contents
http://pubs.acs.org/ac ISSN 0003-2700
April 1, 2001 / Vol. 73, No. 7
features 194 A
Business and Academia: New Millennium, New Attitude? Wilder Smith talks to several academic analytical chemists who have dabbled in business. He finds that attitudes are changing, but being both a professor and a businessman is still hard work.
198 A
Chromatographic Immunoassays. Chromatographic immunoassays. 198 A When a simple and selective method is required, there are few analytical techniques that compare with immunoassays. David Hage and Mary Anne Nelson of the University of Nebraska–Lincoln discuss the principles, advantages, and limitations of immunoassays combined with LC.
COVER STORY 206 A
Imaging Spectrometry from Nature’s Own Atomic Lenses. Surface atoms are often arranged in patterns with different symmetries or interlayer spacings than the bulk material. Determining these unique structures is important for studying reactive sites in surface catalysis, defining atomic templates for epitaxial film growth, and fabricating well-defined interfaces between different materials. J. Wayne Rabalais of the University of Houston introduces scattering and recoiling imaging spectrometry (SARIS), a new approach for revealing surface architecture.
214 A
NMR Spectroscopy: Past and Present. It’s hard to imagine chemical research without NMR spectroscopy. But how did nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy develop into an essential analytical tool? Dallas Rabenstein of the University of California–Riverside examines some of the history of this powerful technique.
news 181 A
Analytical Currents “Virtual” walls and valves for microchannels. Colors of recognition. Rapid cocktail test for enzymes. Green Ca2+ probe. A guide to thinlayer electrochemistry. Enhancing SPR sensitivity. New light on PNA probes. Quantifying HIV infection levels. Check those AFM tips.
185 A
Research Profiles Single molecule imaging sheds light on chromatography. Following a labeled DNA probe through a C18 column. “Matchsticks” for MALDI. A better matrix-less method. Gradients from a microflu-
STR analysis chip. 189 A
170 A
A N A LY T I C A L C H E M I S T R Y / A P R I L 1 , 2 0 0 1
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idic “Christmas tree”. Complex, multicomponent gradients maintained over long distances and periods of time. 188 A
Meeting News HPCE continues to reinvent itself. Chips to clear out crime backlog.
Mixing business with academia.
Multiphase flow on chip.
189 A
Business ICAT proteomics tool commercialized.
190 A
Laboratory Profile ISAS regroups. Germany’s Institute of Spectrochemistry and Applied Spectroscopy focuses on solving problems with interdisciplinary approaches.
191 A
Government and Society Do pacts pay? New bioengineering institute at NIH.
194 A
NMR spectroscopy: Past and present. 214 A
departments 173 A
Editorial Interdisciplinary research. It is common wisdom that interdisciplinary research brings innovative approaches and fresh insights into old problems. Analytical chemists have much to offer to these ventures, but how do you evaluate the quality and impact of this type of research?
175 A
In AC Research
225 A
Product Review Quartz Crystal Microbalances. A reliable technique gets better.
230 A
Meetings
231 A
New Products
1C
AC Research Contents
1399–1649
AC Research
1650
Author Index
SARIS, a new approach for revealing surface architecture. 206 A
Quartz crystal microbalances. 225 A
Cover Image ©Ken Eward/BioGrafx 2001
A P R I L 1 , 2 0 0 1 / A N A LY T I C A L C H E M I S T R Y
171 A
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e d i to ri a l
Interdisciplinary Research I
t is common wisdom that when two or more good scientists from different disciplines conduct research together, there can be fresh insights into old problems and innovative approaches leading to new topics of inquiry. I agree with this commonly held wisdom, called interdisciplinary (ID) research, and applaud it, but I also want to examine it. What is ID research? Federal agencies mainly define it as collaboration between several scientists from multiple departments (i.e., chemists consorting with physicists). I think of it as a melding of disparate knowledge bases (i.e., a body of knowledge and its tools) in ways in which they have not been combined before. ID research is generally driven by the decision to address either broad or specific questions or goals, for which the individual knowledge bases are inadequate to address alone. These knowledge bases—and the people who know how to access them—can lie within a single traditional discipline such as chemistry, which has an enormous scope. However, more commonly, ID research crosses traditional boundaries. The desired outcome is a “daughter” knowledge base, which is self-sustaining in terms of growth and discovery and becomes a recognized part of the participating disciplines or even a nascent new discipline. Analytical chemistry is fertile ground for ID research because analytical information is so widely needed by the atmospheric, biological, clinical, environmental, forensic, geological, health, marine, and pharmaceutical sciences, as well as other chemical subdisciplines. Analytical ID interactions are a usual part of industrial research and development because many intersections exist where measurements are required for innovation, product development, and manufacturing. Industrial employees with different academic training are organized around a common purpose, such as drug discovery, elastomers, or consumer products, which requires that a range of different knowledge bases are brought together to be successful. Although ID research is not uncommon in academic analytical chemistry research, it is not a standard practice. Academics with established careers are motivated to be individualists and are evaluated on the basis of their individual teaching and research. Junior faculty members are expected to demonstrate creativity in their research, and they correctly deduce that they demonstrate this unequivocally when they avoid collaborating
with senior faculty. This single investigator system has, in fact, been an enormous strength of chemical research. It has also been amply demonstrated that individual scholars can grasp multiple bodies of knowledge well enough to make seminal ID advances alone. It would be foolhardy for chemistry to abandon the model of single investigator research in favor of ID research. Yet, there is such tremendous potential for analytical chemists in ID research and significant payoffs. Much of the field of chemometrics, for example, was drawn from bodies of knowledge in the mathematical sciences. Other areas benefiting from ID research include the important current research on microfluidics, which is developing miniaturized, portable analytical devices, and the use of genetic modification to design specificity into analytically useful binding interactions. Academic researchers should be attuned to ID opportunities and seize them when they appear. However, our models for evaluating the quality and impact of ID research are poorly developed compared with the known metrics for evaluating individual research. If a technological product results from ID research, it is easy to ask, “Is this a good product that will benefit society?” Evaluating whether the ID work is industrial or academic is then straightforward. However, like single investigator research, most of the new daughter knowledge base will lie dormant, without technological application, for a considerable period of time. It may also have only minor impacts on the development of the parent or other knowledge bases. As the extent of ID activities in academic institutions grows, methods for evaluating its quality and impact will be sorely needed by institutions and federal agencies. One problem will be deciding whether to continue funding a given ID research project or starting a new one. Another is more basic—how does one evaluate the possible impact of a new ID research direction? I submit that we don’t know how to do this very well at present.
A P R I L 1 , 2 0 0 1 / A N A LY T I C A L C H E M I S T R Y
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EDITOR Royce W. Murray University of North Carolina
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