Instrumentation '88
The return of the Pittsburgh Conference to New Orleans was marked both by a proclamation of Science Week in New Orleans by Mayor Sidney J. Barthélémy and by inauguration of the Louisiana Science Centre. This year's attendance topped 25,000—fewer than the 32,000 who went to Atlantic City last year but more than the 21,000 who registered when the conference was last in New Orleans in 1985. Among this year's attendees, about 46% were exhibitors, 45% were conferees, and 8%
Capillary electrophoresis
28
Optical spectrometry
37
Analytical chromatography
44
Prep/process chromatography
56
Mass spectrometry
58
were students. Thus, only by including students could one say that conferees outnumbered exhibitors, although a sizable fraction of exhibitor registrants would probably be conferees were they not exhibitors. But if the number of registrants seems to ebb and flow with the conference location, the number of exhibiting firms and booths has continued an unbroken climb. A record 830 companies displayed their wares at 2300 booths in New Orleans, compared with 800 com-
panies and 2014 booths in Atlantic City in 1987 and 730 companies and 1830 booths in New Orleans in 1985. Indeed, the demand for booths this year caused an overflow from the New Orleans Convention Center to the Rivergate Exhibition Center a few blocks away. Free buses shuttled attendees between the two exposition sites as well as among participating hotels. One major firm that was moved from the convention center to the new location was the Waters Division of Millipore. The Milford, Mass., company was concerned enough to take one available booth at the convention center simply to urge conferees to visit its 43-booth display and presentations in four seminar rooms at the Rivergate. Colorfully costumed Waters employees handed out free popcorn from a baroque brass-and-glass machine at the convention center booth as a part of delivering the message. March 7, 1988 C&EN
27
Instrumentation '88 As always, the Pittsburgh Conference & Exposition on Analytical Chemistry & Applied Spectroscopy was sponsored by the Society for Analytical Chemists of Pittsburgh and the Spectroscopy Society of Pittsburgh. Burgeoning growth and the devising of measures to cope with it have characterized the conference from its inception. Founded at the William Penn Hotel in Pittsburgh in 1950, the event expanded to fill all available downtown hotel space by 1967. The organizers opened the 1968 show in Cleveland, where it remained until it outgrew that city by 1980. From 1980 through 1984, the conference was held in Atlantic City, where the exhibits seeped relentlessly, year by year, out of the main area of the convention hall, sideways into annexes and down into the reconverted basement garage. With a move for 1985 to N e w Orleans, the conference seemed to enter a new phase as a true wanderer. It returned to Atlantic City in 1986 and 1987, but the 1989 affair is set for Atlanta, with moves scheduled to New York City in 1990 and possibly to Chicago in 1991. As usual, the Pittsburgh Conference in New Orleans doubled both as a showcase for the latest developments in analytical instruments, chemicals, and materials and as a scientific conference on advances in analytical methods. Notable among new instruments were those for gas and liquid chromatography and for optical and mass spectrometry. Highlights among the 1345 technical papers presented were continued progress in Fourier-transform Raman spectroscopy, a rebirth of interest in Hadamard-transform spectroscopies of all kinds (C&EN, Feb. 29, page 22), and an opening of new vistas in electrophoretic methods by adapting them to capillary formats. These developments in analytical instrumentation and techniques are surveyed in the following sections by C&EN editors Ron Dagani, Stephen Stinson, and Ward Worthy. 28
March 7, 1988 C&EN
Capillary electrophoresis Something magic happens w h e n chemists take electrophoresis out of gel slabs and off plates and put it into capillary tubes. Capillary electrophoresis can develop millions of theoretical plates in reproducible, quantitatively reliable separations taking only minutes to less than an hour with sensitivities on the order of attomoles (10~18 mole). And capillary methods offer possibilities of commercial instruments with automated sample injection, preparative fraction collection, computer-guided control and data acquisition, and mass spectrometric detection.
Capillary electrophoresis thus seems to fill a niche for rapid separations of such ionic species as amino acids, peptides, proteins, and nucleic acids. The most obvious applications will be in biotechnology. But with the addition of surfactants to electrolyte solutions, nonpolar compounds may be separated as well. Indeed, the potential of capillary electrophoresis methods seems so vast that chemists are already arguing about who first discovered these techniques and what to call them now. The first international symposium on high-performance capillary electrophoresis will be held at the Boston Park Plaza Hotel, April 10-12, 1989. Those interested in attending should contact Shirley E. Schlessinger, 400 East Randolph Ave., Chicago, 111. 60601. Dozens of companies are racing to develop automated instruments, but none were exhibited this year
Industry executives view global marketing keting climate evolved from a leveling out of technological capabilities among many countries, increasing costs of developing and marketing new products, and an improved environment for international trade. It is not, he said, that the U.S. had "squandered" its one-time technological advantage. Rather, other countries have caught up with and in some cases overtaken the U.S. Moreover, Chu added, users worldwide have demanded increasingly sophisticated instruments for their advancing industries and basic science. Development of such instruments has forced makers to master more and different technologies, adding to development costs. Marketing such instruments requires better technically educated staff for sales, technical service, and customer training. Many of these added costs are fixed, regardless of how many units are sold. One solution to distributing these added costs has been to export. Factors Chu sees as contributing to improvement in international trade have included adoption of English as a universal language among instrument makers, adherence to the metric system, and a lowering of trade barriers. Chu said the response to the global Chu: other countries have caught up
A walk through the exhibit halls at recent Pittsburgh Conferences would persuade any observer that analytical instrument marketing has become truly global. Three industry leaders explored that global marketing climate at a breakfast hosted in New Orleans by Centcom Ltd., the advertising sales management company for American Chemical Society publications. T. Z. Chu, president and chairman of Finnigan MAT, said that the global mar-
in New Orleans. In fact, a prelimi nary program of the Pittsburgh Con ference listed a paper by scientists at the Brownlee Labs Division of Applied Biosystems, Santa Clara, Calif., describing such an instru ment, but the paper was withdrawn. Everyone seems to agree that zone electrophoresis in open-tube capil laries was first done in 1979 by ana lytical chemistry professor Frans M. Everaerts and coworkers at the Eindhoven University of Technolo gy in the Netherlands. But their relatively wide-bore capillaries gave broad bands, and the sensitivity of their conductivity detector was low. And so, as analytical chemistry professor Andrew G. Ewing of Penn sylvania State University put it in his introductory remarks to the first of two sessions on the field in New Orleans, "Jim Jorgenson was not the inventor, but he was the one who got it rolling, and it's really rolling now." marketing climate should be both worldwide lowering of trade and invest ment barriers and moves by instrument makers to locate manufacturing and R&D activities to countries whose markets they wish to serve. To William Rich, vice president for marketing and sales at Dionex Corp., the approach to the global marketing climate should be for instrument mar keters to learn to manage information, respond to unpredictable change, and avoid being blinded by industry myths. As Rich put it, "How many times have
Rich: learn to manage Information
Analytical chemistry professor James W. Jorgenson of the Univer sity of North Carolina found in 1981 that capillaries of less than 80 μπι inner diameter (ID) eliminated many of the problems of open tubes. Elec trical resistance heat from the high (30-kV) potential used is dissipated uniformly, avoiding development of radial temperature and viscosity gra dients. And molecules diffuse easi ly back and forth between inner zones and walls, preventing setup of laminar flow. In the simplest arrangement, a capillary tube 100 cm long dips at each end into reservoirs of electro lyte solution. The "starting" reser voir is housed in a box with a 0- to 30-kV power supply. (An interlock safety device shuts off power if the box is opened.) A positively charged cathode dips into this reservoir also. A negatively charged anode dips into the end reservoir, connected you heard from your German or French distributor or company manager, 'You can't do that in Germany (or France),' and later discover, in fact, you can?" "My experience suggests," Rich con tinued, "that while an understanding of cultural nuances . . . may be critical in the marketing of consumer goods, sub stantive information about a technical product's applications, specifications, and problem-solving advantages drives the marketing process in the analytical in strument market around the world." Among trends important to instrument marketing, Rich identified biotechnolo gy, the environment, and automation. He quoted the consulting firm of Hambrecht & Quist, which estimates that bioseparations technologies will grow 23% annually to $1.2 billion in 1990 from $507 million in 1986. Separations products for environmental testing will rise 24% per year to $650 million in 1990 from $250 million in 1986. To David Janes, managing director of Fisons Instruments, acquisitions formed the backbone of a global marketing strat egy to grow at once into a $100 millionper-year instrument company. In the past, companies have selected technological niches and then grown organically by reinvestment. But Janes pointed out that organic growth is a slow process, taking a toll
either to ground or back to the pow er supply. Application of a poten tial between the two reservoirs can start a flow of liquid through the capillary toward the end reservoir by electroosmosis. Electroosmosis results from the creation of a layer of electrolyte cat ions next to anionic sites on the silica inner wall. The anionic sites are immobile, leading to a net mi gration of cations to the anode. Transfer of cation momentum to sol vent molecules by collisions causes a flow of the whole liquid toward the end reservoir. The rate of liquid flow from electroosmosis can exceed rates of migration of sample anions back toward the positively charged cath ode in the starting reservoir. Thus, different kinds of anions are car ried toward the end reservoir, be coming separated from one another by their differing mobilities in the in management time devoted to such growth. Moreover, the difficulties of or ganic growth would have been increased by the fragmentation of cultures in Europe. Janes said that acquisitions have giv en Fisons marketing as well as manu facturing and R&D facilities in many parts of the world. These far-flung mar keting arms can be used synergistically to assist sales of all the companies' lines of instruments. Janes cautioned, however, that Fisons must work to keep intact the internal culture that led to the initial success of each acquired firm.
Janes: acquisitions key to growth March 7, 1988 C&EN
29
Instrumentation '88 applied potential field. Sample cat ions are also carried forward and separated. Neutral molecules mi grate as an undifferentiated mass. The most common types of sam ple injection are electrokinetic (based on electroosmosis) and hy drostatic (based on gravity). In elec trokinetic injection, the starting res ervoir is lowered from the vertical capillary tip and a reservoir of elec trolyte with sample is raised so that the capillary dips into it. The elec tric field causes the sample solution to flow into the capillary. After a few seconds, the sample forms a narrow zone at the starting end. The sample reservoir is then replaced by the reservoir contain ing electrolyte only, and electropho resis proceeds. In his paper in New Orleans, Jorgenson showed an au tomatic sample injector with sam ple and electrolyte reservoirs raised and lowered from a rotating tray. Even in his beginning work, Jorgenson noted that electrokinetic injection might not deliver a repre sentative sample. This is because of different mobilities of sample ions moving into the capillary and con ductivity differences between elec trolyte-plus-sample and electrolyte alone. Physical chemist Richard N. Zare of Stanford University has an
alyzed this sample bias mathemati cally [Anal Chem., 60,375 (1988)]. In hydrostatic injection, no elec tric field is applied, but the sample reservoir is raised over the capil lary tip to a greater height than the end reservoir. Sample solution thus siphons into the capillary. Too much sample causes broad ening and tailing of peaks. This lim itation on sample size turns into an advantage in biotechnology, where amounts are limited. But such small samples pose detection problems. Perhaps the most useful detector will turn out to be the mass spec trometer described in New Orleans by group leader Richard D. Smith of Battelle Pacific Northwest Labo ratory, Richland, Wash. Working with research scientists Harold R. Udseth and Clement R. Yonker and postdoctoral associates Charles J. Barinaga and Harlan K. Jones, with support from the De partment of Energy, Smith elimi nated the end reservoir. The group completed the circuit between cap illary tips by vapor deposition of silver around the end tip with a lead going back to the power supply. Electrolyte solution exiting from the capillary tube was subjected to a 3- to 6-kV field for electrospray. The field creates an aerosol of
Capillary zone electrophoresis/MS interface To buffer electrode
HotN2
Electrospray electrical lead (3 to 6 kV)
/
CZE capillary'
1fJ-5 Ton-
Hot N 2
30
March 7,1Ô88C&EN
charged droplets, which travels toward the atmospheric-pressure in let of a mass spectrometer interface. Droplets pass through a stream of warm, dry nitrogen in an anteri or chamber, which evaporates sol vent. Analyte ions expelled by field desorption from shrinking droplets travel first into a quadrupole lens and finally into an analyzing quad rupole. Either cations or anions can be selected for analysis according to field polarity. By optimizing buffer and pH and using single-ion detec tion, the Richland team achieved 620,000 theoretical plates and de tected as little as 10 attomoles of tetrabutylammonium ion in samples of quaternary ammonium salts. Graduate student Paul D. Curry Jr. of Penn State reported on elec trophoresis with electrochemical de tection in New Orleans. Working with Ewing and graduate student Ross A. Wallingford and supported by the National Science Foundation and the National Institutes of Health, Curry used electroosmosis to drive electrolyte solution beyond the end of the electrophoretic electric cir cuit into the detector. The Penn State chemists first slipped a short sleeve of porous glass capillary over the outflow end of the narrower silica electrophoresis capillary. Then, under a microscope, they scored and fractured the silica capillary 1.5 to 2.5 cm from the end. They next fitted the fractured ends together, moved the porous capil lary sleeve over the fracture, and cemented the sleeve in place. Finally, they inserted the capillary assem bly through holes in one side and out the other of a plastic reservoir box and sealed the holes water-tight. Ewing's group inserted the cath ode into the starting reservoir as usual and the anode into the electro lyte-filled box containing the po rous joint. Diffusion through the capillary fracture and surrounding porous glass completed the circuit. Electroosmotic flow pushed electro lyte through the capillary, past the fracture, out of the box, and into an electrochemical detector cell beyond. Within the electrolyte-filled de tector cell, a length of 10-μπι carbon fiber was inserted as one electrode just inside the capillary. Also in the cell was a reference electrode. The
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March 7,1988 C&EN
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J l ^ iiiiiiLiMÎ !Jli ^ Electrochemical detection devised for capillary zone electrophoresis Electroosmosis pushes electrolyte past fractured capillary...
0 to 30 kV
Detection capillary
i-orous glass joint assembly
reparation capillary
. . . and separated components are detected amperometrically Reference electrode Potentiostat
Detection capillary Carbon fiber electrode
electrochemical circuit was completed through a potentiostat. In a separation of catechols and catecholamines, the Penn State researchers detected as little as 6 attomoles with a 12.7-μπ\ ID capil lary. For these relatively nonpolar compounds, they used a borate buf fer with added sodium dodecyl sul fate (SDS). SDS formed micelles, which complexed and transported catechol and catecholamine species. Structures of micelles are highly uncertain, but they behave as if they were spheres with the anionic sul fate groups on the surface and the dodecyl hydrocarbon tails buried in side. According to this model, the sulfate surfaces interact with sur
rounding water, keeping the mi celles in solution. The interior hydrocarbonlike environments "dis solve" less polar molecules. The sulfate surfaces render mi celles anionic, and they are there fore not attracted to the negative anode. But electroosmotic flow over comes this resistance and carries them to the anode. In the work Cur ry reported, the micelles differed in electrophoretic mobility, depending on the specific catechol or catechol amine buried in each. Thus they were separated by the time they arrived at the detection cell. In addition, the Penn State chem ists coated carbon fiber detection electrodes with Nafion, which is a
sulfonated fluoropolymer resin. The anionic sulfonate groups rejected mi celles so that they would not inter fere but admitted catechol and cate cholamine molecules to electrode surfaces for oxidation. If the microscopic manipulations of Ewing's group were exacting, those described by Zare of Stanford were almost impossible. Working with Xiaohua Huang and Manuel J. Gordon and supported by Beckman Instruments, Zare surrounded the outflow end of the capillary with a conduction cell within the end res ervoir and just previous to discharge of liquid into it. Within the cell, platinum elec trodes were implanted precisely op posite one another in the capillary walls. Because the electrophoretic electrical potential field was 300 volts per cm, the slightest deviation in electrode alignment would have produced spurious signals. To Zare, every chemical problem has a laser solution. Huang drilled both holes for the platinum elec trodes at once, straight through the capillary, with a carbon dioxide la ser. Zare remarked that the task was so demanding that only Huang has accomplished it successfully to date. The California chemists used the conduction cell to determine lithi um at 0.7- to 1.2-mM levels in the presence of the normal 144-mM so dium in 20-μί serum samples at four minutes per run, using actual sam ples supplied by the Palo Alto Vet erans Administration Hospital. Lithi um salts are used in management of manic-depressive illness, but se rum levels above 1.2 mM are toxic. In other detection methods, grad uate student Beverly Nickerson de scribed work with Jorgenson and graduate student Donald J. Rose Jr. at North Carolina on fluorescence. With support from NSF and HewlettPackard, Nickerson said they de vised a T-shaped reactor to derivatize analytes as they left the elec trophoresis capillary. The electrophoresis capillary en ters the T-reactor through one end of the crossbar. Colinear with that capillary and partly fitting over the end is a wider bore capillary that leads to the detector. Detection is by fluorescence excited either by the 325-nm (ultraviolet) or 442-nm March 7, 1988 C&EN 35
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to be the first specifically designed for process control applications. Another company has entered the market for ICP-mass spectrometer systems. And Zeeman background correction is available on an increasing number of atomic absorption systems. A number of relatively inexpensive FT-IR spectrometers were introduced this year. In fact, PerkinElmer describes its new 1600 series FT-IR (Circle 201), a stand-alone benchtop instrument with prices starting at $16,500, as "the most affordable high-quality FT-IR spectrometer available today." Features include a sealed and desiccated optical system, advanced electronics, single-key control, and purge-free operation. Software provides interactive graphics and multitasking capabilities. The system's processing capabilities can be expanded by connecting it to an IBM PC or fully IBM-compatible external computer. In a similar vein, Bio-Rad's Digilab division says that its new FTS 7 FT-IR spectrometer (Circle 202), priced at $28,700 and up, is "adaptable and affordable enough for routine, round-the-clock use anywhere." The FTS 7 has a new optical bench, with optional external beam. Digilab's 3200 data system provides access to a full complement of applications software. Operation is completely menu-driven. Accepting a full range of sampling accessories, the instrument can produce spectra for almost any substance,
Instrumentation '88 (blue) line of a helium-cadmium laser. The Chapel Hill researchers lead a solution of o-phthalaldehyde and a mercaptan into the stem of the T-reactor. This solution flows between the outside of the electrophoresis capillary and the detection capillary and mixes with the electrolyte solution containing separated zones of analyte. The three reactants—dialdehyde, mercaptan, and analyte amino acid, peptide, or protein—react to give a fluorescent 1-alkylthio-N-alkylisoindole. Bands of isoindole flow past a short window in the detection capillary where the laser excites fluorescence. By these means, Nickerson and her partners were able to separate and detect amino acids at levels of 4.9 to 94 attomoles. Nickerson commented that this derivatization method leads to peak broadening. But, as she pointed out, Rose has found that the method is still effective for proteins. Proteins have several pendant amino groups, each one of which can react with such fluorescent tags as dansylating (5-dimethylamino-lnaphthalenesulfonylating) reagents. Thus if proteins are dansylated in advance of electrophoresis, one, two, or several such amino groups can react, leading to separation and detection of seemingly different compounds. But with post-column derivatization, proteins are already separated, and thus a single band is detected no matter how many pendant amino groups react. Rose has separated and detected sperm whale myoglobin at levels as low as 93 attomoles, a mere 56 million molecules. In his paper, Jorgenson said that proteins give problems of their own owing to adsorption on silica capillary walls. As little as 5% can lower the number of theoretical plates from 2 million to 100,000. He said such adsorption can be prevented by treating silica capillary interiors with a glycidylsilylating reagent and then opening the epoxy groups. The result is a glycol-coated surface with little affinity for proteins. D
Optical spectrometry In the field of optical spectrometry, several continuing trends were evident at this year's show. Virtually across the board there's a move away from proprietary "closed architecture" data systems and toward "open architecture" systems designed for industry standard microcomputers and minicomputers. Software becomes ever more powerful. Even for relatively unskilled operators, today's spectrometers are easier to run than their predecessors. There's a proliferation of on-line analyzers for industrial process applications. Among molecular spectrometric techniques, Fourier-transform infrared (FT-IR) instruments continue to multiply at the expense of the older dispersive IR instruments. This year, at least one "routine" FT-IR system is available for less than $20,000. A number of new industrially oriented FT-IR systems are available, including low-cost instruments dedicated to the analysis of specific substances. More companies are coupling FT-IR spectrometers to thermogravimetric analyzers. FT-Raman spectrometry is becoming increasingly important. In atomic spectrometry, one company introduced an inductively coupled plasma (ICP) spectrometer said
Spex's FTR/IR spectrometer March 7, 1988 C&EN
37
Instrumentation '88 with 2 cm" 1 resolution over the whole mid-IR range. Because it's compact and rugged, requires no water cooling, and is available in a sealed and desiccated configuration, the FTS 7 is easy to move and can be set up and used almost anywhere there is suitable electric power, Digilab points out. Analect Instruments offers its new RFX-30 (Circle 203), priced in the low $30,000s, as an "entry-level FT-IR." The company notes that the RFX-30, fully usable in its own right, provides almost unlimited potential for capability expansion and performance enhancement through the addition of a wide range of hardware and software modules. This versatility results from the combination of a totally modular optical system with Analect's open-architecture data system. Nicolet Instruments has restructured its FT-IR product line into three major series aimed at different segments of the market: the 500 series of applied systems, the 700 series of research systems, and the 8200 series of dedicated systems. Representing the 500 series are two new benchtop models, the 510 and the 520 (Circle 204). Nicolet notes that the 520 uses a flex-pivot interferometer providing 2 c m - 1 resolution, whereas the 520 has an air bearing interferometer with resolution of 0.4 cm - 1 . System prices range
from $36,000 to $40,000. Both models offer new signal processing electronics. In its 700 series, Nicolet showed two new models, the 710 and 730 (Circle 205), priced from $43,500 to $70,000. Both these research systems incorporate the latest innovations in electronic and optical design, the company says. With both models, as with other 700 series instruments, a computer-controlled external beam allows use of special experiment modules, and an optional emission port allows remote source and emission studies. The 730 provides interchangeable detectors for quick and convenient experiment change. It can be optimized (at time of order) for near-, mid-, or far-IR. Raman spectrometry is a useful complement to IR in the study of molecular vibrations. For example, unlike IR, it can be used to analyze aqueous samples. However, the technique's usefulness has often been limited by side-effect fluorescence that swamped the relatively weak Raman spectra. Recently, the development of near-IR laser sources has made it possible to eliminate fluorescence interference, and has led to the appearance of FT-near-IR Raman spectrometer systems. For example, Spex Industries introduced its FT R/IR (Circle 206), selling for about $80,000. The company notes that the system is in-
Nicolet's model 8210 FT-IR spectrometer for used-oil analysis 38
March 7, 1988 C&EN
tended for industrial as well as research applications. Incorporating a 35-watt continuous-wave Nd:YAG laser for sample excitation and a near-IR version of Bomem's Michelson 100 interferometer, the FT R/IR also includes a Raman sample compartment, a white light alignment aid, a built-in power meter, an indium gallium arsenide detector, a PC/ AT-compatible control system, and an eight-color plotter. Supplied software provides for automation of all FT-Raman experiments, with fingertip control of experimental parameters. Spex notes that the system eventually will be available in a configuration that allows for conventional FT-near-IR as well as FTRaman spectrometry. Similarly, Bruker I n s t r u m e n t s showed its new FRA 106 (Circle 207), a $55,000 accessory for the firm's IFS 66, IFS 88, and IFS 120HR FT-IR spectrometers. The FRA 106 provides keyboard transfer between routine near-IR spectrometry and FT-Raman without time-consuming adjustments. Attached to the side of the FT-IR's optics bench, it includes a near-IR laser, filters, sample holder, and Raman detector. Computercontrolled flip mirrors select IR or Raman modes. Bruker also notes that it has added a step-scan capability to its IFS 88 FT-IR spectrometer (Circle 208), which sells for about $100,000. According to the company, the new step-and-integrate scanner is ideal for photoacoustic depth profiling of plastics, polymers, paper, semiconductors, and other layered samples, and also for time-resolved experiments. Signal modulation frequencies can be varied by more than a decade. More and more, FT-IR-based systems are showing up on the plant floor as well as in the lab. For example, Analect offered its new PCM-4000 process FT-IR systems (Circle 209). Systems include an "environmentally hardened" interferometer that works accurately and reliably under the harshest factory conditions, the firm says. They can provide continuous real-time monitoring of such process variables as chemical compositon, degree of cure, impurity levels, and film thickness. System prices start at about $40,000.
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39
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Perkm-Elme^s Lambda 6 PC high-performance UV-vis spectrophotometer Analect also introduced its EVM6400 FT-IR hazardous gas monitor (Circle 210), configured for rapid measurement of gases in an industrial environment. It can simultaneously monitor up to 15 userspecified gases. When ambient levels exceed standards, the EVM-6400 triggers an alarm and prints reports of concentrations. In routine operation, it provides a variety of reports such as the integrated exposure for each job classification and shift. System prices start at about $40,000. Telos Labs offered its new Telos CEM continuous emission monitor (Circle 211), an on-line FT-IR analyzer priced at about $60,000. The company notes that in a flue-gas mixture the absorption peaks of similar molecules may be too close to resolve with conventional on-line IR analyzers. However, it adds, the CEM isn't conventional. It produces a high-resolution spectrum from 5000 to 550 cm"1. A microcomputer measures absorption peaks at preselected wavelengths, then uses multivariate matrices to identify and measure the components of complex mixtures. The CEM refreshes the data every 45 seconds, or every 30 seconds with an optional highspeed processor. Software accommodates three analytical methods, each for up to 10 chemicals; each method can be assigned to one or more 40
March 7, 1988 C&EN
sample streams. A reference laser ensures wavelength precision; routine recalibration isn't necessary. All functions are automated. Nicolet showed the Model 8210 FT-IR, a $25,000 FT-IR spectrometer specifically designed to analyze used oil samples (Circle 212). The 8210 rapidly acquires a spectrum for a used oil sample, automatically subtracts a reference spectrum for new oil, and performs a multicomponent quantitative analysis on the difference spectrum. Software is programed to analyze for water, carbonyls (oxidation products), glycols (antifreeze), fuel dilution, relative soot level, nitration, and sulfation. The system is said to be more convenient, more accurate, and faster than the dispersive IR instruments previously used for oil analysis. It provides high sample throughput and requires no operator interpretation of results. Last year Nicolet and Digilab introduced systems coupling thermogravimetric analysis with Fouriertransform infrared spectrometry (TGA/FT-IR). This year, three other firms are offering TGA/FT-IR capabilities. Bomem, for example, showed its new TG/plus (Circle 213). Priced at about $78,000, the TG/plus includes a Du Pont 951 TGA with hardware interface, an IR analysis 16-pass gas
cell with transfer optics and adaptors for purge and gas flow, a Bomem Michelson 100 FT-IR spectrometer, and a computer and software. The company notes that the transfer optics are easily removed to allow the instrument to be used as a standard FT-IR spectrometer. Perkin-Elmer offers its TGA/FTIR system (Circle 214). Components include P-E's Model 1700-X FT-IR spectrometer, Model TGA 7 thermogravimetric analyzer, and Model 7700 professional computer. Efficient transfer of evolved gases from TGA to FT-IR is done with a new accessory consisting of a heated transfer line and gas cell, each with its individual temperature control. A standalone system with all those components costs about $120,000. The TGA/FT-IR accessory is available separately for about $12,000. Analect displayed its new Delta26T TGA/FT-IR interface (Circle 215). At the show, the interface coupled a Cahn TGA and an Analect RFX-40 IR, with data analysis accomplished by Analect's Fast GC/ IR software package. However, Analect says it can provide optical and electronic interfaces to mate the Delta-26T to almost any FT-IR spectrometer. Prices for the accessory start at about $15,000, including a cooled HgCdTe detector. In the ultraviolet-visible-near-IR* field, Shimadzu introduced its topof-the-line Model UV3100U (Circle 216). This UV-vis-near-IR recording spectrophotometer has a sealed, double-beam, double-monochromator design. Each monochromator has three holographic gratings blazed at 200 nm, 800 nm, and 2000 nm, respectively. The system has an integral color video display and a six-color X-Y plotter. It can provide 0.1-nm resolution from 190 to 3200 nm, with a range of —4 to +5 absorbance units. Equipped with a microcomputer, the UV3100U has dual 3.5-inch floppy disk drives, as well as extensive software for advanced wavelength scanning, quantitation, multiwavelength and kinetics analysis, and other programs. Many options are available. System prices start at $35,000. Shimadzu also offered its new UV2100U (Circle 217), a lower cost ($14,500 and up) double-beam,
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HP offers you more ways to do organic analysis than the ΕΡΛ has methods. And your analytical options keep growing. For example, weVejust added an infrared detector, an FTO, 601/602 water analyzer, and MS software specifically tailored to the newest hPA-reporting requirements. These further expand what is already one of the broadest selec tions of analytical instruments and automation systems available for organic analysis. They reflect, t< M >, HP's continuing commitment to provide the application solutions you need for your organic environ mental analysis methods —and theEPAs. Our support of your em in »n mental laboratory needs includes a full range of automated systemfor data analysis, management and EPA-approved reporting. Whether you need general or applicati< >n specific instrumentation, ( iC MS, GC/FTIR, or LC, HP has a data system to fit. Breadth of line also mean> HP can give you the bonus of one source support. You know the value of that if you've ever had to track d( >wn · and c(x>rdinate multiple vendor support teams! Contrast those complexities and frustrations with the comprehensive acrossthe-board response that a
single phone call to HP can provide. Plus, there's HP's time-proven quality and reliability. It's reflected in tens of thousands of HP analytical instruments that are working day-in, day-out around the world. You also see it in the 99% uptime guarantee available for our industry standard HP 5890A GC. Quality, breadth of line and support are all a result of our "What If.. !' approach that sets your needs, always, as our starting point. See for y< >urself. Call toll-free for further information:
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ili^ifiliiiiLLhiiUJii"^ single-monochromator UV-vis recording spectrophotometer. It has many of the features of the UV3100U, including similar absorbance range and resolution, but covers the spectral range from 190 to 900 nm. New from Perkin-Elmer is the Lambda 6 PC (Circle 218), a new version of that high-performance UV-vis spectrophotometer specifically intended for use with the IBM PC and similar personal computers. The company notes that the PC provides instrument control, extensive data handling, and the ability to use t h i r d - p a r t y software. Many sample-handling and automation accessories are available. The Lambda 6 PC sells for about $9300, ready for connection to the user's personal computer. Varian Associates presented no major new UV-vis-near-IR systems this year, but it did introduce an interesting new specular reflectance accessory (Circle 219), designed for use with its Cary 2000 series and Cary 210/219 systems. Varian notes that the Cary SRA uses the same optics for calibration and sample measurement, and thus measures "true" absolute specular reflectance. Possible applications include determining the polish of optical sur-
Nermag's ICP-MS Plasmass 42
March 7, 1988 C&EN
faces, characterization of new semiconductor and optical materials, and m e a s u r e m e n t s of reflective and antireflective coating. The SRA sells for about $9000. A couple of new routine instruments made their appearance this year. For example, Secomam showed its Model S.500.I (Circle 220), which covers visible wavelengths from 330 to 900 nm. The company says that the S.500.I, priced at under $3200, is the only instrument in its price range to include both endpoint and kinetic modes of measurement with automatic multistandard calibration. Microprocessor-driven, the S.500.I keeps 24 user-defined protocols and labels in its permanent memory. The operator interacts with the machine through a "user-friendly" 18-key. soft keyboard and a 16-digit liquid crystal display. Software automatically manages all functions. Sequoia-Turner presented its new Model 690 visible spectrophotometer (Circle 221), a routine instrument selling for only about $1950. Like other Turner spectrophotometers, it uses a plane diffraction grating monochromator with sine bar mechanism in an î/7 Ebert mounting with first-surface reflective mountings. A solid-state photodetector covers the entire 330- to 1000-nm range. The Model 690's advanced microprocessor automatically sets wavelength, inserts the proper straylight blocking filter, blanks the instrument, and calibrates on standard. Selected mode and wavelength are shown on digital display. Several new instruments aim at more specialized niches. For instance, HunterLab introduced a new low-cost version of its ColorQuest spectrocolorimeter (Circle 222), with prices starting at about $12,000. The instrument is intended for routine quality control, evaluating the color characteristics of raw materials, in-process goods, and final products. An integrating sphere optical sensor allows both reflectance and transmittance measurements. The sensor includes a diffraction grating with a 32-segment array detec-
tor that scans the spectrum from 400 to 710 nm at 10-nm intervals. The instrument is available with either an IBM PC or an Epson Equity I computer. Standard software provides tristimulus colorimetric data in a choice of color scales, delta values, illuminants, and observers. Pacific Scientific's instrument division showed its Spectrogard II spectrophotometer (Circle 223), intended for color and appearance analysis in research and quality control applications. It scans the visible and near-IR range, with spectral data integrated at 5-nm intervals. Up to 16 spectral curves can be plotted in color simultaneously to test for metamerism and spectral differences between product batch and standard. The Spectrogard II employs a holographic grating monochromator and conventional sphere geometry with diffuse illumination and 8° detection. It operates on several types of personal computers. Menu-driven software features rapid measurement, storage, and recall from the same screen. Data can be analyzed in eight illuminants, nine color scales, two observers, and six color indices. L. T. Industries demonstrated its new Quantum 12001 (Circle 224), a high-speed near-IR analyzer designed for on-line constituent analysis in hazardous environments. It can perform direct analysis on up to 10 constituents on a real-time basis, with five full spectrum scans per second. Outputs can be used to "close the loop" for process optimization and increased yield. Available fiber optic cables and probes allow remote multiplexed measurements, simultaneously monitoring eight or more lines. The system accommodates many types of samples, including powders, slurries, solids, liquids, and pastes; it covers the visible through near-IR spectral range in reflectance, transmittance, and transflectance modes. System prices range from about $40,000 to $60,000. In the fluorescence field, Photon Technology International showed its Model LS-1 luminescence systems (Circle 225), with prices starting at about $35,000. Heart of the systems is the basic fluorescence lifetime instrument, in which a high-output, gas-filled nanosecond flashlamp,
coupled to an f/2.6 monochromator, excites the sample. A second monochromator collects and sends the emitted light to a proprietary detector. Fluorescence decay data acquisition and analysis are said to be fast, easy, and routine. The instrument can be used for fluorescence anisotropy decays by adding polarization optics and a software option. According to Shimadzu, its new RF-5000 recording spectrofluorometer (Circle 226) solves some of the major problems encountered in fluorescence spectroscopy. For example, the company says, the tedious job of finding the optimum excitation and emission wavelengths is eliminated by a three-dimensional search function. The problem of photometric nonlinearity is solved by the use of first to third-order calibration curves with linear, log, and log-log axes, and a threewavelength dual-excitation/emission background correction mode. Standard items include video display, graphic printer-plotter, analog output, and selectable slits for excitation /emission monochromator resolution from 1.5 to 30 nm. The system scans at 3600 nm per minute, with a slew rate of 9000 nm per minute. Standard software provides for instrument control and for data acquisition and analysis. The RF5000 costs about $17,500. As has been the case for the past several years, plasma emission accounted for most of the new developments in atomic spectrometry. For example, Baird Corp/s new process control spectrometer for online elemental monitoring, the Plasma PCS (Circle 227), is described as the "first commercial ICP spectrometer designed specifically for the liquid and gas stream process control markets." The Plasma PCS, which costs about $75,000, can monitor and provide closed-loop control for any four of more than 65 elements. It runs without supervision or an operator in attendance. If an elemental level departs from specification, an alarm alerts the supervisor and enables switching or shutoff of the out-pf-tolerance stream. Baird notes that the plasma operates in compressor-supplied air rather than costly argon gas and says that that can
Barcode system controls NMR spectrometer Bruker Instruments has introduced a new barcode system (Circle 238) for easier control of their NMR spectrometer. Bruker says that system, which requires only a simple barcode scanning wand to use, eliminates a lot of "tedious keyboard interaction" and greatly reduces the likelihood of errors. In addition to controlling experimental parameters, the system automatically keeps track of spectrometer usage time, for documentation or accounting purposes. The barcode system costs from $5000 to $10,000.
save more than $20,000 per year in a continuous-monitoring application. Also new from Baird were two "low cost" ICP products, the Plasma PSQ and Plasma PSX spectrometer systems (Circle 228). The PSQ accommodates up to 30 channels in a polychromator configuration, providing accurate and simultaneous multielement analysis in 30 seconds at its highest speed. It's intended for routine, high-volume sample testing. A 20-channel system costs about $80,000. The PSX, a sequential ICP, costs about $55,000. It's useful where analytical needs are diverse, or where spectral survey and display are useful to determine the elements in an unknown, Baird says. The French firm Nermag, represented in the U.S. by Delsi Inc., now competes with Perkin-Elmer and VG Instruments in the ICP-MS field. According to Nermag, its new Plasmass (Circle 229) combines a specially designed 40.68-MHz ICP source, an atmospheric-pressure interface, and a high-grade quadrupole mass spectrometer to create a system ideally suited for multielement
analyses and especially for direct isotope ratio determinations. The horizontal Fassel-type ICP torch is easily accessible; power is adjustable from 0.9 to 1.5 kW. The large quadrupole mass analyzer with prefilter covers the mass range from 0 to 300 atomic mass units, thus covering all the elements. A microcomputer-based control and data system provides for color display, menu-driven software, diskette and hard disk storage, and a scanning speed of 2000 amu per second. The Plasmass sells for about $230,000. Thermo Jarrell Ash unveiled its new sequential ICP spectrometer, the AtomScan 25 (Circle 230). The instrument features a fast and reliable galvanometer drive scanning mechanism that is said to provide both high resolution and wide wavelength coverage. It's operated from an IBM PS/2 computer, with software that presents a consistent windowed operator interface with function key operation and help screens. The spectrometer is completely automated; the computer controls the sample introduction, plasma discharge, optical, and readMarch 7, 1988 C&EN
43
Instrumentation '88 out systems. Unattended operation from an autosampler provides all the quality control logic functions required by the Environmental Protection Agency's Contract Laboratory Program, the company notes, adding that AtomScan 25 software also includes a fast semiquantitative analysis program and an integrated word processor, database manager, spreadsheet, graphics, and telecommunications package. A typical system costs $75,000 to $80,000. Instruments S.A. introduced the JY24 (Circle 231), latest in a series of computer-controlled sequential ICP spectrometer systems. According to the company, the use of a 640-mm (rather than 1-m) focal length Czerny-Turner monochromator makes it possible to sell JY24 systems at prices starting at about $65,000. Thus, it should appeal to first-time ICP users. However, it has the same computer, software, 40.68MHz RF generator, holographic gratings, and drive used in other members of the series, so it's simple to upgrade performance at a later time. Spectrolab showed its new Spectrolab S, described as a researchgrade high-performance arc-andspark emission spectrometer (Circle 232). Despite recent advances in plasma emission spectrometry, the company says, the older arc-andspark method can still provide lower detection limits—from three to 50 times lower, depending on the material and the matrix. With increasing demand for ultrapure materials, there's been accompanying demand for more sensitive analytical methods, and the Spectrolab S is designed to meet that demand. Optimized in all particulars, the instrument is said to offer lower background noise and the virtual elimination of matrix effects. A 20-channel vacuum system sells for about $100,000. Systems are available with up to 64 channels. And despite recent advances in plasma emission spectrometry, atomic absorption (AA) spectrometry continues to thrive too, thanks to its 44
March 7, 1988 C&EN
lower costs, ease of operation, and high sensitivity. At this year's show, for example, Perkin-Elmer introduced two new AA systems, both controlled by industry-standard IBM PC or compatible computers. The Model 5100 PC (Circle 233) is a fully automated high-performance instrument that can do both multielement flame AA and Zeeman-corrected graphite furnace analyses. Up to 12 elements may be determined automatically with a single method. System prices range from $45,000 to $85,000. The Model 21 (Circle 234), priced at $35,000 to $60,000, is a fully automated multielement instrument intended for flame, graphite furnace, and mercury /hydride analyses. Varian has added Zeeman background correction to its family of
SpectrAA-300/400 AA spectrometers (Circle 235). The Zeeman instruments come equipped with a dedicated IBM PS/2 Model 30 controller and with all the automated spectrometer functions found on nonZeeman versions. System prices start at about $56,000. In addition, Varian now offers the Atomsource accessory (Circle 236), a sampling device developed by Analyte Corp. The Atomsource allows direct AA analysis of solid samples. It can be used to determine all metallic elements measurable by AA, without the spectral and matrix interferences often encountered with x-ray fluorescence and arc/spark methods, Varian says. The Atomsource, complete with vacuum pump, costs about $18,000. Analyte showed a new flame-only version of its Analyte 16 AA system, which can analyze up to 20 elements in a single sample in rapid sequence. The Analyte 16F (Circle 237) sells for about $70,000. D
Analytical chromatography The Pittsburgh Conference each year provides a sprawling snapshot of the current state of the art of analytical instrumentation. In the evolving area of analytical chromatography, this year's snapshot was not markedly different from last year's. For example, because bench space remains at a premium, the new instruments are more compact than their predecessors. The move to modularity also continues. And reflecting the growing impact of biotechnology research, manufacturers are introducing more high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) systems that are compatible with biological samples. New chromatography data systems and improved software are giving the analyst more and easier control over the operation of the system and the processing of data. Centralized control from a single keypad is a highly visible feature of some of the newest systems. Data systems that worked with the older IBM PC/XT/AT series of computers now also work with the newer IBM PS/2 computers. This shift can be seen, for instance, in
Beckman's System Gold series of chromatographs (Circle 240), which the firm introduced at last year's exposition. System Gold allows all the chromatography modules to be addressed through a single computer keyboard. Since the system is alldigital, there's no need for an analog-to-digital converter. The series is now available with new software that includes data-formatting capability for use with such database and spreadsheet programs as dBase (Ashton-Tate) and Lotus 1-2-3 and Symphony (Lotus Development). System Gold is available for $18,000 to $50,000, depending on accessories. Some new systems have been designed specifically for the IBM PS/2 computers. An example is ChromStation/2 (Circle 241), a chromatography data system and LC system controller introduced by SpectraPhysics Autolab Division. It can collect and store data from up to eight channels and transfer the information to other software programs, such as Lotus 1-2-3. Multiple programs can be monitored simultaneously on the same screen. The firm's workstations start at $6900.
Incomparable value: Complete FT-IR for $16,500. Only from Feridn-Hmer.
Introducing the 1600 Series FT-IR Spectrophotometer—the first complete FT-IR system that dramatically extends price-performance value The 1600 blends advanced electronics, optics arid software into a compact, benchtop system. UNMATCHED EASE OF USE The press of a single key puts you in control of all functions. Powerfulgraphics let you instantly manipulate spectra, rescale or rerange displays and activate five spectroscopic functions. Plus, our exclusive purge-free optical design gives you fast start-up EXCUUSIVE MULTITASKING CAPABILITY The 1600's special multitasking capability saves you time by letting you scan, acquire spectra and plot simultaneously. Also, the 1600 interfaces easily with an IBM® PC or fully compatible computer
ALL FOR $16.500* If price has kept you away from FT-IR, the 1600 is your sensible solution. To find out more, talk to your Perkin-Elmer Technical Representative Or for literature in the U.S., please call 1-800-762-4000 or write: Perkin-Elmer Corp, 761 Main Avenue, Norwalk, CT 06859-0012 U.S.A. *U.S. Introductory List Price IBM is a registered trademark of International Business Machines Corporation.
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Instrumentation '88 Compatibility with the IBM PS/2 computers and Lotus and Sympho ny programs also are featured in Milton Roy's Chromlink 1.0 data sys tem (Circle 242). Chromlink offers up to eight channels of integration per personal computer (PC) and dis plays the complete status of all eight channels. It can display up to 30,000 chromatographic slices and overlay as many as five chromatograms. Prices are $2995 for a two-channel unit, $1060 for software, and about $12,000 for all eight channels. Waters Chromatography Division
Waters'Powerline HPLCsystem
of Millipore Corp. made its own big splash in chromatography data management. The firm has expand ed its VAX-based data system capa bilities by introducing the SAT/IN and LAC/Ε modules of the Waters 860 Networking Computer System (Circle 243). These modules allow chromatographic data to be acquired and transferred directly to a VAX w o r k s t a t i o n or c o m p u t e r via a DECnet/Ethernet network for re view, reprocessing, or archiving. The SAT/IN modules acquire virtually noise-free data even at high sample rates for use in all types of appli cations—liquid, ion, gel permeation, and capillary gas chromatography. Each LAC/Ε module receives input from up to four SAT/IN n^odules and transfers data using the DECnet/ Ethernet network. The Waters 860 is priced at $38,000. Waters also u n v e i l e d its n e w PowerLine HPLC systems (Circle 244), which it trumpets as "a new concept in system integration, con trol, and networking/ 7 The heart of the PowerLine system is the Waters 600E gradient module, which allows the chromatographer to control sol vent delivery parameters, sample in jection sequences, and detector op eration from a single keypad. This has not been possible before, says a Waters spokesman. A separate PC
Hewlett-Packard's Series 1050 HPLC modules 46
March 7,1988 C&EN
may be used as the controller, if desired. "A digital link connects all system components for instant com mand and error-free documentation of run conditions/' Waters notes. PowerLine systems offer a choice of photodiode array, refractive in dex, or single- or multi-channel UVvisible detection. The systems are available in a fully integrated mod ular configuration or in a compact, self-contained cabinet. Prices range from $18,000 to about $35,000. The continuing move to modu larity is perhaps best exemplified by Hewlett-Packard, which previously offered only integrated HPLC sys tems. In New Orleans, the Palo Altobased company unveiled its first group of HPLC modules, the HP 1050 series (Circle 245). This series consists of five modules: an isocratic pump ($5800), a quaternary pump ($12,400), an autosampler ($7800), a programable variable-wavelength detector ($5600), and a multiplewavelength detector ($9900). The HP 1050 modular system doesn't have all the capabilities of HP's established 1090 integrated HPLC system, admits group mar keting manager Don Schoeny. How ever, one of the selling points of the compact modular system is that it allows chemists to upgrade their current modular HPLC systems to HP modules "a piece at a time." The HP modules are designed to be installed, operated, and serviced by the users themselves. Another selling point for some of the new liquid chromatographs at this year's Pittsburgh Conference .was their biocompatibility. Shimadzu Scientific Instruments, for example, displayed its new LC-7A chromatograph (Circle 246) for life science applications. Everything in contact with samples, including pump, tubing, columns, and flow cell, is made of chemically inert ti tanium to protect delicate proteins and w i t h s t a n d highly corrosive (high-salt-content) mobile phases, the firm says. The LC-7A pump is fully programable and offers a range of flow rates from 0.001 to 20 mL per minute. It sells for $6200. Nicolet, which bought out IBM Instruments' chromatography busi ness, was showing its LC/9560MF liquid chromatograph (Circle 247).
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Instrumentation '88 This ternary gradient system was specifically designed for life science applications in which the presence of metal ions is detrimental. As a result, the entire solvent delivery path is metal free (that's the "MF" in the model number). The $17,000 system can be operated at pressures as high as 4000 psi. The metal-free feature also appeared in an ion chromatograph brought out by Wescan Instruments, which is now a part of Alltech. The inert (polymeric) fluid p a t h of Wescan's Model 26694 ion chromatograph (Circle 248) allows "analysis of even difficult transition metal or complex-forming samples with contamination-free confidence," the firm says. The chromatograph/s pump provides pulse-free flow at pressures up to 4000 psi and flow rates from 0.1 to 10 mL per minute. The metal-free system is priced at just under $15,000. Dionex's new Series 4500i chromatographs (Circle 249) also have metal-free flow paths, but Dionex wasn't making a big deal about that at all. Rather, it was calling attention to the fact that the 4500i series
offers "a new level of problemsolving capability" in both ion chromatography (IC) and HPLC. The new series gives IC the gradient capability that HPLC has had for a long time, says William Rich, vice president for marketing at Dionex. Isocratic and quaternary gradient IC and HPLC can be performed over the entire 0 to 14 pH range. The 4500i's bipolar-pulsed conductivity and amperometric detectors, together with Dionex's polymerbased pellicular columns, are coming to the rescue of conventional HPLC, which has had a difficult time analyzing many compounds that either have no chromophoric groups or have pKa values below 7. Dionex says it has improved detection sensitivity "by an order of magnitude so that organic compounds such as amines, sulfonates, and carbohydrates can now be analyzed in the 1- to 50-ppb range by direct injection." The series 4500i can be run by Dionex's new Autolon 450 data and control station (Circle 250), which Rich claims is "every chemist's dream come true." The Autolon 450
Device performs thin-layer chromatography under pressure High-performance thin-layer chromatography (HPTLC) usually assumes a low profile and doesn't generate much excitement at Pittsburgh Conferences. But this year, one company was creating quite a stir with a unique version of this technique, high-pressure planar liquid chromatography (HPPLC). The company, Heyltex Corp. of Houston, displayed its HPPLC 3000 instrument (Circle 269), which was developed in West Germany. It was "one of the most innovative products" seen at the show, according to one conferee. The instrument permits one to separate a single sample—or as many as 24 samples simultaneously—within one to two minutes. A standard 100 X 100 mm HPTLC glass plate is used, and any combination of mobile and stationary phases is allowable. A single
48
March 7, 1988 C&EN
sample is applied to the center of the plate, or multiple samples are spotted in a circle around the center. The instrument then feeds the mobile phase under 3 tons of pressure (550 psi) "with complete digital control." An optical scanner (the Camag TLC Scanner II) is used to quantitate the separated components of the sample. In one run, for example, 13 food dyes were separated in one minute. HPPLC has a number of other advantages, according to Heyltex. For instance, mobile phase consumption is low—only 1 mL per run. And samples are separated under glass with complete exclusion of air and light. The HPPLC 3000 instrument is priced at $24,500. The scanner costs $23,000, and the quantitation software package is $1800.
has a MicroSoft Windows operating system (the new standard for IBM PCs) that provides an "on-line electronic notebook/' he says. It performs automatic data archiving and post-run data processing. Prices for the 4500i systems start at $16,400 and go to $40,000 for the fully automated version that includes the Autolon 450. Dionex also introduced a line of products that can make any Dionex chromatograph and data station operate like a dedicated analyzer. The products are called DAPs (for Dionex Analyzer Pacs) (Circle 251). Each DAP package includes a program disk (to program the Autolon 450), user's guide, guard and analytical columns, sample pretreatment cartridges, standards, and eluant concentrate—all for one particular application. Two DAPs are available now—Anions in Environmental Samples and Cations in Environmental Samples—with more to come in the future. Each DAP sells for about $2000. While Dionex, which built its reputation on IC, is expanding into the HPLC area, another technique— supercritical fluid chromatography (SFC)—is trying to encroach on HPLC territory. SFC, which is competing against both HPLC and gas chromatography (GC), is slowly coming into more widespread use. But its share of the separations market remains quite small compared with gas or liquid chromatography. For SFC to become a significant competitor, it will have to entice more chemists to try it. One obstacle thus far has been the cost of supercritical equipment. Suprex has addressed this problem by introducing lower-priced versions of its fully automated SFC/200A system (Circle 252), which it unveiled two years ago. The n e w versions are the SFC/100A (Circle 253) and the SFC/150A (Circle 254), which are priced at $25,000 and $29,000, respectively. The SFC/200A, by comparison, costs $36,750. This price reduction was achieved by removing features available on the SFC/200A, according to Raymond K. Houck, chairman of the board of Suprex. The SFC/100A, for example, can achieve column temperatures up to 200 °C, whereas the
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ON-SITE MEASUREMENT OF TOXIC GASES MIRAN 1B is a microprocessor-controlled infrared analyzer for monitoring gases in such applications as chemical leak detection, industrial hygiene measurements for OSHA/EPA compliance, toxicology studies, and trace impurity detection. It contains a library of more than 100 precalibrated gases and does not require technical expertise to operate. For Class I, Div. 1, Groups B, C, and D hazardous areas, the MIRAN 1BX is available which is Factory Mutual certified and performance tested for this use.
REAL-TIME MULTICOMPONENT MEASUREMENTS OF GASES & VAPORS MIRAN 980A is ideal for virtually any multicomponent gas analysis application. It is the only dedicated, single-beam infrared spectrometer currently available for fast, accurate quantitative analysis of up to five components in any given sample with interference compensation. The menu-driven software and one-button operation make the 980A easy for nontechnical personnel to operate. It is ideal for complex industrial hygiene-based applications such as monitoring indoor air quality for concentration levels of carbon monoxide, carbon dioxide, and total hydrocarbons or air sample bags for organic gases and vapors.
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IDENTIFY AND MEASURE HAZARDOUS WASTES AND SPILLS ON-SITE CENTURY OVA 128 Analyzer gives you both qualitative and quantitative information on contaminants. It can be used at waste sites to locate areas of high vapor concentration, i.e., stored or buried drums and the surrounding soil. Contaminants in soil or waste can be identified and concentration levels determined for a more thorough investigation. OVA 128 is Factory Mutual certified for use in Class I, Div. 1, Groups A, B, C, and D hazardous areas. Can be used for analysis of volatile hydrocarbons in groundwater samples.
EPA-MANDATED MONITORING OF HYDROCARBONS IN WATER MIRAN 1 FF Infrared Analyzer monitors levels of hydrocarbons in water in a fraction of the time it takes to do using standard gravimetric procedures. It can determine concentration levels in either parts per million or milligrams per litre. Concentration levels can be detected down to one part per million. High sensitivity, accuracy, and fast response make it ideal for applications in the offshore drilling industry for monitoring gasoline and oil spills, for analyzing water from process plants, and for detecting many other aromatic and aliphatic compounds in water.
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MONITOR PROVIDES EARLY WARNING AND ALARM OF TOXIC GAS LEVELS MIRAN 984/101 offers a simple, economical way to continuously detect, measure, and provide early-warning indication of the presence of one specific gas, at the part-permillion (ppm) or percent concentration level. It contains several built-in early warning alert systems that automatically activate when gas or vapor concentration levels approach or exceed preset limits. Designed for. operation in harsh environments, the MIRAN 984/101 features NEMA 4X housing, versatile mounting capabilities, EMI shielding, and a removable front panel for access to system controls and direct-reading outputs.
CONTINUOUS AIR MONITORING SYSTEMS DEUVER ROUND-THE-CLOCK PROTECTION MIRAN 981/983 Multipoint Ambient Air Monitoring Systems allow you to automatically monitor the concentration levels of up to 5 gases at 1, 6,12, or 24 remote locations up to 1,000 feet from the analyzer. They provide a warning when concentration levels exceed preset safety limits. These microprocessorcontrolled systems are ideal for such applications as leak detection, employee exposure monitoring, and perimeter monitoring at hazardous waste sites and nuclear power plant control rooms.
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OSHA CONCENTRATION LIMITS FOR GASES AND VAPORS Wall Chart listing the maximum allowable exposure limits set by the Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA) for more than 400 gases and vapors. Chart presents allowable employee exposure to various toxic substances expressed in parts per million (ppm). It includes analytical parameters for materials that can be measured using an infrared instrument equipped with a 20 metre variable long path gas cell.
DATALOGGER OBSOLETES CHART RECORDERS FOR ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING DL 322F Datalogger is designed to work with MIRAN Portable Infrared Ambient Air Analyzers and CENTURY Organic Vapor Analyzers. It is a hand-held, microprocessorbased device that eliminates the need for conventional single channel chart recorders. By connecting to an analyzer's recorder output port, it can sample, analyze, record, and actuate alarms for concentrations of gases and vapors, plus store absolute maximum and minimum sample values, maintain overall Time-Weighted Averages (TWA), and keep frequency distribution data.
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March 7, 1988 C&EN
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Instrumentation '88
Shimadzu's GC-14A SFC/150A and SFC/200A can go up to 400 °C. Also, the two lower-priced systems are not fully automated, Houck says, but they can be up graded to full automation. The new models offer a 250-mL syringe pump and pulse-free flows from 0.001 to 10 mL per minute at pressure or density programing rates equivalent to 150 atm per minute. Computer Chemical Systems (CCS) also has slashed the price tag for doing SFC. It showed the Model 7000 SFC controller/fluid delivery system (Circle 255), a less expen sive and more compact (no-oven) version of its Model 5000 SFC/GC system. The Model 7000, priced at about $20,000, can transform a gas chromatograph such as the HP 5890A into a fully functional super critical fluid chromatograph, CCS says. The basic controller can inter nally store nine complete analytical methods and digital data from one complete chromatographic run. Before one can analyze a sample by SFC, it is sometimes necessary to isolate the sample from a complex, multicomponent matrix, such as soil. This step can be accomplished us ing supercritical fluid extraction (SFE). Not surprisingly, many of the companies that sell SFC instru ments also offer SFE modules that can be coupled directly to either 54
March 7, 1988 C&EN
supercritical fluid or gas chromatographs. At this year's Pittsburgh Confer ence, CCS introduced its Model 301B supercritical fluid extractor/accu mulator (Circle 256). It is similar to last year's Model 301A, except the earlier version did not have an ac cumulator. The Model 30IB, which costs about $8000, may be directly coupled to either the CCS Model 5000 or 7000 SFC systems. Suprex and Lee Scientific also had their own SFE products to offer. Suprex's Microextractor SFE system (Circle 257) can be hooked up to its SFC/200A chromatograph to give a $70,000 SFE/SFC system. The Lee Scientific microextraction system (Circle 258) sells for $3900 and can be mounted on the firm's Model 501 and Series 600 ovens. The stain less steel extraction cell is available in two sizes: 300 μ ι and 850 μ ι . For analysis problems that don't require HPLC or SFC, there were plenty of new gas chromatographs to choose from in New Orleans. These ranged from top-of-the-line, fully automated GC systems to com pact, portable gas analyzers. Gira Instruments, a French man ufacturer, introduced GC units that reside at either end of this product continuum. At the high end is the ISS 24 (Circle 259), which is intend ed for quality- or process-control labs. This robotic system automates all analyses in a lab on as many as five gas chromatographs. The process works as follows: Barcoded sample bottles are deposited into the robot's storage area. The robot "reads" the label and identifies the required analytic parameters, the amount of sample to be injected, the appropriate integration meth od, and the priority of the analysis. It then selects an available chroma tograph and the analytic methods preprogramed into each instrument. High-priority samples can be moved ahead of more r o u t i n e samples awaiting their turn. The robot in jects the sample and controls in strument operation from beginning to end. "All steps between sample
delivery and data interpretation can be handled without human inter vention," Gira notes, provided that the appropriate analytic parameters have been specified. The ISS 24 can adapt to any gas chromatograph and integrator on the market, says Gira general man ager Jean-Bernard Guillemin. It also can interface with automatic sample preparation and data-management systems. The robot can be purchased for $80,000 to $120,000, depending on configuration. The ISS 24 was not displayed in New Orleans, Guillemin says, be cause it is too large to fit into the tiny booth that Gira was sharing with another French instrument maker. However, Gira was able to show off its Mini GC (Circle 260), a portable unit intended primarily for on-site monitoring of air pollution sources, blast-furnace atmospheres, fume emissions, and so forth. The unit weighs less than 18 lb and con tains its own carrier gas supply, two columns in an oven, one or two detectors, and other accessories. Prices range from $6000 to $14,000. Back at the fancy, high-powered end of the market, Perkin-Elmer showed off its Model 8700 gas chro m a t o g r a p h (Circle 261). At the booth, GC specialist Gary L. Camp bell extolled the virtues of this lat est addition to P-E's 8000 series. The Model 8700, with its full-color graphics monitor, he says, "puts the color back in chromatography" (a word whose roots mean "color writing"). The instrument allows single- or simultaneous dual-channel operation and multilevel calibration. Chromatograms may be displayed full screen, split screen, or overlaid. Everything is controlled from a sin gle keyboard, Campbell notes. Furthermore, the Model 8700 of fers the capability to do full multi dimensional GC. The instrument's software allows method linking and controls all switching and cold trap operations. The chromatograph is being offered for about $20,000. For a more specialized market, Varian Associates introduced its Model 3410 gas chromatograph (Cir cle 262), which is designed to oper ate at temperatures up to 500 °C. Hence, it is best suited for petro chemical, food processing, and
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Instrumentation '88 bioresearch applications such as an alyzing crude oils, high-molecularweight waxes, and triglycerides. A key component of the hightemperature GC system is a new cryofocusing septum-equipped programable injector that can be used with capillary columns. With this injector, labile samples are treated gently: They are introduced as liq uids into an inert environment with in the glass-lined, cold injector, and then vaporized quickly. The injec tor is designed to quantify samples of wide boiling ranges and will not skew results toward samples with lower boiling points. Prices for the Model 3410 start at $13,500. The injector, known as the Model 1093 SPI (Circle 263), can be purchased separately for $1500 to upgrade an other GC system. In the general-purpose category, Shimadzu unveiled the GC-14A gas chromatograph (Circle 264) for qual ity control and R&D. This modular instrument accommodates capillary or packed columns and as many as four detectors. It's very compact, tak ing up only 16 inches of bench space. The newly designed oven is capable of fast cooldown because it doesn't recirculate hot air but takes in fresh air and heats it as required. The GC-14A is available for $6700 to $10,000 (including two detectors but not including data processor). HNU was showing two new por table gas chromatographs for field use. The Model 311 (Circle 266) is a rugged, easy-to-carry unit for envi ronmental monitoring. Its heated injector/detector port permits one to manually inject both gaseous and liquid samples into the instrument. It also has a totally automated gas sampling system. The chromato graphy photoionization detector provides low parts-per-billion sen sitivity for many compounds, ac cording to HNU. The Model 311 is priced at $12,000 to $15,000. HNU's other transportable gas chromatograph is the Model 301-DP (Circle 267). It's designed for use in industrial hygiene and hazardous waste applications. This $12,500 56
March 7,1988 C&EN
instrument is "fully programable to permit methods development for very complex and changing appli cations," says an HNU representa tive. It features a photoionization detector with parts-per-billion sen sitivity and a maximum oven tem perature of 300 °C. Another compact new entry in the environmental GC sector is the M200 Microsensor Gas Analyzer
(Circle 268), developed by Microsensor Technology of Fremont, Calif. The M200 is the product of silicon micromachining technology, which the firm says has led to "significant miniaturization with increased per formance." Key components are an injection system with silicon microvalves, 4-meter 100-μπι internal di ameter fused silica columns, and a micro thermal conductivity detec tor also fabricated from silicon. The M200 analyzer performs high-speed, high-resolution analyses, its manu facturer says. The 12-lb unit sells for $8000. D
Preparative/process chromatography The growth in biotechnology re search has led to the proliferation of biocompatible liquid chromatog raphy (LC) systems in the analytical laboratory. Likewise, in the world of industrial biotechnology, the large-scale chromatographic separa tion and purification of large biomolecules has become an important activity. This trend was reflected again at this year's conference, where a number of companies un veiled new preparative/process LC systems specifically for biomolecules. Once a purification method has been worked out for a potential pharmaceutical product, it must be scaled up to produce sufficient quan tities for clinical trials and, eventu ally, marketing. To shorten the time
necessary for such scaleup, Phar macia LKB Biotechnology Inc. has created the BioPilot system (Circle 270). This benchtop process devel opment system for proteins is based on the operating principles of Pharmacia's FPLC (fast protein liq uid chromatography) system. In fact, says sales manager Dan Freymeyer, strong customer demand to scale up FPLC technology "forced us to build the BioPilot system." Pharmacia offers a range of pack ing media for BioPilot. For exam ple, a variety of new Sepharose gels (ion-exchange media) are available in prepacked columns. In addition, columns prepacked with standard FPLC media are available with bed volumes up to 1800 mL. BioPilot is priced at $30,000 to $60,000.
TosoHaas'Protein Prep LC System
Instrumentation '88
Amicon's K-Prime 400process chromatography system
Competing with Pharmacia is a new name: TosoHaas, a joint venture between Rohm & Haas and Tosoh Corp (formerly Toyo Soda Manufacturing Co.) of Japan. TosoHaas introduced its Protein Prep LC System (Circle 271) for the purification and isolation of proteins. The system uses columns with internal diameters of 2 to 24 inches, which can handle injected protein samples ranging from 0.5 to 500 g, according to Rick Carberry of Romicon, a Rohm & Haas subsidiary. A variety of packings are available, including Tosoh's Toyopearl TSKgel and new Toyopearl ion-exchange resins with higher protein capacities. Prices range from $30,000 to the fully automated $130,000 system. Sepragen made its first foray into the automated biopurification derby with the QuantaSep-750 (Circle 272), a computer-controlled, lowpressure bioseparations system. This menu-driven system can perform chromatographic separations at flow
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57
iTn^îïïmffîWffim^a rates as high as 750 mL per minute. The columns have capacities of 50 mL to 10 L. The system includes two pumps for generating gradients, ultraviolet and conductivity detectors, and a fraction collector. And, according to Sepragen president Vinit Saxena, the QuantaSep-750 can be operated from a remote terminal. The system is priced at $25,000. Amicon also had a strong presence at the exposition, with two big introductions. The firm unveiled its K-Prime 400 (Circle 274), an automated system for aqueous, lowpressure, process chromatography. It's intended primarily for the purification of protein and bioengineered products. The K-400 consists of a microprocessor-based control unit, process chromatograph, user interface, and personal computer interface. The chromatograph accepts columns from 70 mm to 2 meters. The system sells for about $60,000. Amicon also was showing its latest entry in the four-digit K-Prime series—the K-Prime 4000 process system (Circle 275). This automated unit is compatible with organic solvents and is completely explosionproof—even the enclosed 13-inch graphics monitor and printer. It can purify milligram to multikilogram quantities of compounds. Users now can interface with the computer using a track ball, an industrial version of the computer "mouse." The K-4000, which costs about $150,000, offers better documentation and more sophisticated graphics control than earlier models in this series. Two other explosion-proof systems made their debut in New Orleans. One of them, Separations Technology's ST/2300XP (Circle 276), is a prep/process chromatograph for separations on a research scale to pilot plant scale. Marketing/ sales director Paul R. Jennings notes that a 150-fold scaleup can be achieved on this one instrument. The ST/2300XP can use 1- to 8-inchdiameter columns and handles flow rates up to 2.3 L per minute, he says. It operates at pressures as high as 4000 psi, so high-efficiency, wide58
March 7, 1988 C&EN
pore packing media can be used to improve resolution. The system's explosion-protected computer controls sample injection, gradient formation, and fraction collection. The instrument sells for about $120,000. The third explosion-proof system was a pilot plant-scale LC system called the PilotPrep (Circle 277), from the French manufacturer Chromatofield. The $70,000 PilotPrep system is based on axial-compressed columns with internal diameters of 8 or 11 cm. "These columns are equipped top and bottom with adjustable pistons that provide a uniform packing pressure of 80 bars and eliminate dead volumes as they appear, thus offering very high efficiency and long life expectancy," Chromatofield says. One or two columns can be hooked up to the PilotPrep, and each column can be loaded with 1 to 200 g of sample. Another preparative LC system based on axial compression (Circle 278) was on view at the CEDI (Compagnie Européenne d'Instrumentation) booth. This system uses prepacked cartridges "with performance equivalent to that of analytical columns," according to the company. Each column includes multiple
Mass spectrometry Historically, mass spectrometers have been ungainly, bulky creatures, notorious for taking up large expanses of laboratory floor space. In recent years manufacturers have succeeded in gradually reducing the size of these instruments and even transforming some of them into relatively compact benchtop units. This trend has been seen most dramatically in mass spectrometers designed as detectors for gas chromatographs. The latest milestone in this slimming-down movement was unveiled by Hewlett-Packard, but it could easily be missed because of its small, bland appearance. The item was the HP 5971A mass-selective detector (MSD) (Circle 281), w h i c h was mounted on the side of a considera-
cartridges that can be switched automatically by a microcomputer. The system can provide flow rates from 1 to 1000 mL per minute, maximum pump pressure of 200 bars, and binary and ternary gradients. Columns are available in 1.2- or 4-inch diameters. CEDI's prep LC system costs about $45,000. CEDI shared a booth with another French instrument maker, Gira, which introduced a fully automated preparative gas chromatograph, the CAP 12 (Circle 279). It can be used preparatively with packed columns and a thermal conductivity detector (TCD), or in a micropreparative mode with capillary columns and either a micro-TCD or a flame ionization detector with output divider. The chromatograph is available for $40,000 to $50,000, depending on configuration. Shimadzu, which has been in the analytical chromatography business for years, finally introduced its first preparative LC system. The heart of the system is the programable dualpiston LC-8A pump (Circle 280), which provides flow rates ranging from 0.1 to 150 mL per minute. Hence, it can be used to scale up from analytical to preparative techniques. The pump, priced at $8400, can be configured with other Shimadzu LC modules to create a complete prep LC system for $25,000 or less. D
bly larger HP 5890A gas chromatograph. The boxy detector takes up only 7 linear inches of counter space. "Chemists who have been terrified by mass spectrometers won't even know this one's on the bench," remarks HP group marketing manager Don Schoeny. Indeed, HP believes it is the smallest, simplest MS detector available. It produces true, classical electronimpact spectra that can be compared to library spectra to identify unknowns. Detection sensitivity is in the low picogram range. The mass range is 10 to 650 atomic mass units. Scan rates and mass ranges are timeprogramable, allowing close examination of masses of interest. The new HP MSD is controlled by the HP 59970C ChemStation with new software that provides enhanced
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March 7, 1988 C&EN 59
ilBË^miQi^îSsai ^ graphics and other capabilities. The new MSD is being sold for $27,000. Mass spectrometers were first linked to gas chromatographs, and then more recently to liquid chromatographs. Now they are beginning to be used as detectors in supercritical fluid chromatography (SFC). Both Extrel and Finnigan MAT displayed SFC/MS interfaces in New Orleans. Extrel's is based on ThermaBeam (Circle 282), which it introduced as an LC/MS interface last year. The ThermaBeam interface delivers the analytes to the ion source as "dry" submicron particles while pumping away the liquid or supercritical fluid mobile phase. Any of the conventional MS ionization modes are available. Extrel displayed its interface with a Suprex SFC instrument. Finnigan MAT joined its new mass spectrometer to a Lee Scientific SFC system. The Finnigan SFC/MS interface (Circle 283) is a simple, direct inlet (reportedly simpler than thermospray) that also allows electron impact and chemical ionization spectra to be obtained. Even so, Finnigan MAT was more excited about its new single-stage quadrupole mass spectrometer, the SSQ 70 (Circle 284), than about the SFC interface that is an option on it. The SSQ 70 is based on the innovative design of Finnigan's TSQ 70 triple-stage quadrupole MS/MS system. Both spectrometers have the
same electronics and data system, according to Finnigan e n g i n e e r James W. Hurst. The mass range is 2000 amu, extendable to 4000 amu. The SSQ 70, which is $80,000 cheaper than the TSQ 70, can be upgraded to the TSQ 70 as the user's needs grow, he says. The SSQ 70 package includes a Varian 3400 gas chromatograph and a DEC 11/73 processor with necessary software. The entire GC/MS system is priced at $250,000. Nermag came out with a softionization, high-resolution quadrupole MS instrument called the Resolver (Circle 285). It's designed to eliminate peak tailing on both sides of the mass peak, which often limits quadrupole resolution. The way some quadrupole instruments solve this problem also drastically reduces ion transmission at high resolution. Nermag says the Resolver solves the problem of mass peak tailing without sacrificing accurate isotope ratios. The instrument can, for example, differentiate between an aromatic and an aliphatic hydrocarbon with mass 253.19 and 253.29, respectively. The Resolver offers a mass range from 10 to 4000 amu in one scan. It costs $205,000. Another high-resolution MS system sporting a creative name was shown by Kratos Analytical. The firm's Concept series of modular mass spectrometers (Circle 286) allows the user to select from a vari-
Kratos Analytical's Concept modular mass spectrometer 60
March 7, 1988 C&EN
ety of source, magnet, detector, and operating console configurations (C&EN, Dec. 14, 1987, page 21). Kratos notes that a simple two-sector instrument for routine analysis can be extended to a hybrid MS/MS or four-sector tandem, high-mass-range Concept that is suitable for life science applications. Resolution up to 150,000 and mass ranges as high as 10,000 amu are achievable. Prices for the Concept start at $385,000. VG Tritech, a member of the VG Instruments group, introduced an impressive-looking tandem MS system called the Tribrid (Circle 287). It's a combination of VG's TS-250 double-focusing magnetic sector instrument and a high-performance quadrupole. A new control system consists of 32-bit microcomputers that are coupled to a remote VAXstation. The user interacts through the VAXstation's graphics window system. The Tribrid can be used both for routine screening and in identifying unknown compounds. It sells for $450,000. VG (or, more specifically, VG MassLab) also had an impressive new offering for chemists interested in lower-cost, benchtop quadrupole GC/MS systems. The MS unit of the Trio-1 (Circle 288) is the same size as the HP 5890A gas chromatograph, "against which it nestles very neatly, coupled by a short, beautifully engineered interface line," the firm says. "The style and lines of the GC have been carried over to the mass spectrometer, giving an overall impression of quality engineering which belies some topclass . . . industrial design." Within the small space occupied by the Trio-1, VG has incorporated almost all the design features now commonplace on the firm's researchgrade instruments, according to technical consultant Jon Keefe. Moreover, the Trio-1 system incorporates the new IBM PC-based LabBase data station. Data are transmitted bidirectionally to the host computer via transputers (supercomputer arrays), which can handle enormous amounts of data very rapidly. LabBase software allows the system to "learn" from a technician doing an analysis. The result, says Keefe, is "walk-away automation." Trio-1 is priced at $100,000 to $150,000.
VG Tritech's Tribrid, a tandem MS system Nicolet announced a new ion excitation method that can enhance the analytical capabilities of Fouriertransform mass spectrometry (FTMS) systems. This new analytical technique is called Stored Waveform Inverse Fourier Transform, or SWIFT (Circle 289). It can be substituted for swept-frequency excitation
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in the normal FT-MS sequence of events. The technique affords a high degree of control over the excitation step, says Mark Johnston, a business unit manager at Nicolet. SWIFT's ability to rapidly define a number of mass ranges for excitation permits the analyst to eliminate chem-
ical noise, improving signal-to-noise ratio and eliminating unwanted interferences, according to the firm. It also simplifies MS/MS. SWIFT hardware and software to upgrade any Nicolet MS system are available for $20,000. Several benchtop workstations for MS data processing also debuted in New Orleans. For instance, Kratos presented the Mach 3 workstations (Circle 290), which are based on 32-bit workstations from Sun Microsystems. The Mach 3 software runs under the Unix operating system and features high-resolution, window-based color graphics capability. Prices start at $35,000. Hewlett-Packard's new HP 59940A MS ChemStation (HP-UX series) (Circle 291) is also Unix-based. The HP ChemStation—the data system for the HP 5970B-based GC/MS system—performs several tasks at the same time and displays them using the X Window system. The starting price is $26,000. D
y.
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