypsy moth 1/32" Pink bollworm 1/8" W e s t e r n p i n e s h o o t b o r e r 1/8" Peachtree borer 1/8" A r t i c h o k e plume moth V' T o b a c c o budworm V

χ χ χ χ x χ

against

Flake weight (grams/acre)

3/32" 1/8" 1/8" 1/8" V V 1

21 60 48 14 220 90

A c o m p a r i s o n o f s e v e r a l f o r m u l a t i o n s i n T a b l e I shows how f l a k e s i z e and w e i g h t o f d i s r u p t a n t / a c r e a r e v a r i e d t o a c h i e v e


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a d e s i r e d pheromone e m i s s i o n r a t e . T h u s , t h e g y p s y moth p h e r o mone w i t h 19 c a r b o n atoms i n i t s m o l e c u l e has a r a t h e r low v o l a tility. To p r o m o t e v o l a t i l i z a t i o n o f t h e pheromone, t h e o u t e r l a y e r s o f g y p s y m o t h f l a k e s a r e made t h i n ( e v i d e n c e d by l e s s g r a m s / a c r e o f f l a k e b e i n g a p p l i e d ) , and t h e f l a k e s a r e s m a l l i n s i z e , o n l y 1/32 χ 3/32 i n c h . (The s m a l l e r t h e f l a k e , t h e more edge o f t h e l a m i n a t e i s e x p o s e d , and t h e g r e a t e r t h e e m i s s i o n rate.) The pheromone o f t h e t o b a c c o budworm m o t h w i t h 14- and 1 6 - c a r b o n - a t o m m o l e c u l e s i s much more v o l a t i l e t h a n t h e g y p s y moth pheromone. T h e r e f o r e , i t s pheromone e m i s s i o n f r o m t h e f l a k e i s impeded more by f a b r i c a t i n g t o b a c c o budworm f l a k e s w i t h t h i c k e r o u t e r l a y e r s and a l a r g e r s i z e ( V s q u a r e ) t h a n g y p s y moth flakes. The d a t a i n F i g u r e 3 i l l u s t r a t e a n o t h e r means o f c o n t r o l l i n g r e l e a s e r a t e s o f f l a k e s - by u s i n g d i f f e r e n t p o l y m e r s . T h u s , t h e r e l e a s e r a t e o f t o b a c c o budworm pheromone was l e s s t h a n h a l f as much f r o m an a c r y l i c d i s p e n s e r t h a n f r o m a v i n y l one ( o t h e r t h i n g s b e i n g e q u a l ) .


1

Phero-tac

Sticker

The a p p l i c a t i o n o f t h e D i s r u p t f l a k e o n t o c r o p s c a n be from the ground or from a i r c r a f t ( w i t h the l a t t e r p r o b a b l y being the only l a r g e - s c a l e p r a c t i c a l approach). In e i t h e r case, i t i s n e c e s s a r y f o r t h e i n d i v i d u a l f l a k e o r o t h e r pheromonee m i t t i n g p a r t i c u l a t e t o a d h e r e t o t h e l e a v e s o f t h e c r o p upon i m p a c t , a s f l a k e s f a l l i n g on t h e g r o u n d a r e n o t e f f e c t i v e , o r much l e s s e f f e c t i v e , i n d i s r u p t i n g m a t i n g . H e r e o n s P h e r o - t a c s t i c k e r was d e v e l o p e d t o a c c o m p l i s h t h e d e s i r e d d e l i v e r y o f f l a k e s o n t o t h e f o l i a g e w i t h enough " g r e e n t a c k " to cause each p a r t i c l e to s t i c k . The d e l i v e r y o p e r a t i o n r e q u i r e s t h e e x e r c i s e o f s o m e j u d g e ment. F l a k e s a p p l i e d i n a c o o l c l i m a t e ( e . g . , a t 20 C) w i l l l o s e l e s s l i q u i d c a r r i e r i n passage through the a i r than f l a k e s a p p l i e d i n a hot c l i m a t e ( e . g . , a t 35° C ) . The d i f f i c u l t y i n hot c l i m a t e s i s t h a t t h e s t i c k e r on t h e f l a k e may s e t ( o r d r y ) c o m p l e t e l y b e f o r e l a n d i n g and n o t s t i c k t o t h e f o l i a g e . I n c o o l c l i m a t e s , t h e f l a k e s must h a v e enough t i m e on t h e l e a v e s f o r t h e s t i c k e r t o s e t ( d r y o r c u r e c o m p l e t e l y and become w a t e r i n s o l u ble) b e f o r e being subjected to r a i n ( s t i c k e r i n emulsion form w i l l be removed by r a i n ) . T h u s , a p p l i c a t i o n s s h o r t l y b e f o r e a r a i n must be a v o i d e d t o p r e v e n t w a s h o f f o f f l a k e s b e f o r e t h e s t i c k e r s e t s ; e x c e s s i v e l i q u i d i n the emulsion i s l i k e w i s e not h e l p f u l b e c a u s e i t e x t e n d s t h e s e t t i n g t i m e and t h e f l a k e s may f a l l o f f the l e a v e s before the glue s e t s . H e r e o n has c i r c u m v e n t e d much o f t h e d i f f i c u l t y a s s o c i a t e d w i t h d e l i v e r y o f t h e f l a k e t h r o u g h t h e u s e o f n e w l y and s p e c i a l l y d e s i g n e d e q u i p m e n t and f o r m u l a t i o n s . The e q u i p m e n t , t o be d e s c r i b e d l a t e r , c o v e r s t h e f l a k e w i t h enough o f t h e s t i c k e r l i q u i d a s i t emerges f r o m t h e f l a k e h o p p e r t o r e t a i n i t s g r e e n 1

Q


KYDONIEUS E T A L .

Large

Volume

Pheromone

Applications


9.

Figure 3. Release rate of virelure flakes from vinyl (Ο) and acrylic ( Q ) Hereon dispensers. Data show release rate of tobacco budworm pheromone.


181

INSECT


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TECHNOLOGY

t a c k upon s t r i k i n g t h e f o l i a g e . This process i s f a c i l i t a t e d t h r o u g h t h e u s e o f an aqueous e m u l s i o n o f t h e s t i c k e r . The emulsion a l l o w s t h e water t o f l a s h evaporate i n f a l l i n g through t h e a i r so t h e r e l a t i v e l y i n v o l a t i l e n o n p o l a r s t i c k e r remains on t h e f l a k e and bonds w i t h t h e l e a f . The f l a k e i s m i x e d w i t h the s t i c k e r i n t h e aqueous e m u l s i o n a u t o m a t i c a l l y a t t h e t i m e of a p p l i c a t i o n . T h i s p r a c t i c e a v o i d s t h e d i f f i c u l t y o f e x c e s s i v e l e a c h i n g o f pheromone f r o m f l a k e when f l a k e a n d s t i c k e r a r e mixed before a p p l i c a t i o n . I t i s apparent that i n c o a t i n g t h e f l a k e w i t h sticker> v o l a t i l i t y o f t h e pheromone may be s l o w e d . U n d o u b t e d l y , t h i s o c c u r s t o some e x t e n t , b u t i t h a s n o t been f o u n d t o be a p r o b l e m w i t h the equipment u s e d , presumably because o f t h e t h i n f i l m o f sticker applied to the flake. Table I I presents data i l l u s t r a t i n g t h i s p o i n t w i t h two d i f f e r e n t t y p e s o f s t i c k e r , one a p o l y butene and t h e o t h e r an a c r y l i c . Release rates of gossyplure w e r e f o u n d t o be v e r y s i m i l a r t o t h e r a t e w i t h no s t i c k e r a t a l l . T a b l e I I . E f f e c t o f two s t i c k e r s o n r e l e a s e r a t e o f g o s s y p l u r e f r o m H e r e o n D i s r u p t F l a k e aged u n d e r l a b o r a t o r y c o n d i t i o n s

Day

Exposed

No s t i c k e r

0 7 14 24

10.4 7.7 6.4 5.2

2 m g / i n c h r ema i n i n g Polybutene 10.4 7.9 6.7 5.0

Acrylic 10.4 7.1 5.6 4.7

A d d i t i o n a l f e a t u r e s o f Hereon's Phero-tac s t i c k e r t h a t a r e of i n t e r e s t a r e t h a t t h e m a t e r i a l i s nontoxic t o p l a n t s o r a n i m a l s , n o n - c o r r o s i v e , a n d i t n e e d s no c l e a n i n g a f t e r u s e . Dispensing

Equipment

The d i s p e n s i n g e q u i p m e n t u s e d o n a i r c r a f t i s shown i n F i g u r e 4. The s t i c k e r l i q u i d , w h i c h i s i n t h e t a n k shown b e l o w t h e f o r w a r d edge o f t h e w i n g , i s m e t e r e d i n t o a m i x i n g chamber l o cated immediately below t h e f u n n e l - l i k e s t r u c t u r e l o c a t e d behind t h e tank. A w i n d - d r i v e n p r o p e l l e r mixes t h e s t i c k e r and t h e f l a k e , w h i c h o r i g i n a t e s i n t h e f u n n e l s t r u c t u r e , and f o r c e s t h e m i x t u r e o u t o f t h e chamber v i a a s c r e w - t y p e a r r a n g e m e n t t o ward a t e r m i n u s e q u i p p e d w i t h a b l a d e - l i k e a r r a n g e m e n t t h a t rotates rapidly i n f l i g h t . With t h e a i d of t h e s l i p stream, t h e blade dispenses t h e f l a k e s as i n d i v i d u a l p a r t i c l e s . L o a d i n g o f s t i c k e r and f l a k e i s a c c o m p l i s h e d by i n s t a l l i n g i n p l a c e pre-packaged u n i t s o f f l a k e and s t i c k e r , making t h e l o a d i n g o p e r a t i o n r a p i d and e f f i c i e n t . I n saving a p p l i c a t i o n t i m e , t h i s f e a t u r e n o t o n l y r e d u c e s t h e c o s t o f t r e a t i n g by



KYDONIEUS E T A L .

Figure 4.

Large

Volume

Pheromone

Applications

Hereon flake-dispensing equipment used on aircraft.


184

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a i r c r a f t , i t a l l o w s t h e d i s t r i b u t i o n o f f l a k e t o be a c c o m p l i s h ed when t i m e a v a i l a b l e f o r a p p l i c a t i o n i s l i m i t e d ; e.g., by weather. F e a t u r e s o f t h e d i s p e n s i n g e q u i p m e n t may be summarized a s follows : E a s y t o i n s t a l l and u s e C a p a c i t y o f 300 a c r e s Lightweight Night operation T u r n a r o u n d o f 15 m i n u t e s Quick cleanup Good f l a k e - s t i c k e r c o v e r a g e F i g u r e s 5 and 6 show t y p i c a l p e r f o r m a n c e o f H e r e o n e q u i p ment i n d i s p e n s i n g f l a k e and s t i c k e r . Output i n each case i s l i n e a r w i t h t h e d i a l s e t t i n g on t h e e q u i p m e n t , a l l o w i n g v e r y c l o s e c o n t r o l o f t h e amount o f f l a k e and s t i c k e r d i s p e n s e d i n flight. Mating D i s r u p t i o n T r i a l s i n the F i e l d w i t h Hereon f l a k e Examples of performance of Hereon f l a k e i n the f i e l d a r e given below. F i g u r e 7 s u m m a r i z e s d a t a on t h e r e l e a s e o f t h e p e a c h t r e e b o r e r pheromone, ( Z , Z ) - 3 , 1 3 - o c t a d e c a d i e n - l - o l a c e t a t e , ODDA), f r o m a H e r e o n f l a k e o v e r a 70-day p e r i o d . F i g u r e 8 p r e s e n t s s i m i l a r d a t a f o r r e l e a s e o f g o s s y p l u r e (1:1 ( Z , E ) - and ( Z , Z ) - 7 , 1 1 - h e x a d e c a d i e n - l - o l a c e t a t e ) , t h e p i n k b o l l w o r m pheromone sex a t t r a c t a n t , f r o m H e r e o n f l a k e o v e r a 3-week p e r i o d . Emission of pheromone i s r e a s o n a b l y u n i f o r m i n b o t h i n s t a n c e s . F i g u r e 9 shows t h e r e s u l t s o f some 1979 t r i a l s i n A r i z o n a i n which p i n k bollworm t r a p c a t c h e s were determined i n c o t t o n f i e l d s t r e a t e d w i t h H e r e o n g o s s y p l u r e f l a k e and i n " c o n t r o l " f i e l d s ; t h e c o n t r o l f i e l d s were a c t u a l l y f i e l d s t r e a t e d w i t h t h e normal regimen of i n s e c t i c i d e s , i . e . , c o n v e n t i o n a l treatment. D i s r u p t i o n of i n s e c t communication f o r mating i s i n f e r r e d from the low l e v e l of i n s e c t c a p t u r e s i n the g o s s y p l u r e - t r e a t e d a r e a s versus the insecticide-treated " c o n t r o l " areas, p a r t i c u l a r l y d u r i n g t h e p e r i o d a f t e r A u g u s t 3. A more r e l i a b l e e s t i m a t e o f e f f e c t i v e n e s s i s shown i n F i g u r e 10, w h i c h shows t h e damage t o t h e c o t t o n ( e x p r e s s e d a s number o f p i n k b o l l w o r m l a r v a e p e r 50 b o l l s ) i n b o t h t h e g o s s y p l u r e - t r e a t e d and t h e " c o n t r o l " p l o t s t h r o u g h o u t t h e 1979 c o t t o n - g r o w i n g s e a s o n . Damage i n t h e p h e r o mone-treated area i s f a r l e s s than i n the " c o n t r o l " a r e a . (Note: F i g u r e 10 i n c l u d e s a s i m u l t a n e o u s e x p e r i m e n t w i t h t o b a c c o b u d worm pheromone ( v i r e l u r e ) , w h i c h i s n o t d i s c u s s e d h e r e . ) T a b l e I I I p r e s e n t s d a t a o b t a i n e d by e x p o s i n g v i r g i n c l i p p e d w i n g p i n k b o l l w o r m a d u l t f e m a l e s on m a t i n g t a b l e s i n t h e f i e l d s treated with gossyplure at several l e v e l s .



9.

KYDONIEUS E T A L .

200

Large

300

Volume

400

500

Pheromone

600

Applications

700

800

900

185

1000

DIAL SETTING Figure 5.

Typical performance of Hereon equipment in output of Hereon Disrupt flake.

20 h Q Ο û. LU

15h

200

300

400

500

600

700

800

900

1000

DIAL SETTING Figure 6.

Typical performance of Hereon equipment in output of Phero-tac sticker.


186

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INSECT

Figure 7.

Release of peachtree borer sex pheromone from Hereon Disrupt flake.


ET AL.

Large

Volume

Pheromone

Applications


KYDONIEUS

Figure 8.

Release of pink bollworm sex pheromone from Hereon Disrupt flake Key: vinyl, · .


188

INSECT

PHEROMONE

TECHNOLOGY

120 —


100 —

•

*

Ζ 80 —

i

α σ 60 Ε =5

40

C

20

ν

I 29

I

I 14

I 19

I 24

I 29

I 3

July

r

I 8

1 13

1 18

1 23

August

Date (1979) Figure 9. Trap catches in cotton fields treated with Hereon gossyplure flake and "control" plots (treated with normal regimen of insecticides). Key: gossyplure treated field (-%-); control field (- · A ' ')>' d date of gossyplure treatment (}). an


ET AL.

Large

Volume

Pheromone

Applications


KYDONIEUS

Date (1979) Figure 10. Damage to cotton by pink bollwarm in gossyplure-treated and "control" plots. Key: treated field (-%-); control field (- · A * '); gossyplure application ( 4 j; and virelure application ( }).


190

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TECHNOLOGY

T a b l e I I I . P e r c e n t p i n k b o l l w o r m f e m a l e s mated i n t h e f i e l d (40-acre p l o t s ) t r e a t e d w i t h gossyplure a t several l e v e l s . Treatment (grams a . i . / a c r e )

Number o f point sources/acre

Percent matings during night a f t e r treatment 2 13 17

PART I


Control 1.0 1.5 2.0

—

1830 2750 12800

Part I I Control 1.2 1.5

2200 9600

25 12 0 0

49 44 3 3

57 36 6 21

0

6

16

68 4 16

79 7 33

35 3 12

Suppress3 i o n i n m a t i n g , shown i n P a r t I o f T a b l e I I I , i n creased as the l e v e l of gossyplure i n c r e a s e d t o 1. 5 gram a . i . / acre. The d e c r e a s e i n m a t i n g s u p p r e s s i o n a t t h e 2 .0 gram comp a r e d t o t h e 1.5 gram a . i . / a c r e l e v e l o n t h e 1 7 t h n i g h t may be a s c r i b e d t o d i s r u p t i o n o f m a t i n g b e i n g more e f f e c t i v e w i t h t h e l e s s e r number o f p o i n t s o u r c e s o r t h e s t r e n g t h o f t h e s o u r c e . A r e p e t i t i o n of t h e experiment (Part I I , Table I I I ) appears t o i n d i c a t e t h a t t h e l e s s e r number o f p o i n t s o u r c e s w i t h h i g h e r pheromone c o n t e n t p e r p o i n t i s t h e i m p o r t a n t f e a t u r e c o n t r i b u t i n g to t h e g r e a t e r suppression o f mating. S i m i l a r e x p e r i m e n t s have b e e n c o n d u c t e d i n w h i c h i n s e c t damage o r m a t i n g s u p p r e s s i o n have b e e n d e m o n s t r a t e d w i t h o t h e r i n sect species. T a b l e I V shows t h a t 7.5 gram a . i . / a c r e was h i g h l y e f f e c t i v e i n s u p p r e s s i n g m a t i n g o f t h e a r t i c h o k e plume moth. T a b l e I V . P e r c e n t a r t i c h o k e plume moths mated i n c o n t r o l and pheromone-treated p l o t s . Pheromone t r e a t m e n t (grams a . i . / a c r e )

Untreated 5 7.5

Percent matings during night a f t e r treatment 1 7 73 20 0

87 22 2

I n a 2 0 0 - a c r e t r i a l i n C a l i f o r n i a c o n d u c t e d i n 1979 w i t h a H e r e o n f o r m u l a t i o n o f t h e pheromone o f t h e w e s t e r n p i n e s h o o t b o r e r , D r . G a r y E. Daterman o f t h e USDA F o r e s t S e r v i c e r e p o r t e d a 99.6% r e d u c t i o n i n m a t i n g b a s e d on t r a p - c a t c h d a t a . Percent c o n t r o l a c h i e v e d , b a s e d on i n f e s t a t i o n s p e r 100 t e r m i n a l s , was f o u n d t o be 8 8 % .


9.

KYDONIEUS E T A L .

Large

Volume

Pheromone

Applications

191

A s e r i e s o f t e s t s w i t h g y p s y moths a t a number o f l o c a t i o n s i n N o r t h e a s t e r n U.S., h a v e s i m i l a r l y shown t h a t m a t i n g o f t h i s i n s e c t c a n be s u p p r e s s e d b y pheromone t r e a t m e n t a n d t h a t t h e treatment i s e s p e c i a l l y e f f e c t i v e i n e r a d i c a t i o n o r suppression of t h e i n s e c t i n newly o r s p a r s e l y i n f e s t e d a r e a s . (See c h a p t e r by J . R. P l i m m e r e t a l . ) .

LITERATURE CITED


1.

2.

3. 4.

5. 6.

7.

Beroza, M; Paszek, E . C . ; Mitchell, E. R.; B i e r l , Β. Α . ; McLaughlin, J. R.; Chambers, D. L . Environ. Entomol. 1974, 3, 926-8. Tumlinson, J. H . ; Mitchell, E . R.; Browner, S. M . ; Mayer, M. S.; Green, N . ; Hines, R.; Lindquist, D. A. Environ. Entomol. 1972, 1, 354-8. Beroza, M . ; Gentry, C. R.; Blythe, J . L.; Muschik, G. M. J. Econ. Entomol. 1973, 66, 1307-11. Kydonieus, A. F. in "Controlled Release Pesticides", ACS Symp. Ser. 53, Scher, Η. Β., E d . , American Chemical Society, Washington, D . C . , 1977, chap. 14. Beroza, M . ; Knipling, E . F. Science 1972, 177, 19-27. Henneberry, T. J.; Gillespie, J . M . ; Bariola, L . Α . ; F l i n t , H. M . ; Lingren, P. D.; Kydonieus, A. F. J. Econ. Entomol. 1981, 74, 376-81. Brooks, T. W.; Doane, C. C . ; Staten, R. T. in "Chemical Ecology: Odor Communication in Animals", Ritter, F. J. E d . , Elsevier/North Holland Biomedical Press, Amsterdam, 1979, 375-88.

Received March 1, 1982.


Insect Pheromone Technology - American Chemical Society

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