Investigation of lipid metabolism by a new structured lipid with medium

Statistical analysis. 174. The statistical analysis system software was used to perform statistical evaluation. 175. Quantitative data were presented ...
0 downloads 12 Views 834KB Size
Subscriber access provided by UNIVERSITY OF TOLEDO LIBRARIES

Article

Investigation of lipid metabolism by a new structured lipid with medium and long-chain triacylglycerols from Cinnamomum camphora seed oil in healthy C57BL/6J mice Jiang-Ning Hu, Jin-rong Shen, Chao-Yue Xiong, Xue-Mei Zhu, and zeyuan deng J. Agric. Food Chem., Just Accepted Manuscript • DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.7b05659 • Publication Date (Web): 11 Feb 2018 Downloaded from http://pubs.acs.org on February 11, 2018

Just Accepted “Just Accepted” manuscripts have been peer-reviewed and accepted for publication. They are posted online prior to technical editing, formatting for publication and author proofing. The American Chemical Society provides “Just Accepted” as a service to the research community to expedite the dissemination of scientific material as soon as possible after acceptance. “Just Accepted” manuscripts appear in full in PDF format accompanied by an HTML abstract. “Just Accepted” manuscripts have been fully peer reviewed, but should not be considered the official version of record. They are citable by the Digital Object Identifier (DOI®). “Just Accepted” is an optional service offered to authors. Therefore, the “Just Accepted” Web site may not include all articles that will be published in the journal. After a manuscript is technically edited and formatted, it will be removed from the “Just Accepted” Web site and published as an ASAP article. Note that technical editing may introduce minor changes to the manuscript text and/or graphics which could affect content, and all legal disclaimers and ethical guidelines that apply to the journal pertain. ACS cannot be held responsible for errors or consequences arising from the use of information contained in these “Just Accepted” manuscripts.

Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry is published by the American Chemical Society. 1155 Sixteenth Street N.W., Washington, DC 20036 Published by American Chemical Society. Copyright © American Chemical Society. However, no copyright claim is made to original U.S. Government works, or works produced by employees of any Commonwealth realm Crown government in the course of their duties.

Page 1 of 36

Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry

1

Investigation of lipid metabolism by a new structured lipid with

2

medium and long-chain triacylglycerols from Cinnamomum

3

camphora seed oil in healthy C57BL/6J mice

4

Jiang-Ning Hu1,2*, Jin-Rong Shen2, Chao-Yue Xiong2, Xue-Mei Zhu1,2, Ze-Yuan

5

Deng2*

6 7

1

8

116034, China

9

2

10

School of Food Science and Technology, Dalian Polytechnic University, Dalian

State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Institute for Advanced Study,

Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi 330047, China

11 12

Running title: MLCTs alter lipids metabolism in C57BL/6J mice

13 14

* To Corresponding authors:

15

Telephone No: +86 88304449-8226, E-mail address: [email protected] (J-N Hu);

16

Telephone/ Fax No: +86 791 88304402, E-mail address: [email protected] (Z-Y Deng)

17

1

ACS Paragon Plus Environment

Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry

Page 2 of 36

18

Abstract

19

In the present study, a new structured lipid with medium and long-chain

20

triacylglycerols (MLCTs) was synthesized from camellia oil (CO) and Cinnamomum

21

camphora seed oil (CCSO) by enzymatic interesterification. Meanwhile, the

22

anti-obesity effects of structured lipid were investigated through observing the

23

changes of enzymes related to lipid mobilization in healthy C57BL/6J mice. Results

24

showed that after synthesis, the major triacylgeride (TAG) species of intesterifcatied

25

product changed to LaCC/CLaC (12.6 ± 0.46%), LaCO/LCL (21.7 ± 0.76%),

26

CCO/LaCL (14.2±0.55%), COO/OCO (10.8±0.43%), and OOO (18.6±0.64%).

27

Through second stage molecular distillation, the purity of interesterified product

28

(MLCT) achieved to 95.6%. Later on, male C57BL/6J mice were applied to study

29

whether the new structured lipid with MLCT has the efficacy of preventing the

30

formation of obesity or not. After feeding with different diets for 6 weeks, MLCTs

31

could reduce body weight and fat deposition in adipose tissue, lower plasma

32

triacyglycerols

33

(4.03±0.08mmol/L), and

34

30.5%, respectively, when compared to control 2 group. This was also accompanied

35

by increasing fecal lipids (113%) and the level of enzymes including cyclic adenosine

36

monophosphate (cAMP), protein kinase A (PKA), hormone-sensitive lipase (HSL),

37

adipose triglyceride lipase (ATGL) related to lipid mobilization in MLCT group.

38

From the results, it can be concluded that MLCT reduced body fat deposition

39

probably by modulating enzymes related to lipid mobilization in C57BL/6J mice.

(TG)

(0.89±0.16

mmol/L),

plasma

total

cholesterol

(TC)

hepatic lipids (382±34.2 mg/mice)by 28.8%, 16.0%, and

2

ACS Paragon Plus Environment

Page 3 of 36

Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry

40

Keywords: Medium- and long-chain triacylglycerols, obesity, lipid mobilization,

41

triacyglycerols, total cholesterol

42 43

Introduction

44

Obesity is one of common health problems all over the world which will increase the

45

incidence of diabetes, hypertension and coronary heart diseases.1 Many factors may

46

lead to fat accumulation. For example, excess calories from high – fat diet is a major

47

contributory factor for its development.2 Therefore, strategies for treating obesity are

48

very necessary, such as exercise, medication and dietary fat restriction. However,

49

Medications are always along with some adverse effects and exercise is often hard to

50

insist. Among these measures, dietary modification is supposed to a wise choice to

51

prevent and control obesity. 3

52

Cinnamomum camphora (lauraceae) is an evergreen tree growing in Jiangxi province

53

and the south area of the Yangtze River in China. It has been reported that

54

Cinnamomum camphora (lauraceae) seeds oil (CCSO) is nontoxic and could be used

55

to product MCT-enriched plastic fat.4 Our previous data showed that the oil from

56

Cinnamomum camphora (lauraceae) seeds mainly contains medium-chain fatty acids

57

(MCFA) (capric acid, C10:0, 53.27%; lauric acid, C12:0, 39.93%).5 Medium-chain

58

fatty acids (MCFA), which contain 8-12 carbon atoms, are found in palm kernel and

59

coconut oils. MCT that consist of three MCFA on the skeleton of glycerol has

60

particular nutritional and physiologic properties compared with LCT in animal foods

61

and edible vegetable oil.6 In contrast to LCT, MCT are hydrolyzed rapidly to MCFA,

3

ACS Paragon Plus Environment

Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry

62

which do not need incorporate into chylomicron and pass through the lymphatic

63

system and the portal blood, and then directly to the liver. Therefore, it is reasonable

64

to make MCT candidates for the dietary treatment of obesity.7 Many researches have

65

demonstrated the effects of MCT on reducing body weight, lowering lipoprotein

66

secretion, and attenuating postprandial triglyceride response in animal and human

67

studies.8-10 Nevertheless, MCT lack essential fatty acid and possess low smoking

68

point which makes it difficult to be used to cooking oil.11 Hence, a new type of

69

structured lipid called medium- and long-chain triacylglycerols (MLCT) was

70

developed to overcome the drawbacks of MCT. MLCT containing LCFA and MCFA

71

at the same glycerol molecule produced by transesterification technique can be used

72

as cooking oil.12 In addition, several numerous studies showed that a diet rich in

73

MLCTs, which had the semblable postprandial thermogenesis and fat accumulation as

74

those of MCTs, could reduce cholesterol, restrain the accumulation of body fat and

75

blood triacylglyceride upon consumption.13-15

76

Camellia oil (CO) is a rich source of oleic acid (C18:1, 75–80%) derived from the

77

seeds of C. oleifera, which is similar to olive oil. CO plays a prominent role in

78

reducing triglyceride and cholesterol level in blood due to the high content of oleic

79

acid.16 The purpose of this study was to produce MLCTs composed of CCSO and CO.

80

Then, the hypothesis that a MLCT containing diet could decrease fat accumulation

81

and prevent obesity compared with MCTs- enriched CCSO was investigated.

82 83

Material and methods

4

ACS Paragon Plus Environment

Page 4 of 36

Page 5 of 36

Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry

84

Chemicals

85

Cinnamomum camphora seed oil (CCSO) was obtained from Cinnamomum

86

camphora seeds by organic solvent extraction. Refined CO was purchased from local

87

oil market (Nanchang, China). Lipozyme RM IM. A commercial immobilized lipase

88

from Rhizomucor miehei was purchased from Novozymes A/S (Bagsvaerd, Denmark).

89

#463 of standard fatty acid methyl esters (FAMEs) were purchased from Nu-Chek

90

Prep Inc. (Elysian, MN, USA). Glycerol Tributyrate (purity >99%) regarded as TAG

91

standard was purchased from Sigma Chemical Co., St. Louis, MO, USA. All solvents

92

and reagents used in analyses were of chromatographic or analytical grade。

93

Synthesis and purification

94

The interesterified product was produced through synthesis of CCSO and CO via

95

Lipozyme RM IM with the molar ratio of 1:1 at 60 °C for 3 h which modified on the

96

basis of a previous study

97

molecular distillation. The optimal conditions were chosen as follows: feeding rate, 1

98

ml/min; operation pressure, 60 Pa; first stage evaporating temperature, 90 °C; second

99

stage evaporating temperature, 170 °C; scraper speed 250 rpm/min.

[4]

. The purity of interesterified product was conducted by

100

High-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC)

101

The

102

high-performance liquid chromatograph (HPLC) equipped with an evaporative

103

light-scattering detector (Alltech 3300, Deerfield, IL, USA) operating at 40 °C and a

104

gas flow rate of 1.5 L min-1. The mobile phase consisted of (A) tert butyl methyl ether

105

and (B) hexane with a flow rate of 1.0 mL min-1. A linear solvent gradient was

purity

of

interesterified

product

was

analyzed

5

ACS Paragon Plus Environment

using

normal-phase

Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry

106

determined in a previous study.17 Twenty microliters of filtered sample were injected

107

into the column Hypersil BDS CPS (250 * 4.6 mm, Waters, Milford, MA, USA). Peak

108

identification was determined by retention times using TAG standards.

109

Analysis of fatty acid composition

110

The fatty acid compositions were determined by gas chromatography with slight

111

modifications based on a previous report.18 The samples were converted into fatty acid

112

methyl esters (FAMEs) and then injected into a gas-liquid chromatograph (Model

113

6890N; Agilent Technologies, Palo Alto, CA, USA) equipped with an auto injector

114

and a flame ionization detector (FID) using a fused silica capillary column (CP-Sil 88,

115

100 m 9*0.25 mm * 0.2 ml i.d.). The injector and detector temperatures were

116

maintained at 250 and 260 °C, respectively. The initial temperature of the oven was

117

held at 45 °C for 3 min, and then programmed at a rate of 13 °C min-1 to 175 °C for

118

27 min. The temperature was then further increased at the rate of 4 °C min-1 to 220 °C

119

and held for 35 min. The carrier gas was nitrogen at a flow of 53 mL min-1. Fatty

120

acids compositions were identified by comparison with relative retention times of

121

FAME standards. All samples were analyzed in duplicate.

122

Sn-2 positional analysis

123

Fatty acid composition at sn-2 position was determined by pancreatic lipase

124

analysis.19 Tris–HCl buffer (pH 7.6,10 ml), 0.05% bile salt (2.5 ml), 2.2% CaCl2 (1.0

125

ml) and pancreatic lipase (10 mg) were added to each sample (10 mg) for hydrolysis.

126

After mixing, the temperature of samples remained constant at 37 ℃ for 2 min and

127

shaken three times. Hydrolytic products were extracted and separated by thin-layer

6

ACS Paragon Plus Environment

Page 6 of 36

Page 7 of 36

Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry

128

chromatography (TLC) plate developed in hexane/diethyl ether/acetic acid (50:50:1,

129

v/v/v). The band corresponding to 2-monoacylglycerol was scraped and then

130

methylated. The fatty acid composition was analyzed by gas-liquid chromatography

131

(GLC).

132

Experimental animals

133

Three-four weeks old, male mice (C57BL/6J) weighing 21±2 g were divided into five

134

groups. Mice were housed in a room at 25℃ with 12/12 light/dark cycles for six

135

weeks. The composition of five different diets is given in Table 1. Body weight was

136

measured every week and food consumption was recorded daily. Total feces from

137

each mouse were collected at week 6, freeze-dried, and shredded before analysis. At

138

the end of week 6, mice were anaesthetized under carbon dioxide environment. Blood

139

was collected from cava vein, and serum was separated and stored at- 80 ℃. Organs

140

were collected, washed with saline and frozen at a -80°C, until assays analyzed. This

141

experimental was approved by the Law of Animal Experiment, University of

142

Nanchang.

143

Determination of plasma lipids

144

Plasma TC, TG, LDL-C, and HDL-C were analyzed at week six using commercial

145

enzymatic kits from Infinity (Waltham, MA, USA) and Stanbio Laboratories (Boerne,

146

TX, USA).

147

Determination of hepatic and fecal lipids

148

Hepatic and fecal lipids were analyzed with minor modification on the basis of

149

previously described.20 Total lipids were extracted from 400 mg liver sample or 600

7

ACS Paragon Plus Environment

Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry

150

mg feces with chloroform–methanol (2:1, v/v), and then were dried through nitrogen

151

gas. Total lipids were separated into total TG, and phospholipids (PL) using bonded

152

phase columns. The eluent containing TG, and PL were dried under a gentle stream of

153

nitrogen gas and methylated with 14% BF3- methanol solution. The fatty acid methyl

154

esters (FAME) were determined by a gas-liquid chromatograph. The hepatic TG and

155

TC levels were determined using commercial Triglyceride GPO-PAP and Cholesterol

156

CHOD-PAP kits (Jiancheng Bioengineering Institute, China).

157

Adipose tissue HE staining

158

HE staining was analyzed as previously described.21 Adipose tissues were fixed in 10%

159

formalin and then performed to the histological study by dehydration (increasing

160

alcohol concentrations, from low concentration to high concentration of alcohol),

161

imbedding by paraffin after mounting in xylene. Next, the paraffin sections were cut

162

into 5-mm thick for HE staining. The sections were observed under an Olympus

163

CX31 microscope and then taken a picture by an Olympus U-CMAD3 camera under a

164

magnification of 100 times.

165

ELISA validation

166

Hepatic and adipose tissues were employed in the ELISA validation. Six proteins

167

involved in lipid metabolism were quantified by using commercially available kits

168

following the manufacturers' instructions: apolipoprotein B (Apo B, Abcam,

169

Cambridge, UK), apolipoprotein A (Apo A, Abcam, Cambridge, UK), adenosine

170

3',5'-cyclic monophosphate (cAMP, Abcam, Cambridge, UK), adipose triglyceride

171

lipase (ATGL,Abcam, Cambridge, UK), hormone-sensitive lipase (HSL,Abcam,

8

ACS Paragon Plus Environment

Page 8 of 36

Page 9 of 36

Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry

172

Cambridge, UK) and protein kinase A (PKA, Abcam, Cambridge, UK). Duplicate

173

analyses were performed.

174

Statistical analysis

175

The statistical analysis system software was used to perform statistical evaluation.

176

Quantitative data were presented as mean ± standard error of the mean. One-way

177

analysis of variance (ANOA) followed by Fisher’s LSD test was performed to

178

determine the significance of difference at p < 0.05 among the five groups.

179 180

Results

181

Fatty acid profile, TAG species and the purity of interesterified product

182

The fatty acid compositions of CO, CCSO, interesterified product (MLCT) are shown

183

in Table 2. The results revealed that CCSO mainly contained saturated fatty acids

184

(SFA, 96.3%). Medium-chain fatty acids (MCFA) including capric acid (53.0±0.29%)

185

and lauric acid (41.3±0.47%) were the most abundant fatty acids in CCSO. However,

186

CO contained appreciable amounts of oleic acid (C18:1, 80.3±1.87%) and linoleic

187

acid (C18:2, 7.68±0.25%) which belong to unsaturated fatty acids (USFA,

188

89.0±0.51%). The content of oleic acid (C18:1) in interesterified product mainly

189

distributed at sn-2 positions (41.5±0.26%) were much higher (52.1±0.31%) than that

190

in CCSO (3.04±0.44%), while interesterified product contained more amount of

191

medium-chain fatty acids (MCFA, 35.7±0.54%) compared with CO. After synthesis,

192

the major TAG species of intesterifcatied product changed to LaCC/CLaC (12.6%±

193

0.46%), LaCO/LCL (21.7% ± 0.76%), CCO/LaCL (14.2% ± 0.55%), COO/OCO

9

ACS Paragon Plus Environment

Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry

194

(10.8%±0.43%), and OOO (18.6%±0.64%) (data shown in Table 3). Figure 1

195

showed that the purity of interesterified product achieved 95.6%, after second stage

196

molecular distillation.

197

Body length, body weight, food intake and organ weights

198

As shown in Table 4, all group had similar initial body weights (21.4-21.6 g) at 0

199

week. As for food intakes (4.21-4.33 g), there were no significantly differences in the

200

five groups across the whole experiment. After 6 weeks, High Fat (HF) group had a

201

final body weight of 28.0±1.26 g, which was significantly higher than other four

202

groups (23.5-26.0 g). MLCT (24.10±0.99 g) which was similar to CCSO group

203

(23.5±0.92 g) had lower final body weight than control 2 (26.0±0.29 g), and it had

204

smaller epididymal and perirenal fat pads compared to HF and control 2 groups.

205

Meanwhile, control 2 group (26.0±0.29 g) showed higher body weight than control 1

206

(24.4±1.03 g) probably due to the consumption of cholesterol and custard powder.

207

MLCT groups had smaller liver compared with HF groups.

208

Plasma triacyglycerols (TG), total cholesterol (TC), HDL-C, LDL-C and

209

HDL-C/LDL-C

210

At the end of experimental period, group HF showed significantly higher

211

triacyglycerols (TG) (2.22±0.04 vs. 1.25±0.06 mmol/L), total cholesterol (TC)

212

(6.14±0.11 vs. 4.80±0.14 mmol/L), LDL-C (0.68±0.04 vs. 0.60±0.02 mmol/L) , as

213

well as lower HDL-C (2.59±0.03 vs. 3.01±0.05 mmol/L) than those in control 2 group.

214

A significantly decrease in plasma TG (0.89±0.16 mmol/L ), total TC (4.03±0.08

215

mmol/L), LDL-C (0.46±0.05 mmol/L) and a significantly increase in HDL-C

10

ACS Paragon Plus Environment

Page 10 of 36

Page 11 of 36

Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry

216

(3.27±0.11 mmol/L ) were found in MLCT group compared with the control 2 group,

217

resulting in an increase HDL-C/LDL-C from 5.02±0.56 to 7.11±1.81 in MLCT group

218

(Table 5).

219

Fatty acids compositions of TG, PL, and total lipids in liver

220

The total lipids and separated TG, PL were expressed as mg/mice. Adding lard into

221

diet led to a significant increase in total lipids (Control 2: 549±47.1 vs. HF: 640±55.3

222

mg/mice), TG (Control 2: 239±19.1 vs. HF: 326±20.1 mg/mice) and PL (Control 2:

223

184±11.3 vs. HF: 239±17.1 mg/mice). However, dietary MLCT could decrease

224

hepatic total lipids, TG and PL by 30.5%, 27.0%, 32.3% when compared with control

225

2 group, respectively. (Table 6)

226

Fecal lipids

227

Table 7 showed the total fecal lipids, separated TG, and PL expressed as

228

mg/mouse/day. The all total lipids, TG, and PL in HF group were decreased to

229

2.00±0.01, 0.13±0.07, 0.27±0.03 when compared with control 2 group(4.00±0.03,

230

0.17±0.08, 0.30±0.05), respectively. However, that adding MLCT into diet could lead

231

to an increase in total fecal lipids (113%), separated TG (265%), and PL (30.0%) in

232

the feces (MLCT vs. Control 2).

233

Liver TG, TC, ApoA1, ApoB

234

Table 8 revealed that HF group showed significantly higher hepatic TG content

235

(31.5±2.6μmol/g liver ), TC content (16±2.36μmol/g liver) ) and apoB (40.2±0.37

236

ng/mg protein ) as well as lower content of apoA1 (12.9±0.95 ng/mg protein) than

237

those in control 2 group. Administration of MLCT to diet in MLCT group for six

11

ACS Paragon Plus Environment

Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry

238

weeks resulted in a significant decrease in TG (17.7±3.1μmol/g liver ), TC (10.1±1.03

239

μmol/g liver ) and apoB (26.3±0.56 ng/mg protein) and a significant increase in

240

apoA1 (18.2±1.36) when compared to control 2. Meanwhile, MLCT group showed

241

the highest level of apoA1/apoB (0.69). among the five groups.

242

HE staining and enzymes related to lipid metabolism in adipose tissue

243

Photomicographs of HE-stained adipose tissues are given in Figure 2. The size of

244

adipocytes of the HF group was significantly larger than the other four groups. ELISA

245

analyses showed that dietary MLCT increased the level of ATGL, HSL, cAMP and

246

PKA compared with HF group and control 2 group. HF group had the lowest level of

247

the four enzymes compared to the other four groups (Table 9).

248 249

Discussion

250

As shown in Table 3, after interesterification, 41.5% of oleic acid was found at the

251

sn-2 position of TAG. It has been known that LCFAs at sn-2 position of TAG are

252

conducive to digestion and absorption in the body. Moreover, MCFAs at sn-1,3

253

positions are beneficial for lowering body fat deposition and offering rapid energy.

254

Therefore, our MLCTs-enriched structured lipids could be developed as a cooking oil

255

contained nutritional value for food industries.4 To examine the effects of dietary

256

MLCT consumption on preventing obesity, we performed the trial on C57BL/6J mice

257

fed by meals containing MLCT compared to CCSO mainly composed of MCT and

258

lard mainly composed of LCT for six weeks. In consequence, we found that mice fed

259

with MLCTs reduced body weight, decreased lipids of hepatic and adipose tissue and

12

ACS Paragon Plus Environment

Page 12 of 36

Page 13 of 36

Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry

260

increased the levels of enzymes related to lipid metabolism than LCT group. These

261

results were in agreement with previous findings.1, 6, 14, 15 In recent years, many animal

262

and human researchers found that dietary MLCT led to a greater reduction of final

263

body weight than dietary LCT. For example, Takeuchi reported that the amount of

264

body fat in rats of MLCT group, which was fed by diet containing 4.8% (wt/wt)

265

MCFA for 6 weeks, was decreased compared with LCT group.22 Forty-eight male

266

Wistar rats fed with MLCT containing 20% MCFA for 8 weeks lowered body weight

267

and fat accumulation in adipose tissue.11 A thorough study demonstrated that the

268

consumption of oil with medium- and long-chain TG in hypertriglyceridemic human

269

with BMI>22 kg/m2 had lower body weight, body fat percentage and subcutaneous

270

fat.6 These studies confirmed that shrinkage of fat depots mainly resulted in the

271

observed decreases in body weight.15, 23, 24

272

In this study, we found that mice fed with MLCT oil for 6 weeks resulted in a

273

significant reduction in blood TG in mice when compared with the fed of LCT oil.

274

These results suggested that intake of MLCT oil may be a great treatment for

275

hypertriglyceridemic patients. The mechanism can be explained as (1) the peripheral

276

removal of circulating TG from blood, (2) hepatic production or secretion of TG into

277

blood. However, there have been few reports indicated that intake of MCT or MLCT

278

could decrease hepatic production of TG so far. What is more, there were many

279

reports indicative of the promoting effects of MCT or MLCT oil intake on energy

280

expenditure and fat oxidation in both liver and adipose tissue in animal and human

281

studies.25,26 In consequence, oxidation of fatty acids stimulated by intake of MCFAs

13

ACS Paragon Plus Environment

Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry

Page 14 of 36

282

might have contributed to our results. The results in many researches about the effects

283

of MCT on blood cholesterol metabolism are divergent. Zhang et al. reported that

284

blood cholesterol concentration after consumption of MLCT-supplemented diet for 8

285

weeks did not be affected when compared with those intake of LCT-supplemented

286

diet.15Hashim et al. showed in 8 healthy subjects that the consumption of an

287

MCT-supplemented diet for 2 weeks resulted in slight elevation in plasma total

288

cholesterol concentrations as compared with consumption of a corn oil-supplemented

289

diet.28 However, our studies indicated that MLCT consumption decreased blood

290

cholesterol concentration when compared with LCT consumption which was similar

291

to those of Michio et al.1 Previous studies reported that the reductase activity of a key

292

enzyme in cholesterol synthesis of hepatic called 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-CoA

293

(HMG-CoA) in rats was reduced after intake of an MCT containing diet, resulting in a

294

decrease of serum total cholesterol.29, 30 Hence, our results could be explained by

295

intake of MLCT in the diet led to a decrease in hepatic HMG-CoA reductase activity.

296

We also found that MLCT consumption increased HDL-C concentration and

297

decreased LDL-C level. These conclusions confirmed that MLCT may have beneficial

298

effects against cardiovascular diseases.

299

Many investigations have indicated that dietary MCT induced less fat deposition in [1, 31]

300

adipose tissue than LCT, which was consistent with our current studies

301

Especially the morphology of adipose tissues, the result showed that adipocytes from

302

LCT group were significantly larger than that in the MLCT group, indicating that the

303

effect of MLCT on adipose tissues metabolism was obvious. Adipose tissue is not

14

ACS Paragon Plus Environment

.

Page 15 of 36

Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry

304

only the main organ of triglyceride storage but also the target organ inducing obesity.

305

So, we select the adipose tissue as a target, observing the changes of enzymes related

306

to lipid metabolism. Hormone—sensitive lipase (HSL) was considered to be a sort of

307

major rate limiting enzymes relating to hydrolysis of triglyceride in adipose tissue.

308

But triglyceride was still hydrolyzed in the adipose tissue of the mouse defected HSL

309

gene which indicated that HSL is not the intracellular hydrolase for adipose lipid

310

mobilization.32 In 2004, some researchers almost simultaneously reported a newly

311

discovered enzyme - adipose triglyceride lipase (ATGL) with specific molecular

312

features and structures in adipose tissue. Further studies suggested that ATGL was

313

considered as the key enzyme of the first step in hydrolysis of triglycerides. Villena et

314

al. found that the gene expression of ATGL in obese individuals is regulated by some

315

adipokines.33 Because of the inhibition of ATGL in adipose tissue, the catabolism of

316

triglyceride was significantly reduced in-vitro assays which demonstrated that the

317

enzyme could play an important role in lipid metabolism.34 Previous study showed

318

that HSL had the ability to break down triglycerides by phosphorylation of protein

319

kinase A (PKA) depended on adenosine 3',5'-cyclic monophosphate (cAMP). Iemitsu

320

et al. confirmed that PKA was an essential factor for HSL while ATGL did not rely on

321

the activated PKA .35 Our studies indicated that the levels of cAMP, PKA, ATGL and

322

HSL in MLCT groups were higher than LCT group which further validated the

323

control of adipocyte differentiation by MLCT mainly through cAMP-PKA pathway.

324

After digestion in small intestine, MCT was hydrolyzed to MCFA which promoted

325

cAMP synthesis, increased the levels of PKA and promoted HSL phosphorylation.

15

ACS Paragon Plus Environment

Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry

326

MCFA might work on ATGL accompanied with HSL to promote TG hydrolysis.

327

Therefore, we speculated the mechanism of fat mobilization promoted by MLCT was

328

that MLCT increased steatosis by improving the level of enzyme related to adipose

329

lipid mobilization in adipose tissue.

330

Liver plays a vital role in fatty acid catabolism and synthesis. There have been few

331

reports focusing on apolipoprotein metabolism in subjects consuming oil containing

332

MLCT. Our studies showed that there were lower level of Apo B and higher level of

333

Apo A in MLCT group compared with LCT group. Apo A is a main carrier of high

334

density lipoprotein while Apo B is a main apolipoprotein of low density lipoprotein.

335

The levels with decrease of Apo A and increase of Apo B are considered as risk

336

factors for coronary heart diseases.36 The absence of apolipoproteins or their contents

337

are not fit to the increasing amount of serum lipids could lead to the lipid metabolic

338

disorders.37 In the present study, dietary MLCT decreased the accumulation of total

339

lipids, TG, and PL in the liver. Why MLCT consumption does reduce hepatic lipids

340

needs to be further determined. One possible explanation is that dietary MLCT could

341

down-regulate the expression of hepatic LPL which is responsible for the removal of

342

TG from plasma to the liver. Meanwhile, the intake of MLCT induced higher

343

concentration of fecal lipids as compared with the intake of LCT. These results

344

suggested that MLCT promoted fat absorption in the intestine. Therefore, the activity

345

of MLCT lowering body fat and preventing obesity was mainly due to its enhanced

346

lipid uptake by the liver and promoted its effect on the fat absorption.

347

In conclusion, a dietary intake of MLCT was found to have beneficial effects on

16

ACS Paragon Plus Environment

Page 16 of 36

Page 17 of 36

Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry

348

helping prevent obesity, reducing body fat, and decreasing blood triglyceride,

349

cholesterol and LDL-C levels in C57BL/6J mice. The mechanism appears to be

350

explained by that MLCT might be useful for controlling lipid metabolism in hepatic

351

and fat absorption in the intestine. For future health promotion, MLCT is expected to

352

act as functional oil that can be widely used to prevent obesity as well as metabolic

353

disorders.

354 355

Acknowledgements

356

The authors acknowledge the National Key Research and Development Program of

357

China (2016YFD0401404) and National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant

358

31571870, 31460427) for supporting this project.

17

ACS Paragon Plus Environment

Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry

359 360

References

361

(1) Kasai, M.; Nosaka, N.; Maki, H.; Negishi, S.; Aoyama, T.; Nakamura, M.; Suzuki, Y.; Tsuji,

362

H.; Uto, H.; Okazaki, M.; Kondo, K. Effect of dietary medium- and long-chain triacylglycerols

363

(MLCT) on accumulation of body fat in healthy humans. Asia Pacific Journal of Clinical

364

Nutrition.2003, 12, 151-60.

365

(2) Kim, J. Y.; Nolte, L. A.; Hansen, P. A.; Han, D. H.; Ferguson, K.; Thompson, P. A.; Holloszy,

366

J. O. High-fat diet-induced muscle insulin resistance: relationship to visceral fat mass. American

367

Journal of Physiology Regulatory Integrative & Comparative Physiology.2000, 279, 2057-2065.

368

(3) Gujjala, S.; Putakala, M.; Ramaswamy, R.; Saralakumari, D. Preventive effect of Caralluma

369

fimbriata vs. Metformin against high-fat diet-induced alterations in lipid metabolism in Wistar rats.

370

Biomedicine & Pharmacotherapy.2016, 84, 215-223.

371

(4) Zhao, M. L.; Hu, J. N.; Zhu, X. M.; Li, H. Y.; Li, J.; Fan, Y. W.; Deng, Z.Y. Enzymatic

372

synthesis of medium- and long-chain triacylglycerols-enriched structured lipid from cinnamomum

373

camphora seed oil and camellia oil by Lipozyme RM IM. International Journal of Food Science &

374

Technology.2014, 49, 453-459.

375

(5) Hu, J. N.; Zhang, B.; Zhu, X. M.; Li, J.; Fan, Y. W.; L, R.; Tang, L.; Lee, K T.; Deng, Z.Y.

376

Characterization of medium-chain triacylglycerol (MCT)-enriched seed oil from cinnamomum

377

camphora (lauraceae) and its oxidative stability. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry. 2011,

378

59, 4771-4778.

379

(6) Xue, C.; Liu, Y.; Wang, J.; Zhang, R.; Zhang, Y.; Zhang, J.; Zheng, Z.; Yu, X.; Jing,

380

H .;Nosaka, N.; Arai, C.; Kasai, M.; Aoyama, T.; Wu, J. Consumption of medium- and long-chain

18

ACS Paragon Plus Environment

Page 18 of 36

Page 19 of 36

Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry

381

triacylglycerols decreases body fat and blood triglyceride in Chinese hypertriglyceridemic subjects.

382

European Journal of Clinical Nutrition.2009, 63, 87-886.

383

(7) Papamandjaris, A. A.; MacDougall, D. E.; Jones, P. J. H. Medium chain fatty acid metabolism

384

and energy expenditure: obesity treatment implication. Life Science.1988, 62, 1203-1215.

385

(8) Lavau, M. M.; Hashim, S. A. Effect of medium chain triglyceride on lipogenesis and body fat

386

in the rat. Journal of Nutrition.1978, 108, 613-620.

387

(9) Bray, G.A.; Lee, M.; Bray, T. L. Weight gain of rats fed medium-chain triglycerides is less

388

than rats fed long-chain triglycerides. International Journal of Obesity.1980, 4, 27-32.

389

(10) Tsuji, H.; Kasai, M.; Takeuchi, H.; Nakamura, M.; Okazaki, M.; Kondo, K. Dietary

390

medium-chain triacylglycerols suppress accumulation of body fat in a double-blind, controlled

391

trial in healthy men and women. Journal of Nutrition.2001, 131, 2853-2859.

392

(11) Lee, Y. Y.; Tang, T. K.; Lai, O. M. Health benefits, enzymatic production, and application of

393

medium- and long-chain criacylglycerol (MLCT) in food industries: a review. Journal of Food

394

Science.2012, 77, 137-144.

395

(12) Ogawa, A.; Nosaka, N.; Kasai, M.; Aoyama, T.; Okazaki, M.; Igarashi, O. Dietary medium-

396

and long-chain triacylglycerols accelerate diet-induced thermogenesis in humans. Journal of Oleo

397

Science.2007, 56, 283-287.

398

(13) Matulka, R. A.; Noguchi, O.; Nosaka, N. Safety evaluation of a medium- and long-chain

399

triacylglycerol oil produced from medium-chain triacylglycerols and edible vegetable oil. Food

400

and Chemical Toxicology.2006, 44, 1530-1538.

401

(14) Matsuo, T.; Takeuchi, H. Effects of structured medium- and long-chain triacylglycerols in

402

diets with various levels of fat on body fat accumulation in rats. British Journal of Nutrition.2004,

19

ACS Paragon Plus Environment

Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry

403

91, 219-25.

404

(15) Zhang, Y.; Liu, Y.; Wang, J.; Zhang, R.; Jing, H.; Yu, X. Medium- and long-chain

405

triacylglycerols reduce body fat and blood triacylglycerols in hypertriacylglycerolemic,

406

overweight but not obese, Chinese individuals. Lipids.2010, 45, 501-510.

407

(16) Zeng, F.K.; Yang, B.; Wang, Y. H.; Wang, W. F.; Ning, Z. X.; Li, L. Enzymatic production

408

of monoacylglycerols with camellia oil by the glycerolysis reaction. Journal of the American Oil

409

Chemists’ Society.2010, 87, 531-537.

410

(17) Tang, L.; Hu, J. N.; Zhu, X. M.; L, L. P.; Lei, L.; Deng, Z.Y.; Lee, K. T. Enzymatic

411

interesterification of palm stearin with cinnamomum camphora seed oil to produce zero-trans

412

medium-chain triacylglycerols-enriched plastic fat. Journal of Food Science.2012, 77, 454-460.

413

(18) Zhu, X. M.; Hu, J. N.; Xue, C. L.; Lee, J. H.; Shin, J. A.; Hong, S. T.; Sung, C. K.; Lee, K. T.

414

Physiochemical and oxidative stability of interesterified structured lipid for soft margarine fat

415

containing ∆5-UPIFAs. Food Chemistry.2012, 131, 533-540.

416

(19) Lee, K. T.; Foglia, T. A. Synthesis, purification, and characterization of structured lipids

417

produced from chicken fat. Journal of the American Oil Chemists' Society.2000, 77, 1027-1034.

418

(20) Zhang, Z.; Wang, H.; Jiao, R.; Peng, C.; Wong, Y. M.; Yeung, V. S. Y.; Huang, Y.; Chen, Z.

419

Y. Choosing hamsters but not rats as a model for studying plasma cholesterol-lowering activity of

420

functional foods. Molecular Nutrition & Food Research.2009, 53, 921-930.

421

(21) Wang, C.; Li, H. Y.; Luo, C.Y.; Li, Y. F.; Zhang, Y.; Yun, D.; Mu, D. Z.; Zhou, K. Y.; Hua,

422

Y. M. The effect of maternal obesity on the expression and functionality of placental

423

P-glycoprotein: Implications in the individualized transplacental digoxin treatment for fetal heart

424

failure. Placenta, 2015, 36, 1138-1147.

20

ACS Paragon Plus Environment

Page 20 of 36

Page 21 of 36

Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry

425

(22) Takeuchi, H.; Kubota, F.; Itakura, M.; Taguchi, N. Effect of triacylglycerols containing

426

medium-and long-chain fatty acids on body fat accumulation in rats. Journal of Nutritional

427

Science & Vitaminology.2001, 47, 267-269.

428

(23) Hwang, S. G.; Yano, H.; Kawashima, R. Influence of dietary medium- and long-chain

429

triglycerides on fat deposition and lipogenic enzyme activities in rats. Journal of the American

430

College of Nutrition.1993, 12, 429-434.

431

(24) Hill, J. O.; Peters, J. C.; Lin, D.; Yakubu, F.; Greene, H.; Swift, L. Lipid accumulation and

432

body fat distribution is influenced by type of dietary fat fed to rats. International Journal of

433

Obesity.1993, 17, 223-36.

434

(25) St Onge, M. P.; Bourque, C.; Jones, P. J.; Ross, R.; Parsons, W. E. Medium- versus

435

long-chain triglycerides for 27 days increases fat oxidation and energy expenditure without

436

resulting in changes in body composition in overweight women. Journal of the International

437

Association for the Study of Obesity.2003, 27, 95-102.

438

(26) Stonge, M. P.; Ross, R.; Parsons, W. D.; Jones, P. J. Medium-chain triglycerides increase

439

energy expenditure and decrease adiposity in overweight men. Obesity.2003, 11, 395-402.

440

(27) Roynette, C. E.; Rudkowska, I.; Nakhasi, D. K.; Jones, P. J. Structured medium and long

441

chain triglycerides show short-term increases in fat oxidation, but no changes in adiposity in men.

442

Nutrition, Metabolism and Cardiovascular Diseases.2008, 18, 298-305.

443

(28) Hashim, S. A.; Arteaga, A.; Van Itallie, T. B. Effect of a saturated medium-chain triglyceride

444

on serum-lipids in man. Lancet.1960, 275, 1105-1108.

445

(29) Takase, S.; Morimoto, A.; Nakanishi, M.; Muto, Y. Long-term effect of medium-chain

446

triglyceride on hepatic enzymes catalyzing lipogenesis and cholesterogenesis in rats. Journal of

21

ACS Paragon Plus Environment

Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry

447

Nutritional Science & Vitaminology.1977, 23, 43-51.

448

(30) Ecelbarger, G. L.; Lasekan, J. B.; Ney, D. M. In vivo triglyceride secretion and hepatic and

449

plasma lipids in rats fed medium-chain triglycerides, tripelargonin, or corn oil. Journal of

450

Nutritional Biochemistry.1991, 2, 260-266.

451

(31) Simón, E.; Fernándezquintela, A.; Portillo, M. P.; Del Barrio, A. S. Effects of medium-chain

452

fatty acids on body composition and protein metabolism in overweight rats. Journal of Physiology

453

and Biochemistry.2000, 56, 337-46.

454

(32) Wang, S. P.; Laurin, N.; Himms-Hagen, J.; Rudnicki, M. A.; Levy, E.; Robert, M. F. The

455

adipose tissue phenotype of hormone-sensitive lipase deficiency in mice. Obesity.2012, 9,

456

119-128.

457

(33) Villena, J. A.; Roy, S.; Sarkadi-Nagy, E.; Kim, K. H.; Sul, H. S. Desnutrin, an adipocyte gene

458

encoding a novel patatin domain-containing protein, is induced by fasting and glucocorticoids:

459

ectopic expression of desnutrin increases triglyceride hydrolysis. Journal of Biological

460

Chemistry.2001, 279, 47066-47075.

461

(34) Kershaw, E. E.; Hamm, J. K.; Verhagen, L. A. W.; Peroni, O.; Katic, M.; Flier, A. J. S.

462

Adipose triglyceride lipase: function, regulation by insulin, and comparison with adiponutrin.

463

Diabetes, 2006, 55, 148-157.

464

(35) Iemitsu, M.; Shimojo, N.; Maeda, S.; Irukayamatomobe, Y.; Sakai, S.; Ohkubo, T. The

465

benefit of medium-chain triglyceride therapy on the cardiac function of SHRs is associated with a

466

reversal of metabolic and signaling alterations. AJP: Heart and Circulatory Physiology.2008, 295,

467

136-144.

468

(36) Jones, P. M.; Butt, Y.; Bennett, M. J. Accumulation of 3-hydroxy-fatty acids in the culture

22

ACS Paragon Plus Environment

Page 22 of 36

Page 23 of 36

Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry

469

medium of long-chain L-3-hydroxyacyl CoA dehydrogenase (LCHAD) and mitochondrial

470

trifunctional protein-deficient skin fibroblasts: implications for medium chain triglyceride dietary

471

treatment of LCHAD deficiency. Pediatric Research.2003, 53, 783-787.

472

(37) Parini, R.; Invernizzi, F.; Menni, F.; Garavaglia, B.; Melotti, D.; Rimoldi, M. Medium-chain

473

triglyceride loading test in carnitine-acylcarnitine translocase deficiency: insights on treatment.

474

Journal of Inherited Metabolic Disease.1999, 22, 733-739.

475

23

ACS Paragon Plus Environment

Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry

Page 24 of 36

476 477

Table 1 Composition of five different diet. Percent of Control Control Nutrients 1 2 Protein (%) 18.0 12.6 Fat (%) 19.4 13.6 Carbohydrate (%) 48.5 33.9 Mineral mixture 0.78 0.54 (%) Vitamin mixture 0.52 0.36 (%) Fiber (%) 1.5 1.05 Water (%) 9.5 6.64 Others (%) 1.8 1.26 Cholesterol (%) 0 0.15 Custard powder 0 10 (%) Distilled water 0 20 (%) Lard (%) 0 0 Camphora seed oil 0 0 (%) Tea oil (%) 0 0 Medium and long 0 0 chain ester (%)

High Fat

CCSO

MLCT

12.6 13.6 33.9

12.6 13.6 33.9

12.6 13.6 33.9

0.54

0.54

0.54

0.36

0.36

0.36

1.05 6.64 1.26 0.15

1.05 6.64 1.26 0.15

1.05 6.64 1.26 0.15

10

10

10

0

0

0

20

0

0

0

20

0

0

0

0

0

0

20

478 479

24

ACS Paragon Plus Environment

Page 25 of 36

Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry

480 481 482

Table 2 Fatty acids composition (area%) of Cinnamomum camphora seed oil (CCSO), camellia oil (CO) and interesterified product (MLCT) CO CCSO MLCT Fatty acid Total sn-2 Total sn-2 Total sn-2 a a 8:0 ND ND 0.18 ±0.04 ND 0.06 ±0.00 0.22 ±0.02a 53.0±0.29e 64.4±0.61c 21.4 ±0.29e 26.1 ±0.38e 10:0 ND ND 32.1 41.3±0.47d 14.2 ±0.16d 16.8 ±0.29d b ±0.37 12:0 ND ND 0.80 1.24 ±0.03ab 0.45 ±0.07a ±0.10a 0.50 ±0.05a 14:0 ND ND 0.88 8.74±0.04b 1.68 ±0.02a 0.36 ±0.02a 6.19 ±0.12c 9.06 ±0.12c 16:0 ±0.21a 18:0 2.31±0.01a 0.57 ±0.10a 0.27 ±0.15a ND 0.16 ±0.03a 1.27 ±0.10a 1.15 85.0 ±0.91c 3.04 ±0.44bc 80.3±1.87c 52.1±0.31h 41.5±0.26f ±0.23a 18:1n-9 0.73 7.68 ±0.25b 12.2±0.22b 4.78 ±0.04b 4.07 ±0.41b 0.47±0.15a a 18:2n-6 ±0.04 20:1n-9 0.48 ±0.02a ND 0.08 ±0.01a ND 0.32 ±0.12a 0.09 ±0.02a 18:3n-3 0.47 ±0.07a 0.61±0.03a 0.07 ±0.02a ND 0.34 ±0.08a 0.39 ±0.01a b a f d Total SFA 11.1 ±0.45 2.25 ±0.17 96.3±0.73 98.1±0.82 42.5 ±0.26g 54.0 ±0.41h total 1.88 d d c USFA 89.0 ±0.51 97.8 ±0.58 3.66 ±0.06 ±0.16a 57.5 ±0.31i 46.0 ±0.52g total 96.4 MCFA ND ND 94.5 ±0.70f ±0.91d 35.7 ±0.54f 43.1±0.39f 483 484 485 486

Data are expressed as the mean ± SD; ND, not detected. Mean values in a column with different letters differ significantly, p < 0.05.

25

ACS Paragon Plus Environment

Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry

487 488

489 490 491 492 493

Page 26 of 36

Table 3 Triacylglycerol (TAG) composition (area%) of CCSO, CO, physical blend and interesterified product ECN

TAG

CCSO

CO

Interesterifie d Product

30 32 34 36 38 40 40 42 42 44 44 46 46 48 48 50

CCC LaCC/CLaC MCC/LaLaC CCO/LaCL LaCO/LCL LaLaO/LaOLa SLaC/PCL COO/OCO PPC/PCP/PCO/SCL LaOO/OLaO PLaO/PLaP/SLaL LOO/OLO PLO/PLP/LLS OOO POO/OPO SOO/OSO

2.27±0.12 84.5±1.24b 13.2±0.54b ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND

ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND 5.72±0.35b 1.27±0.10b 76.1±1.11b 15.7±0.56b 1.16±0.07

1.95±0.11 12.6±0.46a 5.19±0.34a 14.2±0.55 21.7±0.76 0.96±0.03 2.52±0.12 10.8±0.43 0.88±0.03 5.64±0.41 0.52±0.03 1.3±0.06a 0.23±0.02a 18.6±0.64a 2.79±0.10a 0.18±0.01

CCSO, camphora seed oil; CO, camellia oil; C, capric acid; La, lauric acid; M, myristic acid; P, palmitic acid; S, stearic acid; O, oleic acid; L, linoleic Acid; Ln, linolenic Acid; Equivalent carbon number (ECN) = Carbon Number - 2×Double Bonds; ND, not detected;Mean values in a column with different letters differ significantly, p < 0.05.

494

26

ACS Paragon Plus Environment

Page 27 of 36

Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry

Table 4 Changes of the body length, body weight, food intake and organ weights in C57BL/6J mice fed five different diets for six weeks Control 1 Control 2 High Fat CCSO MLCT Initial body 21.5±1.02 21.5±0.69 21.4±0.88 21.4±1.19 21.4±1.21 weight(g) Final body 24.4±1.03ab 26.0±0.29b 28.0±1.26c 23.5±0.92a 24.1±0.99a weight(g) Food intake(g/d) 4.21±1.83 4.25±1.31 4.33±1.01 4.28±1.65 4.28±1.35 Body length(cm) 8.43±0.27a 8.60±0.29ab 8.98±0.16b 8.26±0.18a 8.33±0.14a Organ weight(g) heart 0.12±0.01 0.14±0.02 0.14±0.01 0.13±0.03 0.13±0.02 Liver 0.82±0.09a 0.87±0.05ab 1.03±0.11b 0.84±0.09a 0.85±0.08a Spleen 0.05±0.00a 0.06±0.00ab 0.08±0.02c 0.07±0.01bc 0.06±0.00ab kidneys 0.30±0.03 0.31±0.02 0.31±0.01 0.31±0.03 0.30±0.02 Epididymal fat pad 0.35±0.09a 0.40±0.11ab 0.61±0.16b 0.34±0.09a 0.33±0.12a Perirenal fat pad 0.04±0.03a 0.04±0.04a 0.16±0.06b 0.04±0.02a 0.07±0.02a

495 496

497 498 499 500

Data are expressed as the mean ± SD. Mean values in a row with different letters differ significantly, p < 0.05.

27

ACS Paragon Plus Environment

Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry

501 502

Table 5 Change of triacyglycerols (TG), total cholesterol (TC), HDL-C, LDL-C and HDL-C/LDL-C in five experimental groups. Control 1 Control 2 High Fat CCSO MLCT a b c a TG(mmol/L) 0.99±0.12 1.25±0.06 2.22±0.04 0.92±0.09 0.89±0.16a TC(mmol/L) 4.04±0.22a 4.80±0.14b 6.14±0.11c 3.49±0.83a 4.03±0.08a HDL-C(mmol/L) 3.13±0.05bc 3.01±0.05ab 2.59±0.03a 3.29±0.21c 3.27±0.11c LDL-C(mmol/L) 0.52±0.02a 0.60±0.02b 0.68±0.04c 0.51±0.02a 0.46±0.05a HDL-C/LDL-C 6.02±1.13ab 5.02±0.56ab 3.81±0.70a 6.45±1.40b 7.11±1.81b

503 504 505 506

Data are expressed as the mean ± SD. Mean values in a row with different letters differ significantly, p < 0.05.

28

ACS Paragon Plus Environment

Page 28 of 36

Page 29 of 36

Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry

507 508

Table 6 Liver fatty acids (FA) compositions of triacylglycerols (TG), phospholipids (PL), and total lipids in mice fed five different diets at week six. Lipids (mg/mice ) Control 1 Control 2 High Fat CCSO MLCT Total 10:0 ND ND ND 5.69±1.04b 1.99±0.71a 12:0 ND ND ND 2.43±0.72b 0.98±0.02a 16:0 17.0±2.16a 116±5.25d 126±12.2d 82.3±7.05c 64.6±6.03b a c d b 18:0 8.45±1.08 69.4±0.11 105±9.03 46.2±3.09 48.0±6.41b 14.4±4.27a 116±8.25bc 130±16.2c 96.3±6.07b 110±10.1bc 18:1n-9 18:2n-6 20.7±5.47a 128±11.35d 131±13.3d 103±9.01c 59.1±3.35b a b b b 18:3n-3 0.53±0.02 5.09±1.01 6.40±1.12 4.70±0.18 5.35±1.44b 20:4n-6 9.98±1.09a 69.2±9.07b 102±8.02c 58.4±2.07b 62.4±8.23b 22:6n-3 9.40±1.31a 45.6±5.05d 38.6±5.01d 22.7±3.01b 29.2±2.03c a c d b Sum 80.4±5.16 549±47.1 640±55.3 422±31.3 382±34.2b TG 10:0 ND ND ND 3.71±0.06b 0.92±0.01a b 12:0 ND ND ND 1.18±0.03 0.31±0.28a 16:0 5.24±0.32a 59.6±4.04cd 68.7±7.47d 47.4±8.16c 33.1±9.36b 18:0 0.55±0.28a 11.3±5.05b 27.5±3.02c 19.9±2.85b 16.2±5.52b a c d b 5.52±1.79 62.7±8.04 88.2±6.09 42.0±6.01 57.3±8.01c 18:1n-9 9c12c18: 2n-6 7.72±2.07a 70.7±8.08d 89.8±8.31e 42.5±2.03c 32.5±6.02b a c d b 18:3n-3 0.24±0.03 3.11±0.01 3.20±0.01 2.26±0.04 2.25±1.02b 20:4n-6 0.95±0.01a 16.9±3.09b 26.8±0.51c 21.6±5.03b 18.5±0.04b 22:6n-3 1.64±0.06a 14.4±4.03bc 21.4±6.25c 16.7±0.01bc 13.1±0.07b a c d b Sum 21.9±6.37 239±19.1 326±20.1 197±9.07 174±8.43b PL 10:0 ND ND ND 0.16±0.01a 0.29±0.13b 12:0 ND ND ND 0.09±0.02 0.06±0.03 16:0 7.68±2.06a 41.4±0.01c 46.4±10.3c 19.5±3.36b 21.0±7.41b 18:0 7.38±0.23a 46.6±4.66c 68.7±6.43d 24.0±4.58b 30.6±8.10b a c c b 18:1n-9 3.51±1.18 20.5±0.36 25.4±8.18 7.92±1.28 18.3±5.35c 9c12c18: 2n-6 3.55±0.08a 18.1±2.02d 24.3±5.61d 7.93±0.31b 11.0±2.44c a c c b 18:3n-3 0.16±0.18 0.98±0.12 1.27±0.27 0.61±0.07 1.41±0.23c 20:4n-6 8.00±2.71a 46.8±7.01c 67.5±8.09d 24.0±7.03b 36.5±4.03c 22:6n-3 2.23±0.04a 10.0±3.30d 5.23±0.03b 4.61±0.71b 5.78±0.25c a d e b Sum 32.5±5.72 184±11.3 239±17.1 88.9±6.02 125±6.07c

509 510 511 512

Data are expressed as the mean ± SD. Mean values in a row with different letters differ significantly, p < 0.05.

29

ACS Paragon Plus Environment

Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry

513 514

Table 7 Fecal fatty acids (FA) compositions of triacylglycerols (TG), phospholipids (PL), and total lipids in mice fed five different diets at 6 weeks. FA (mg/mice/day) Control 1 Control 2 High Fat CCSO MLCT Total 10:0 ND ND ND 3.15±0.71 2.00±0.13 b 12:0 ND ND ND 1.78±0.02 1.00±0.03a 16:0 1.54±0.36d 0.76±0.12c 0.38±0.03a 0.50±0.06b 0.52±0.05b 18:0 0.38±0.03c 0.28±0.01b 0.16±0.05a 0.18±0.07ab 0.22±0.06ab b 2.21±0.35 1.36±0.02a 0.88±0.11a 1.2±0.30a 3.72±0.04c 18:1n-9 18:2n-6 3.12±0.01d 1.42±0.22c 0.50±0.02a 1.12±0.02b 0.93±0.22b 18:3n-3 0.19±0.05c 0.12±0.04b 0.04±0.02a 0.12±0.03b 0.07±0.01ab 20:4n-6 0.05±0.04 0.02±0.01 0.02±0.00 0.03±0.01 0.02±0.01 22:6n-3 0.17±0.02b 0.04±0.02a 0.02±0.01a 0.03±0.01a 0.03±0.00a Sum 7.66±1.06b 4.00±0.03a 2.00±0.01a 8.11±1.36b 8.51±1.44b TG 10:0 ND ND ND 0.14±0.03b 0.07±0.01a 12:0 ND ND ND 0.19±0.05b 0.07±0.01a c a a 16:0 0.06±0.00 0.02±0.01 0.02±0.01 0.02±0.01a 0.04±0.00b 18:0 0.01±0.01 0.01±0.00 0.01±0.01 0.01±0.01 0.01±0.01 a a a a 0.12±0.02 0.06±0.03 0.07±0.07 0.08±0.03 0.34±0.03b 18:1n-9 b a a a 18:2n-6 0.24±0.10 0.07±0.07 0.03±0.01 0.06±0.02 0.08±0.06a 18:3n-3 0.01±0.00b 0.01±0.00b 0.00±0.00a 0.01±0.00b 0.01±0.01b 20:4n-6 0.00±0.00 0.00±0.00 0.00±0.00 0.00±0.00 0.00±0.00 22:6n-3 0.00±0.00 0.00±0.00 0.00±0.00 0.00±0.00 0.00±0.00 Sum 0.44±0.12ab 0.17±0.08a 0.13±0.07a 0.51±0.25b 0.62±0.18b PL 10:0 ND ND ND 0.02±0.01 0.02±0.01 12:0 ND ND ND 0.03±0.01 0.01±0.02 16:0 0.11±0.06 0.09±0.05 0.07±0.03 0.08±0.05 0.07±0.03 18:0 0.03±0.01 0.04±0.02 0.04±0.03 0.06±0.06 0.04±0.00 0.09±0.01a 0.07±0.06a 0.10±0.41b 0.10±0.02ab 0.18±0.04b 18:1n-9 18:2n-6 0.09±0.05 0.07±0.01 0.04±0.01 0.08±0.03 0.06±0.01 18:3n-3 0.01±0.01 0.01±0.01 0.00±0.00 0.01±0.00 0.00±0.00 20:4n-6 0.02±0.00 0.01±0.01 0.01±0.00 0.01±0.01 0.01±0.01 b ab ab ab 22:6n-3 0.02±0.01 0.01±0.00 0.01±0.00 0.01±0.01 0.00±0.00a a a a b Sum 0.37±0.13 0.30±0.05 0.27±0.03 0.39±0.08 0.39±0.10b

515 516 517 518

Data are expressed as the mean ± SD. Mean values in a row with different letters (a, b, c, d) differ significantly, p < 0.05.

30

ACS Paragon Plus Environment

Page 30 of 36

Page 31 of 36

Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry

Table 8 Effects of five different diets on liver biochemical variables of C57BL/6J mice during the entire experiments. Control 1 Control 2 High Fat CCSO MLCT a b c b 43.2±3.2 46.5±2.0 50±4.3 45.7±5.5 50.6± 4.3c Protein (μg/g liver) TG (mmol/mg protein) 0.39±0.01ab 0.43±0.02b 0.63±0.10c 0.32±0.06a 0.35±0.03ab a b c a 16.8±1.4 19.9±1.7 31.5±2.6 14.6±0.8 17.7±3.1ab TG (μmol/g liver) TC (mmol/mg protein) 0.2±0.01b 0.25±0.08c 0.32±0.02d 0.17±0.33a 0.20±0.03ab 8.64±0.57a 11.6±0.31b 16±2.36c 7.76±0.63a 10.1±1.03b TC (μmol/g liver) ApoA1(ng/mg protein) 15.5±2.02bc 13.4±1.24ab 12.9±0.95a 17.4±0.42cd 18.2±1.36d Ap7oB ng/mg protein) 27.9±0.88b 30.1±0.16c 40.2±0.37d 27.5±0.32b 26.3±0.56a ApoA1/ApoB 0.55±0.15bc 0.45±0.01ab 0.32±0.10a 0.63±0.03bc 0.69±0.08c

519 520

521 522 523

Data are expressed as the mean ± SD. Mean values in a row with different letters (a, b, c, d) differ significantly, p < 0.05.

524

31

ACS Paragon Plus Environment

Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry

525 526

Table 9 The levels of enzymes related to lipid metabolism in adipose tissue of C57BL/6J mice fed five different diets.

cAMP (pg/mg) PKA (ng/mg ) HSL (ng/mg) ATGL (ng/mg ) 527 528 529

Page 32 of 36

Control 1

Control 2

High Fat

CCSO

MLCT

1176±101bc

1027±100ab

843±138a

1361±129c

1352±145c

19.1±1.30c

16.5±0.22b

13.1±0.14a

20.9±0.76d

20.0±0.40cd

1.03±0.14ab

0.91±0.00a

0.84±0.11a

1.20±0.09b

1.18±0.13b

0.60±0.03bc

0.51±0.02a

0.47±0.05a

0.65±0.07c

0.62±0.09bc

Data are expressed as the mean ± SD. Mean values in a row with different letters (a, b, c, d) differ significantly, p < 0.05.

530

32

ACS Paragon Plus Environment

Page 33 of 36

Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry

531

Figure Captions

532

Figure 1 TAG of CCSO, CO and interesterified product. (peak top number represents ECN of the

533

triaclyglycerol group).

534

Figure 2 Effect of different diets on HE staining of differentiated adipose tissues. Photomicgraphs

535

of HE-stained tissues(100×magnification) showing adipocytes fed (A) control 1 diet; (B) control 2

536

diet; (C) high fat diet; (D) CCSO diet; (E) MLCT diet for six weeks.

537

Figure 3 TOC Graph Investigation of lipid metabolism by a new structured lipid with medium

538

and long-chain triacylglycerols from Cinnamomum camphora seed oil in healthy C57BL/6J mice

539 540

33

ACS Paragon Plus Environment

Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry

Figure 1 TAG of CCSO, CO and interesterified product. (peak top number represents ECN of the triaclyglycerol group).

34

ACS Paragon Plus Environment

Page 34 of 36

Page 35 of 36

Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry

A) Control 1

B) Control 2

C) High fat group

D) CCSO group

E ) MLCT group

Figure 2 Effect of different diets on HE staining of differentiated adipose tissues. Photomicgraphs of HE-stained tissues(100×magnification) showing adipocytes fed (A) control 1 diet; (B) control 2 diet; (C) high fat diet; (D) CCSO diet; (E) MLCT diet for six weeks.

35

ACS Paragon Plus Environment

Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry

Figure 3 TOC Graph Investigation of lipid metabolism by a new structured lipid with medium and long-chain triacylglycerols from Cinnamomum camphora seed oil in healthy C57BL/6J mice

36

ACS Paragon Plus Environment

Page 36 of 36