(225) Terent’ev, V. A., Andreeva, R. K., %bid.,pp 1089-91. (226) Tiwari, R. D., Pande, V. C., Microchem. J., 14, 138-40 (1969). (227) Tiwari, R. D., Sharma, J. P., Shukla, I. C., Talanta, 14,853-6 (1967). (228) Tsuji, S., Kinoshita, T., Hoshino, M., Chem. Pharm. Bull. (Tokyo), 17, 217-18 (1969). (229) Uno, T., Yamamoto, M.,Bunseki Kagaku, 17,306-10 (1968). (230) Urbanyi, T., Budavari, S., J . Pharm. Sci., 58,905-7 (1969). (231) Urwin, J. R., Reed, P. J., J . Organometal. Chem., 15, 1-5 (1968). (232) Vajgand, V. J., Kiss, T. A., Gaal, F. F., Zsigrai, I. J., Talanta, 15, 699-704 (1969). (233) Vasyutinskii, A. I., Tkach, A . A,, Zh. Anal. Khim., 24,911-17 (1969). (234) Vaughan, G. A., Swithenbank, J. J., Analyst (London),92,364-70 (1967). (235) Vegh, A., Kiserletugyi Kozlem., C., Kerteszet., 59, 37-41 (1966). \ - - - - I
(236) Veibel, S., Mises Point Chim. Anal. Ora. Pharm. Bromutol.. 17. 199-217 ( 1068). (237) Velghe, N., Claeys, A., Bull. SOC. Chim. Belg., 77,327-39 (1968). (238) Veremii, V. N., Kalika, A. S.,
(246) Wagner, R., Automat. Anal. Chem., Technicon Symp., Srd, 1967 (Pub. 1968) 2.381-90. (247) Wall, T., Acta Pharm. Suecica, 5, 353-66 (1968). (248) Waligora, B., Paluch, M., Chem. Metody Anal. Khim. Reakivov. P ? E ~ . , Anal. (Warsaw).13.421-5 (1968). 1968, 151-3. (249) Ward, G. A,,Mair, R. D.,’ ANAL. (239) Verma, M. L. Saxena, 0. C., MicroCHEM., 41,538-40 (1969). chem., J., 14,373-5 (1969). (250) Wildenhain, W., Henseke, G., 2. (240) Verma. M. L..Srivastava. R. K.. Chem., 7,425-6 (1967). ibid., pp396-8. ’ (251) Wojdala, T., Sikora, Z., Chem. Anal. (241) Visveswariah, K., Jayaram, M., (Warsaw),14,155-7 (1969). ibid., pp 448-51. zbid., (252) Wronski, M,, ibid., 13, 737-42 (242) Vlismas, T., Parker, R. D., J . (1968). Organometal. Chem., 10,193-6 (1967). (253) Zelenetskaya, A. A,, Vorontsova, I. (243) Volkov, Y. SI., Kulya, L. N., hf., hlarkina, A. B., Ti-. Vses, Nauch.Poverkh. Veskch. Sin Zhirozamen, 1969, Issled. Inst. Sin. Natur. Dushistykh 8-9. Veshchestv,1968,342-5. (244) Volodina, M. A,, Gorshkova, T. A,, (2ij4) Zelenina, E. N., Zh. Vses. Khim. Abdukarimova, M.,Borodina, V. G., Obshchest., 14,118-19 (1969). Kozlovskaya. L. V. Vestn. Mosk. Univ., Khim., 23,110-11 (1968). (255) Zimmermann, H., Tryonadt, A., Faserforsch. Textiltech., 18, 487-90 (245) Volodina, &I. M. A., Kon’kova, I. V., (1967). ibid., pp 123-5. I
.
~
\ - - - - , -
Ion Exchange Harold F. Walton, Department o f Chemistry, University o f Colorado, Boulder, Colo. 80302
T
HIS YEAR the reviews of ion exchange and ion exchange chromatography are combined. Most applications of ion exchange to chemical analysis are chromatographic, and chromatography is still the main concern of this review; however, some nonchromatographic applications are included. So are fundamental studies of the structure of ion exchangers, the nature of the ionic binding, and the distribution of ions between exchangers and solutions. I n choosing such reports for inclusion in the Review, it was hard to know where to draw the line. Likewise it is hard to define what is, and what is not, analytical chemistry. T h e number of references cited this year is one-third more than two years ago, reflecting the growth of activity in the field. It is impossible to make a complete list, of all publications relating ion exchange to chemical analysis, and we apologize in advance for inadvertent omissions. The major U. S. and Western European journals were scanned directly, where possible through their December 1969 issues. Chemical Abstracts and Analytical Abstracts were searched, and Ion Exchange Survey, published as a service to workers in the field by Zerolit Limited, London, England, was a valuable source of t,itles. Unfortunately, Zon Exchange Survey ceased publication a t t’he end of 1969. The most obvious advances in the last two years are in the area of inorganic exchangers. h’ew materials were reported, and the older ion-exchanging materials were studied in detail. Chelating resins and other special resins
86R
were put to use, and so were conventional resins produced in highly uniform spheres of fine diameter. Pellicular ion exchangers were exploited in high-pressure, high-resolution chromatography. Aqueous-nonaqueous solvent mixtures were widely used for organic and inorganic compounds. There was no slackening of interest in separations of complex mixtures of elements, whose purposes ranged from activation analysis and trace collection to the systematic analysis of silicate rocks. BOOKS
Two books are of special interest to user3 of ion exchange chromatography in inorganic systems: “Modern Methods for Separation of Rarer Metal Ions,” by J. Korkisch (241) and “Ion Exchange and Solvent Extraction of Metal Complexes,” by Y. Marcus and A . S. Kertes (298). The first book collects a n enormous amount of data from the author’s own laboratory, as well as the work of other authors, and i icludes solvent extraction as well as i3n exchange. The second book goes into great detail on the theory of solutions of simple and complex ions, on the nature of ion binding by exhangers, and the basis of ion exchange selectivity. Unfortunately it is rather out-of-date, judged from t h e references cited, reflecting a rather long production time. The second volume of “Ion Eschange-A Series of Advances” has appeared, edited by J. A . Marinsky (300). It includes chapters on glasses, zeolites and molten salt systems, on the
ANALYTICAL CHEMISTRY, VOL. 42, NO. 5 , APRIL 1970
interaction of organic ions and resins, and on the synthesis of ion exchange resins. Of special interest to the analytical chemist is the chapter by Samuelson on the chromatography of sugars and sugar derivatives. THEORY
I n column theory the main contributions have concerned the shape of displacement fronts (373, 394), especially in the separation of rare-earth mixtures (205, 383). The displacement needed to achieve a given degree of purity is calculated from the separation factor. Inczedy (192) has calculated the separation of elution bands of organic acids, and Valova (504) has discussed the theory of ion exchangeprecipitation chromatography, in which metals are precipitated as hydroxides in columns of weak-base anion exchangers. The effect of temperature on the width and separation of elution bands of lanthanides and alkali metals was investigated experimentally and theoretically (114, 116). Studies continue to be made of the thermodynamics of ion exchange in resins, with enthalpies being determined calorimetrically (55, 431). One conclusion is that large singly-charged cations, such as the tetrabutylammonium ion, produce structure in water and increase the heat capacity when they move outside of the resin (55). The lithium-sodium exchange has been studied calorimetrically in methanol and water (431); the enthalpy and entropy changes are greater in water,
b u t t h e free energy change is smaller, and it seems t h a t ion-solvent interactions are greater in water t h a n in methanol. T h e distribution of solvent pairs, with water as one member, between resins and solutions was studied by Marcus (299) for different counterions and degrees of crosslinking. I n general t h e isotherms have characteristic S-shapes indicating t h a t t h e resin may selectively absorb solvents like alcohol and formamide at low mole fractions, but reject these solvents and preferentially absorb water at high mole fractions. I t would seem t h a t in the 80 to 90% ethanol, methanol, and acetone solutions t h a t are now so widely used in the chromatography of inorganic ions, and of sugars, t h e solvent inside t h e resin is largely water, and the special selectivity effects t h a t arise do so because of modification of t h e external solvent phase. Various studies have been made of solvent uptake and swelling of ion exchange resins in different solvents (196); Pauley (366) correlated solvent upt>ake with selectivity in binary solvent mixtures, Krishnan (253) studied the effects of solvent composition and crosslinking on alkali-metal ion exchanges in sulfonated polystyrene resins. T o determine the amount of water in cation exchange resins, the Karl Fischer titration may be used (440), and the degree of crosslinking may be found by infrared spectroscopy (269). TECHNIQUES
Undoubtedly t h e most original advance in ion exchange technique is t h e use of “pellicular ion exchangers,” that is, resins deposited as thin films, about 1% by weight, on small glass beads. T h e first publication on this new technique was cited in the 1968 review. A second publication by Horvath and Lipsky (190) describes the resolution and determination of ribonucleosides and purine-pyrimidine bases a t t h e picomole level with flow times from 5 to 60 minutes. Stainless steel columns 1 nim X 150 cm are used (several may be connected in series) with inlet pressures of 200 atmospheres. Kupec, Stamberg, and others (258, 259) experimented with capillaries coated internally with ion exchange resins, but mass transfer rates between phases were too slow to give good resolution. The trend in automatic analysis of multicomponent mixtures is to the use of long, narrow columns, fine resins (5-20 microns diameter) with closely controlled particle size, and high pressures. These are used for amino acids (117, 130, 178, 210, 212, 287, 497, 511), constituents of human urine (61, 433) and carbohydrates (Samuelson in Ref. 900). T h e effect of particle size on
the separation of inorganic ions was studied ( 1 9 ) , and high-pressure, fineparticle columns have been used to separate t h e transuranium elements californium, berkelium, curium, and americium (134), as well as the lanthanides (64, 188) and actinides (188). The production of ultra-fine resins is described (430). Heat-of-adsorption detectors have not yet had the acceptance t h a t seemed likely two years ago, b u t commercial instruments are now available, some of the difficulties have been resolved, and published reports of the use of these detectors are starting to appear. T h e ion exchange chromatography of urea, biuret, dicyandiamide, and related compounds has been followed by heat of absorption (348); so has the anion exchange chromatography of sugars as their borate complexes and t h e cation exchange chromatography of nucleosides ( 5 9 ~ ) . ,4 multi-purpose liquid chromatograph with a n optical detection system was described (18); a coulometric detector for amino acids with a copper anode was developed (489). A derivative conductimetric method was used, with the effluent flowing through two conductivity cells in series (216). Techniques of emission spectroscopy used for ion exchange effluents in the analysis of silicate rocks were discussed (120). Isotope dilution was combined with frontal development in ingenious way to measure the sodium-ion content of sea water (238). Displacement chromatography in capillary columns has been used to separate and measure t h e relative amounts of cations t h a t can be located b y color or fluorescence, including Co, Cu, Ga, Fe, Xi, A h , and U (386). T h e use of multiple columns in activation analysis was described (403), and also in rare-earth separations, where amino acids were added to fix the metal ions on the columns. A displacement technique was used (518). Temperature effects in ion exchange were mentioned in the preceding section. An interesting use of these effects was t h e purification of yttrium from other lanthanides. T h e elution sequence of yttrium and the lanthanides was changed by changing the temperature (324). NEW AND SPECIAL EXCHANGING MATERIALS
Inorganic. Zirconium phosphate can hardly be called a “new” material, b u t its structure a n d ionic selectivity are becoming much better understood. Different crystalline phases are produced as hydrogen ions are replaced b y sodium (81), and two new crystal forms of zirconium hydrogen phosphate were described ( 8 0 ) .
T h e rate of the sodium-hydrogen exchange in crystalline zirconium phosphate is fast a t first, then slow, suggesting a possible change in crystalline from (181). Thermogravimetry, differential thermal analysis and infrared spectroscopy were used to study these compounds (325). The transitions from gels to crystalline materials and the accompanying changes in ion exchange selectivity were noted (6, 82,338, 3 7 0 ) ; so were heats of ion exchange (337) electrokinetic potentials (330) in zirconium phosphate gels. One paper (6) treats ion exchange in fused salt mistures, where lithium ions are greatly preferred over potassium ions by an amorphous zirconium phosphate. In water this preference is reversed (338). T h e artificial zeolites or “molecular sieves” were intensively studied ( S I ) , and it was shown that certain types of cavities in the crystal structure are inaccessible to the larger inorganic ions (30, 443, 444). I n the strontiumsodium exchange in the synthetic faujasite Linde X, two separate and distinct crystal forms were noted; t’here was a change in the powder diffract,ion pattern and a range of zeolite compositions that were in equilibrium with the same binary solution (354). T h e exchange reactions of artificial zeolites in molten salts were studied (285, 286), and it was found that in molten sodium nitrate the zeolite took up nitrate ions. X zirconium phosphate silicate was used t’o separate plutonium from iron and the rare earths ( 3 2 ) . Stannic phosphate is specially selective for certain divalent ions, including barium and strontium (390, 421). Ceric phosphate can be produced in different physical forms, including a fibrous form that can he compressed into a paperlike material ( 7 ) . The enthalpies of alkali-metal ion eschanges in ceric phosphate were measured (268). Phosphates of zirconium, chromium, and titanium were compared; chromium phosphate shows a high selectivity for iron (198, 487). Chromium tripolyphosphate can be made in various forins (401) including a glass which has excellent mechanical properties and gives good separation of the alkali rnet,als ( 4 2 ) . Calcium phosphate (266) and hydroxyapatite (297) have been examined, the latter as a selective absorbent for fluoride ions. X number of phosphate-oxide exchangers were compared b y Ionescu (199). The arsenates of titanium (9),zirconium (83) and cerium (8) have been examined; they show similarities to the phosphates. Titanium tungstate (387) separates magnesium, calcium, and stront,ium ions. Stannic molybdate (392) and tungstate (393) arc selective for lead.
ANALYTICAL CHEMISTRY, VOL. 42, NO. 5, APRIL 1970
87R
The selectivity of antimoiiy(V) oxide for sodium was noted in t h e 1968 review; this property has been used in activation analysis (160). The crystalline material has different selectivity characteristics (22, 350). An antimony-phosphate exchanger is selective for sodium (56). Ferrocyanides have been evaluated as eschaiigers (508) and new exchangers of this type have been described (175, 228, 247). "Prussian blue" was formed as a coating over steel turniiigs, which than served as a column packing to re-
tain cesium-137 while its daughter product, barium-137, was eluted (41). Exchangers of the heteropoly acid type containing several different heteroatoms were examined (200) and the common ammonium molybdophosphate was used to concentrate and separate cesium from river waters (461) and to separate and determine sodium and potassium (85). Ferrocyanides and molybdates were used as thin layers on a silica gel support (a79). Hydrous oxides received study as cation exchangers. Tin(1V) oside sepa-
Table 1.
rated zinc and copper very well (109) as well as other pairs of ions; its structure was studied (108) as well as its selectivity. Iron(II1) oxide separated zinc from cadmium, thallium from lead (280) Resinous, Cellulosic. T h e familiar polystyrene-iminodiacetate chelating resin continues to find applications, as Table I will show (65, 76, 108, 290, 405) and it is used to collect trace elements from sea water (404). This resin absorbs anionic chloro-complexes (44). Hering (184) made a similar resin with
.
Inorganic Applications
The order of elements is based on the periodic table, with the actinides last. Abbreviations: A, anion exchanger; C, cation exchanger; I, inorganic; Chel., chelating or special resin; Cell., cellulose-based exchanger; P, paper; T, thin layer; Liq., liquid ion exchanger. Elements
Separated from
Exchanger
Eluent
Elution Order
Alkali metals
Alkali earths Each other
C C
"03
HCl
Li first' Li first
Xa, K
C C C
CZHsOH-HCl HC1 HC1
Li
A1 hlg Sea water Other elements
Xa
Na. K K, Rb, Cs Cs Cs Cs, Sr, Ba, Ce Cu
Other elements Each other Other elements Ca, Y Natural water Zn, Xi
Ag
Zn, P b Zn etc. Fresh water
Au
Pd Other elements Other elements
Alkali earths Ca, Sr, Ba
Ca Ca Ca Sr Sr, Ba Ba Ba Zn Zn Cd Cd Cd
gg A1 Al, Fe, Ti,
Natural waters Pt cu Other elements Other elements Other elements Each other Each other Each other Each other Each other Po4 Rlg, A1 Biol. samples Other elements Sea water Sr, Ca Cs Cd Xa Ap. OTher elements &In, Fe, Cu Many elements HF Rocks Ot,her elements Gal In Ca, Mg
I
...
A
...
Li first Li first Na, Mg Na, K Na last Na, K
A C C
Chel. I C A Chel. Chlorophyll - . C A A Chel. C AP Chel. C A C A C T
I A C Chel. C C C I A C A A C Cell. A C
Chel. Cell. C, A
...
...
...
Oxalate Complexing Ethanolamine Acetate
Cs, Ca Ce, Cs, Sr Cu first Cu first
Sulfate SCN-acetone HN03-acetone
c u last
...
"08
...
HCl HBr HXO,-acetone HBr
...
...
Be absd. Be first Al, Be Be, Mg, Ca Ca first Ca first, Ca first Ca first
...
(204, 237, 331, 473) (424, 475) (254, 357) (475) (106 1 (49, 245) (238)
... ...
Frontal dynamics Antimonate (56, 160) exchanger Molybdophosphate (86) (153, 157, 461, 608) Batch method (326) ... (4111 Fallout
... ... ...
(65)'
(108,109) (6121 i Gregorio, F., Galli, P., Torracca, E., J . Inorg. n'ucl. Chem., 30,295 (1968). (8) Alberti, G., Costantino, U., Di Gregorio, F., Torracca,. E.,. i b i d . , 31, 3196 (1969). (9) Alberti, G., Torracca, E., i b i d . , 30, 3075 (1968). (10) Albu-Yaron, A,, Mueller, I). IT., Suktle, .4. D., 4 x 1 ~ CHKM., . 41, 1351 196!1).
ANALYTICAL CHEMISTRY, VOL. 42,' NO. 5, APRIL 1970
(11) Alexa, J., Collect. Czech. Chem. Commun., 33, 188 (1968). (12) Ibid., p 1933. (13) Alimarin, I. P., Yakovlev, Y. V., Miklishanskii, A. Z., Dogadkin, N. N., Stepanets, 0.V., J . Radioanal. Chem., 1, 139 (1968). (14) Andersen, N. R., Hume, D. N., Anal. Chim. Acta, 40,207 (1968). (15) Anderson, N . R., Hume, D. N., Advan. Chem. Ser., 73, 296 (1968); C.A., 68,107785 (1968). (16) Andrews, P., Lab. Pract. 16, 851 (1967); C.A., 67,105050~(1967). (17) Araki, S., Suzuki, S., Hobo, T., Yoshida, Y., Yoshizaki, K., Yamada, M., BunsekiKagaku, 17,847 (1968). (18) Arikawa, Y., Toshida, K., Hitachi Rev. 16, 236, (1967); C.A., 69, 1 6 0 0 8 ~ (1968). (19) Aubouin. G.. Laverlochere. J.. J. ' dadioanal. %he&., 1, 123 (1968); C . A . , 68, 111019m (1968). (20) Auer-Welsbach, H., Bildstein, H., Mullner, P., Monatsh. Chem., 98, 61 (1967). (21) Aures, D., Hakanson, R., Spolter, L., 2. Anal. Chem., 243,483 (1969). 122i Baetsle. L. H.. Huvs. D..' J . Znora. ' ,?ucl. Chem., 30,639 (1668). (23) Bak, C. hl., Daehan Hwahak Hwoejee, 11.06 (1967): C.A., 69,160300 (1968). (24) Bando, S., Genshiroyoku Kogyo, 13, 44 (1967); C.A., 68,90479 (1968). 123) BaDat. XI. G.. Beamish. F. E.. ' Anal. 1:ett.I 2 , 387 (1969). (26) Bark, L. S., Duncan, G., Graham, 11. J. T., Analyst, 92, 347 (1967). (27) Barker, S. A,, Kennedy, J. F., Somers, P. J., Stacey, M.,Carbohyd. Res., 7,361 (1968). (28) Barlow, I. C., Van Valkenburg, It, K., Mikrochim. Acta, 1968, 827. (29) Barnett, P. It., Skinner, D. L., Huffman, C., U. S. Geol. Survey, Prof. Paper KO.600-C, 1968, p 161. (30) Barrer, R. Jf,, Davies, J. A., Rees, L. V. C., J. Inorg. Sucl. Chem.. 30. 3333 _ _ - -il968). \ - - - - ,
(31) Ibid., 31, 2599 (1969). (32) Barsukova, K. V.,Rodionova, G. N., Radzokhimiva, 10, 86 (1968); C.A., 68, 110t561v'(1968). 133) Bausova. N. V.. Lebedeva. E. M., C.A. 69,64387~(1968). (34) Bellobono, I. R., J . Chromatogr., 34,515 (1968). (35) Bengtsson, L., Samuelson, O., Anal. ChiTn. Acta, 44, 217 (1969). (36) Benson, J. V., Patterson, J. A., Anal. Riochem., 29, 130 (1969). (37) Benz, C., Kelley, 11. XI., Anal. Chiin. ilcta, 46, 83 (1969). (38) Benz, C., Paixao, L. hI., Chim. Anal. (Paris),50,247 (1968). (39) Beresnev, A. N., Vlasova, T. E., Zh. Prikl. Khim., 42, 410 (1969); C..4., 71, 27270r. (40) Bereekin, 0. P., Kochetkova, E. A . , C . A . , 68,42427d (1968). 141) Bernhard, H., Lieser, K . H., Radiochim. I c t a , 11, 1.53 (1969). (42) Betteridge, I)., Stradling, G. N., J . Znorg. A'ucl. Chem., 31,,1!507(1969). (43) Beyer, W., AIorozowich, W., Ann. ,V. Y . Acad. Sci., 153,393 (1968). (44) Birney, I>. G., Blake, W. E., Meldrum. P. It.. Peach. XI. E.. Talanta. 15, n.;7 (igssj. (43) Birze, I., Xarple, L. W., Diehl, H., zbid., p 1441. (46) Blake, 1%'. E., Randle, J., J . .4ppl. Chem., 17,3.58 (1967). (47) Blasius, E., hfoeschter, E., Z. Anal. Chem., 236 ( l ) ,461 (1968); C.d., 69, 24063~. (48) Bleyl, H. J., Muenzel, H., Radiochim. I c t a l 9,149 (1968). (491 Bliznyukova, V. .4., Krotenko, A. P., O k r . Khim. Zh., 34,156 (1968). ~
(50) Bogatyrev, I. O., Zaborenko, K. B., Rlalygina, X. L., Radiokhimiya, 10,
253 (1968). (51) Bohnder, A. E., Acta Pharm. Suecica, 5,417 (1968). ( 5 2 ) Bond, A. RZ O'Donnell, T. A., A S A L . CHI:Y., 40,':60 (1968). ( 5 3 ) Bowley, >I. J., Analyst, 94, 787 ( 1969). (34) Boyd, G. E., Larson, Q. Y., J . Amer. Cheni. Soc., 90, 5092 (1968). ( 5 5 ) Boyd, G. E., Larson, Q. V., Lindenbaum, J . Phgs. Chem., 72, 2651 (1968). (56) Brigevich, 11. F., Kusnetsov, R . -4., Radiokhinziya, 9 , 693 (1967). (57) Brunfeldt, A . O., Steinnes, E., Chern. Geol., 2, 199 (1967). (57rt) Brunfeldt', 4. O., Steinnes, E., Analyst, 94,979 (1969). (58) Bryan, G. T., Gorske, A. L., J . Chromatogr. 3 4 , 6 7 (1968). (59) Burns, I). T., Stretton, It. J., Shepherd, G. F., Dallas, 11, S. J., ibid., 44, 399 (1969). (59a) Burtis, C. A., Cere, I)., Gill, J. AI., hlacdonald, F. 11.; a1.o IValborg, E. F.; information from Variari iierograph Co., ITalnut, Creek, Calif. (60) Burtis, C. 4.,Goldstein, G., d m l . Chcni., 14, '290 (1968). ( 6 2 ) Busch, E. \\*., J. Chromatogr., 37,
518 (1968). (63) Caldwell, I . C., ibid., 44, 331 (1969). (64) Campbell, 1). O . j Ket,elle, B. H., Inorg. .Yz(cl. Chcm. / A t . , 5, 533 (1969). (6.5) Caneva, C., ;tnn. Chini. (lI,, ibid., p 1911. (124) Emken, E. A,, Scholfield, C. R., Ilavison, V. L., Frankel, E. N., J. dmer. Oil Chem. Soc.. 44. 373 (1967). (12.5) Erihtavi, 11. I., Brouchek, F . I., Erirtavi, T. I),, Bul. Inst. Polireh. I a s i , 13, 201 11967); C A l .69, > 3866jh (1968).
(126) Eristavi, D. I., Brouchek, F. I., hlacharashvili, Ref. Zh. Khim., 19GD (1969), Abstr. No. 2G61; C.A., 71, 453462. 1127'1 Eristavi. D. I.. Brouchek. F. I..' ' Shatirishvilii I. S., d'.A., 71, 43547~. (128) Eristavi, V. D., Eristavi, 11. I. Brouchek, F. I., Zh. Anal. Khim., 23, 782 (1968). (129) Ermolenko, I. N., Kamalyan, G. 4., Armyan. Khim. Zh., 21, 264 (1968). (130) Ertingshausen, G., Adler, 11. J., J . Chromatogr., 44, 620 (1969). (131) Evans, 11. E., Long, L., PRrrish F . W., ibid., 32, 602 (1968). (132) Falcoff, It., May, S., Piccot, Bull. SOC.Chini. Fr., 1967, 32.57. (133) Farlin, S. D., Schelling, G. T.: Garrigus, U. S., J . A n i m . Sci., 26, 1203 1 1967 - - ). (134) Farrar, \ - -
I
L. G., Cooper, J. H., LIoore, F. L., A x . 1 ~ .C H n f . , 40, 1602 (1968). (135) Fedoroff, >I., Bull. Soc. Chin?.Fr., 1968. 3431. (136) Ferraro, T. A, l'alantn, 15, 923 ilQ68) ~----,
(137) Ibid., 16,669 (1969). (138) Firiholt, J. E., Caulton, K., Kimball, K.. Uhleiihovp, E., Znorq. Chcni., 7 , 610 (1968). (139) Fishman, 11. J., Mailory, h C., J . TT'atcr Poliut. C'onlr. Fctl , 40 P t . 2, 1267-71 (1968). (140) Freeman, 1). H., Paulson, It. A., Saturc, 218, ,563 (1968). (141) Frei, 12. I%'., ltyan, I). E., .Ins/. Chim. Acta, 37, 187 (1967). (142) Frit,z, J. S.,Gillette, 11. K., ANAL. CHl*:Ll., 40, 1777 (1968). (143) Fritz, J. S., Gillet,te, I?. K., Tdanta, 15, 287 (1968). (144) Fritz, J. S., Tateda, A4.,Ax.1~. CHI;Y., 40, 21 1.j (1968). (14,;) Frodyrna, 31. AI., Lien, 1'. T., Frei, 11. W., J . Chmmatogr., 18, 520 (196.5). (146) Frodyma, 11. XI., Zaye, I). F., Lien, V. T., Anal. Chiin. Acta, 40, 4.51 (1968). (147) Fujimoto, ll., Nakatsukass, T., .Iiikrochim. Acta, 1968, 551. (148) Fukusawa, T., Fujii, T., Xlizuike, il., Runscki Kagoku, 17, 713 (1968). (149) Funasaka, W., Fujirnura, K., Hanai, T., ibid., 16, 1244 (1967). (150) Funusaka, W.,Kojima, T., Fujimura, K., i b i d . , 17, 48 (1968); C.S., 69, 32828s (1968). 11-51) Gales, 11, E., Kaylor, W. H., Longbottom, J. E., .lnalyst, 93, 97 (1968). (152) Gallacher, E. J., Wright, H., Ifikruchini. Acta, 1967, . 3 5 . (153) Gangadharam, E. V., lleddy, C;. It., Radiochim. ilcta, 1 1 , 90 (1969). 1154) Gangloff, J., Ebel, J. P.. B i i l l . Soc. China. Biol.. 50. 463 (1968), (155) Garria Iiamos, L h., llolllagut Ruse&, AI, dfinzdad, 24, 187 (1967) (136) Gelis, P. de, C.-I , 71, X 2 j l r (1969). (1.57) George, 11 I1 , Iiiley$ J 31 , Iio\>, J. I2 , Chcm En0 Prour , 64, 96 (1968). (1.58) Gera, J.. Ch&. alkcd.iPVm*a,). 13. 763 11968) (1.59) /bid., Ibid., '14, 14, 581 (1969). Ratlio(160) Girardi, F., Sabbioni, E., J . Ratlzoanal. Chcm., Chem., 1 , 169 (1968). Golovatvi, 12. N., Oahchapovskii, Oshchapovskii, (161) Golovatyi, J', V,$C C'icr, Khina. Zh., 34. J'. V., k r . khina. 34, 1088 (1968J. (lU68j. (162) Chnurn. Gonurn. P. J.. 'Eakins, Eakins, J. D., A n a l y s t , 93, 228 (1968). (163) Goodman, G. W., Lewis, B. C., Tavlor. rl. F.. Talanta. 16. 807 11969). (164)"Goviiidaraju, K., ~ N . < L . CHIX., 40, 24 (1968j. (165) Graham, R . J. T., Bark, L. S., Tinsley, 11. A,, J . Chronzatogr., 35, 416 (1968). (166) Ibid., 39, 200, 211, 219 (1969).
__
-
,
l
ANALYTICAL CHEMISTRY, VOL. 42, NO. 5, APRIL 1970
95 R
(167) Greenland, L. P., Prof. Papers U.S.G.S., 1967, NO. 5 7 5 4 , pp 137-140. (168) Greenland, L. P., Anal. Chim. Acta, 42, 365 (1968). (169) Guertler, O., Holzapfel, H., Angew Makromol. Chem., 7, 194 (1969). (170) Gureev, E. S.,Islamov, T., Miranskii, I. A,, Muminova, &I.F., Miroshnikov, V. S., Ref. Zh. Khim., 19GD, (1968), Abstr. KO.10G75. (171) Gustafson, R. L., Lirio, J. A., Ind. Eng. Chem., Prod. Res. Develop., 7, 107, 116 (1968). (172) Gvinepadze, D. S., Gaprindashvili, V. N., Nachkebiya, T. S., C.A., 71, 108688. _.__ (173) Hadzistelios, I., Papadopoulou, C., Talanta, 16, 337 (1969). (174) Hagiwara. Z.. Banno. A., Kamei. A,. J . Inor;. Nucl. Chem., 3 i , 3295 (1969). ' (175) Hahn, R. B., Klein, H. C., ANAL. CHEM.. 40., 11% ~,~ ~ ~ (1968) _ . j (176) Hakkila, E. A . , Hurley, R. G., Waterbury, G. R., ibid., 41, 665 (1969). (177) Hamaguchi, H., Onuma, N., Hirao, Y.. Yokohama. H.. Bando. S.. Furukawa, RI., Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta, 33. 507 (1969). (178) Hamilton; P. B., Clin. Chem., 14, 535 (1968). (179) Hammond, J. E., Herbst, E. J., Anal. Baochem., 22, 474 (1968); C.A., 68. 84839v 11968). (180j Harriss,' R. ' C., Crocket, J. H., St'ainton, M., Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta, 32, 1049 (1968). (181) Harvie, S. J., Kancollas, G. H., J . Inorg. Xucl. Chem., 30, 273 (1968). (182) Heaulme, AI. de, Hendrikx,. Y., Luzzati, A., Ter-Minassian-Saraga, L., J . Chim. Phys., 64, 1363 (1967); C.A., 68, 72664w (1968). (183) Hee hlyong Lee, Anal. Chim. Acta, 41, 431 (1968). (184) Ilering,R.,C.A.,68, 119018f(1968). (185) Herrmann, E., J . Chromatogr., 38, 498 (1968). (186) Hilgeman, F., Shimomura, K., Walton, H. F., Separation Sci., 4, 111 (1969). (187) Hoevet, S.P., Viswanathan, C. V., Lundberg, W. O., J . Chromatogr., 34, 195 (1968). (188) Hohlein, G., Voller, H., Weinlander, W., Radiocham. Acta, 11, 172 (1969). (189) Holzapfel, H., Guertler, O., Tempel, B., Fres&us'Z. 'Anal. Chem.,'235, '413 (1968); C.A., 68, 111102h (1968). (190) Horvath, C., Lipsky, S. R., ANAL. CHEM.,41, 1227 (1969). (191) Hughes, R. G., Garner, C. S., Inorg. Chem., 7, 74 (1968); C.A., 68, 5605lp (1968). (192) Inczedy, J., Magy. Kem. Lapja, 23, 488, 621 (1968). (193) Inczedy, J., Gaborklatsmanyi, P., Erdey, I,., C.A., 68, 119014b (1968). (194) Inczedy, J., Hoegye, I., Acta Chim. Acad. Sci. Hung., 56, 109 (1968). (195) Inczedy, J., Klatsmanyi-Gabor, P., Erdey, L., Acto Chim. (Budapest,), 61, 261 (1969); C.A., 71, 108687j. (196) Inczedy, J., Past'ler, E., Acta Chim. Acad. Sci. Hung., 56, 9 (1968). . (197) Ingram, G. S., Bull. SOC.Chim. Fr. 1968, 1841. (198) Iofa, B. Z., Sirtesh, L., Zhinka, L., Radiokhimiya, 10, 491 (1968). (199) Ionescu, T. D., Tudorache, G., Rev. Chim. (Bucharest),19, 90 (1968). (200) Ibid., p 263. (201) Ishida, K., Kiriyama, T., Kuroda, R., Anal. Chim. Acta, 41, 537 (1968). (202) Ito, T., Kenjo, T., Bull. Chem. SOC. Jap., 41, 614 (1968). (203) Itokawa, Y., Inoue, K., Vitamins (Kyoto),36,544 (1967). (204) Iyer, S. G., Krishnan, C. V., Venkateswarlu, C., Indian J . Chem., 6, 277 (1968). ~
'
96R
(205) James, D. B., Powell, J. E., Burkholder, H. R., J . Chromatogr., 35, 423 (1968). (205a) Janauer, G. E., Mikrochim. Acta, 1111 (1968). (206) Janauer, G. E., Turner, I. hl., J . Phys. Chem., 73, 2194 (1969). (207) Janicki, C. A., Moore, C. E., Anal. Chim. Acta, 45, 485 (1969). (208) Jewell, D. M., Snyder, R. E., J . Chiomalogr., 38, 351 (1968). (209) Johnson, C. R., Mellor, H., Rep. U . K . Atomic Energy Authority, PG 789(W), 1967. (210) Jolley, R. L., Freeman, $1. L., Clin. Chem., 14, 538 (1968). (211) Jones, W. J., Keller, R. A., Anal. Lett., 1, 227 (1968). (212) Jonsson, P., Samuelson, O., Sci. Tods, 13, 17 (1966); C.A., 69, 16071j 11968). (213) Junowicz, E., Spencer, J. H., J . Chromatogr., 44, 342 (1969). (214) Juroda, R., Ishida, K., Kiriyama, T., ANAL.CHEM.,40, 1502 (1968). (215) Kamaeva, L. V., St,epin, V. V., Makarov, hI. K., Ref. Zh. Khim., 19GD, 1968, Abstr. No. 13G 133. (216) Kambara, T., Tachikawa, T., J . Chromatogr., 32, 728 (1968). (217) Kammereck, R., Wen-Hui Lee, Paliokas, .4., Schroepfer, Jr., G. J., J . Lipid Res., 8,282 (1967). (218) Karalova, 2. K., Pyzhova, Z. I., Zh. Anal. Khim., 23, 940 (1968). (219) Karalova, Z. K., Shibaeva, N. P., Pyzhova, Z. I., ibid., p 455. (220) Karavaeva, S. D., Shokanov, A. K., Ref. Zh. Khim.. 19GD. 1968. .4bstr. No. ll'C,S. \ - - - - ,
(242) Korkisch, J., Huber, A., Talanta, 15. 119 ~. . 11968). (243j Korkisch,'J., Klakl, H., ibid., p 339. (244) Ibid., 16, 377 (1969). (245) Korkisch, J., Orlandini, K. A., ANAL.CHEM:,40; 1127 (1968). . . (246) Ibid., p 1952.' 12471 Koshcheeva. E. A.. Vol'khin. V. V.. ' Zh. h'eora. Khim.. 12. 2760 (1967). (248) Kratzhanov, C., Popova, M., J . Chromatogr., 37, 297 (1968). (249) Kratchanov, C., Popova, M., Obretenov,. T.,. Ivanov,. N.,. ibid.,. 43,. 66 (1969). (250) Krawczyk-Obojska, I., Chem. Anal. (Warsaw), 12, 225 (1967); C.A., 18263b (1968). (251) Ibid., 13, 551 (1968); C.A., 70, 25384m. (252) Kreshkov, A. P., Kuznetsova, L. B., Zh. Anal. Khim., 24, 508 (1969). (253) Krishnan, C. V., Indian J . Chem., 6,102 (1968). (254) Krishnan, C. V., Venkateswarlu, C., Athavale, V. T., Indian J . Appl. Chem., 31, 21 (1968). (2.55) Krivanek, &I.,Kukula, F., Vins, V., J . Radioanal. Chem.. 1. 219 (1968). 12-56) Kiidritskava. L. 'N.. Nabivanets. B. I., Zh. Anal. Khim., 25, 1643 (1968): (257) Kuksis, Z., Prioreschi, P., -4nal. Biochem., 19, 468 1967). (258) Kupec, J., el al., Chem. Listy, 62, 453 1968): C.A.. 68. 115480~11968). (259) Kupec, J,, Stamberg, J., ibid., 61, ~
I
,
--
\ - - - ,
962 11967). \ - - - . ,-
(260) Kuroda, R., Ishida, K., Kiriyama, T., ANAL.CHEM.,40, 1502 (1968). 1261) Kuroda, It.. Kiriyama, T., Ishida, ' K.; Anal. Chim.'Acta,"40, 305 (i968). (262) Kurokawa. K.. N i m o n Kaoaku Zasshi, 88, 117'1 (1967). (263) Ibid., 89, 1076 (1968); C.A., 70, \
-
,
-.
L
.
6 1743lr
23: 1234 1196X). (224)' Katq'S., Burtis, C. A., J. Chromutogr., 40,270 (1969). (225) Kaufman, A,, Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta, 33, 717 (1969). (226) Kawabuchi, K., Ito, T., Kuroda, R., J . Chromatogr., 39, 61 (1969). (227) Kawabuchi, K., Kuroda, R., Anal. Cham. Acta, 46, 23 (1969). (228) Kazakov, E. V., Karpova, I. F., Vestn. Leningrad. Unav.,Fzz., Khzm., 23, 105 (1968). 1229) KemDf. T.. Fresenius' 2. Anal. Chem., 244; 113'(1969). (230) Khalizova, V. A., Krasyukova, I. G., Donchenko, V. A., Aleksseva, A. Ya., Smirnova, E. P., Zav. Lab., 33, 1064 (1967). (231) Klakl, E., Korkisch, J., Talunta, 16, 1177 (1969). (232) Klockow, D., ibid., 15, 541 (1968). (233) Klug, 0. N., Metlenko, A. I., Chem. Anal. (Warsaw), 13, 7 (1968). (234) Knudson, G. E., Ramaley, L., Keller, R. A,, J . Chromatogr. Sci., 7, 500 (1969). (235) Kocheva, L. L., Dokl. Bolg. Akad. iyauk, 22,447 (1969); C.A., 71, 64537d. (236) Kocheva, L. L., Koleva, E., God. Sof. Univ., Khim. Fak., 60, 163 (1968); C.A., 70,16783~. (237) Koester, H. M., Neues Jahrb. Mineral., Abh., 111, 206 (1969). (238) Kolosova, G. M.,Bogacheva, M. P., Barsanova, Z. A., Zh. Anal. Khim., 23, 1403 (1968). (239) Konig, K-H., Demel, K., J . Chromatogr., 39, 101 (1969). (240) Koprda, V., Fojtik, XI., Chem. Zvesti, 22,333 (1968). (241) Korkisch, J., "Modern Methods for the Separation of Rarer Metal Ions," 620 pp, Pergamon Press, New York, 1969. ~
ANALYTICAL CHEMISTRY, VOL. 42, NO. 5, APRIL 1970
(264) Kutil, J., Cuta, F., Collect. Czech. Chem. Commm., 32, 1390 (1967). (265) Lai, 11. G., Goya, H. A., U.S. Clearinghouse Fed. Sei. Tech. Inform., AD 648485; C.A., 68, 15986d (1968). (266) Lakomkin, I. G. Alekseevskaya, N. V., C.$., 69, 8084a (1968). (267) Large, R. S.,O'Connor, L. P., Anal. Chim. Acta, 40, 123 (1968). (268) Larsen, 15. AI., Cilley, W. A., J . Inorg. iyucl. Chem., 30, 287 (1968). (269) Laskorin, B. N., Stupin, N. P., Fedorovo, L. A,, Nikul'skaya, G. N. Yuzhin, A. [., Zauod. Lab., 34, 966 (1968). (270) Lasztity, A,, Osy, M., Acta Chim. Acad. Sci. Hung., 60, 341 (1969). (271) Lasztity, A., Remport-Horvath, Z., Pozsonyi, I., Veress, K., ibid., p 41. (272) Lavrukhina, A. K., Sazhina, N. K., Zh. Anal. Khim., 24, 870 (1969). (273) Lederer, AI., hIarini-Bettola, R., J . Chromatoor, 35.213 (1968). (274) Ibid., 43; 149 ('1969 j. (275) Legg, J. I . , Douglas, B. E., Inorg. Chem., 7, 1452 (1968). (276) Le Riche, H. H., Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta, 32, 791 (1968). (277) Lerner, J., Dougherty, T. M., Schepartz, A. I., J . Chromatogr., 37, 453 (1968). (278) Lerner, J., Schepartz, A. I., ibid., 35, 37 (1968). (279) Lesiaana-Buchtela,, M.,. Mikrochim. Acta, 1959, r027. (280) Lewandowski, A., Idzikowski, S., Chem. .4nal. (Warsaw), 12, 1087 (1967). (281) Li, H. C., Chiang, S. C., Tien, K. H., C.A., 71, 67116b (1969). (282) Liessens, J. L., Dams, R., Hoste, J., Anal. Chim. Acta. 45. 213 (19691. (283) Light, T. S., kannion, R. F., Fletcher, K. S.,Talanta, 16,1441 (1969). (284) Lindley, H., Haylett, T., J . Chromatogr., 32, 193 (1968). ~
(285) Liquornik, AI., Marcus, Y., J . Phys. Chena., 72, 2885 11968). (286) Ibid., p 4704. (287) Long, C. L., Geiger, J. W., Anal. Biochenz., 29, 263 (1969). (288) Luke, C . L., Anal. Chim. Acta, 41, 453 (1968). (289) Lundstrom, J., Agurell, S., J . Chrumatogr., 30, 271 (1967). (290) Lyle, S. J., llaghzian, R., Talanta, 15, 713 (1968). (291) AIacarovici, C. Gh., Stanisav, C., Niac, G., Krv. Kotcm. C'him., 12, 743 (1967); C.A., 68, 99114d (1968). (292) lIachiroux, k,LIousty, F., Anal. Chim. Acta, 42, 371 (1968). (293) Xaleszewska, H., Dybczvnski, R., 'Yuklconika, 12, 1181 (1967);"C.A., 68, 100923~(1968). (294) Mahano, R., Grosso, P., Zanardi, AI., Anal. Chim. Acta, 41, 251 (1968). (29.5) llanecke, G., Gergs, P., J . Chromafogr., 34, 12.5 (1968). (296) llarchenko, P. V., Voronina, A . I., Kaplaii, 11. L., C k r . Khim. Zh., 33, 838 (1967); C.-4., 68, 9 0 3 3 (1968). (297) AIarcu, G., Sacelean, V., Stud. Cniv. ~ h h ' s - Z h l ! j a I ' ,so.. Chcni., 13, 89 (1968). (298) lIarcus, Y., Kertes, A. S., "Ion Exchange and Solvent Extraction of AIet'al Complexes," 1037 pp, WileyInterscience, New York. 1969. (299) l I a ~ ~ i i sI-., , ' K;nvt:h, J., J . Phys. Chcnz., 73, 591 (1969). (300) Nariiisky, J . -i., Ed., "Ion Exchange: A Series of Advances," Vol. 2, Marcel Ilekker, Inc., New York, S . Y . , 1969. (301) Martin, J. L., Gerlach, A I . L., Anal. Biochcn1.,29. 257 11969). ( 3 0 2 ) Nadova, G. B., Nazarov, P. P., Chniiitov, K. V., C . A i . J71, 64500m, 64.501n, 643023, (1969). (303) lIa-art, 11. L., Bossaert, W.,J . Chromafogr.,32, 19: (1968). (304) J I a w a r t , 1). I,., Hoate, J., Anal. C'hi711. A c t a , 41, 378 (1968). (305) Zbid., 42, 7, 13, 21 (1968). (306) Zbicl., p 21.
(307) Ibid., p 166. (308) lIahiida, E., Ito, T., J . Chromatogr., 31, 650 (1967). (309) hIatthews, A. D Riley, J. P., A n a l . C'hinz. a l c t a , 48, 2: (1969). (310) Maude, B. AI., Jl-ilkinson, K. L., R i p . r. K . 21. E. A , , .4EXE-JP 2008, 1968. (311) Mazza, L., Frache, R., Dadone, -4., ltavii..iu, Gazz. Chini. Ital., 97, 1551 (1967). (312) IIclIxrtin, C., Simpaon, P., Thorpe, X., J . Chronmtugr., 43, 72 (1969). (311) lIerrillqj 1:. $J,, Farrier, J. P., .-lnal. I ~ i o c h o t i , 21, , 475 (1967). (31.-)1 1\Iezzn,wnin, I., l%ochini. -4ppl., 14, I66 (1'367). (316) ~Iic.lrelfeld,T. A., Diss. A b s t i . 28, 27.57 (1968); C.;Z., 68, 108218~(1968). (317) lliiiczewski, J., Kozlecka, XI., C ' h m . ;Inn/., (\Tarsaw), 13, 817 (1968). (313) l I i i ~ ~ i i iT., o , Kog!yo Kagaku Zasshz, 71, 83.5 (1968). (310) 31iziiikej A,, l h a , T., Oki, S., -4nal. Chin2. A c t a , 44, 423 (1969). 1320) Nan-ecotir, 11. ]I., Ilemildt, A. C., .kS.lL. CHI:U., 41, 27 1969). (321) ~ l u r p a n , J. W., Lovering, J. F., Gcochittl. C'ostnochim. Acta, 31, 1893
(1967).
, 3 2 2 ) ;\loiwhkina, T. A I . , 111-asoedova, C:. \.., Vnnaeva, L. V., Zh. Anal. Khim., 24, 698 (196'3).
(323) Morris, L. J., Wharry, D. M., Hammond, E. %I.,J . Chromatogr., 31, 69 (1967). (324) Morton, J. R., James, D. B., J . Inorg. ,Yuc/. Chena 29, 2997 (1967). (325) Mounier, F., d3nand, L., Bull. Soc. Chzm. Fr., 1968, 1829. (326) Mountjoy, W., Wahlberg, J. S., Prof. Papers USGS, 600B (l968), B119-B122. (327) MulC, S. J., J . Chromatogr., 39, 302 11969) \----,.
(328) hlunao, F., Boll. Lab. Chim. Prov., 19, 404 (1968); C.A., 70, 6480y (1969). (329) Murphy, P. T., Richards, G. N., Senogles, E., Carbohyd. Res., 7, 460 (1968). (330) Murray, D. J., Fuerstenan, 11. C., J . Inorg. Xucl. Chem., 30, 3323 (1968). 1331) LIurugaiyan, P., Verbeek, A. A, Hughes, T. C., Webster, R. K., Talanta, 15, 1119 (1968). (332) Muzzarelli, R. A. A., Martelli, -4. F., Tubertini, O., dnalyst, 94, 616 (1969). (333) Myasoedov, B. F., Eliseeva, 0 . P., Savviri, S. B., J . Radzoanal. Chetn., 2, 369 (1969). (334) hlyasoedova, G. V., Bol'shakova, L. I.. Zh. Anal. Khznz., 23. 304 11968). (33.5) kahivanets, B. I.; Kudritskaya, L. S . , V k r . Khim. Zh., 34, 714 (1968). (336) Yair, It. l I . , Korup, P. A,, Indian J . Biochem., 4 , 117 (1967). (337) Nancollas, G. H., Reid, D. S., J . Inorg. Sucl. Chcnz., 31, 213 (1969). (338) Nancollas, G. H., Tilak, B. V., ibid., p 3643. (339) Nauman, L. IT., J . Chromatvgr., 36, 398 (1968). (340) Naumann, R., Schmidt, W., Fresenius Z . Anal. Chem., 240, 170 ( 1968). (341) Neirinckx, R., Adams, F., Hoste, J., ilnal. Chim. Acta, 43, 369 (1968). (342) Ibid., 47, 173 (1969). (343) Seumann, J. F., Paxson, J. R., Cummiskey, C. J., J . Inorg. .Vucl. Chem., 30,2243 (1968). (344) Sickl, J. J., von Braunmuhl, C., Z . ,4nal. Chem., 246, 313 (1969). (345) Soda, K., Okai, H., Kato, T., Izumiya, K.,Bull. Chena. Soc. Jap., 41, 401 (1968). (346) Sogiichi, J., hrato, K., Komai, T., Kogyo Kagaku Zasshi, 72, 796 (1969). (347) Noguchi, AI., Yoshifuji, A,, Hagiwara, Z., Bull. Cheni. Soc. J a p . , 42, 2286 (1969). (348) Komura, N., Shiho, D., Ohsuga, K., Yamada, M.,J . Chromatogr., 42, 226 (1969). (349) Sortia, T., Lait'inen, S., Suomcn Kemistilchti B., 41, 136 (1968). (350) Sovikov, B. G., Belinskaya, F . A., llaterova, E. A., Vcstn. Lentngrad I'niv., Ser. Fiz. Khini., 1969, 97. (331) Nozaki, T., Hiraiwa, O., Henmi, C., Koshiba, K., Bull. ChPm. Soc. Jap., 42, 245 (1969). (3.52) O'Doiinell, A. E., American Oil Chemists' Societ,y Symposium, 1967; S o a p Chrnz. Spec., 43, 92 (1967). (3.73)'Ohta, Y.,. Deguchi, l I . , Sugiyama, Y., C.*4., 71, 11927% (3d4) Olson, D. H., Sherry, H. S.,J . Phys. Chem., 72,4095 (1968). 13,53) Orlandini. K. A ,,. Znora. - Szicl. Chcm. '
&it.,
5 , 325 (1969).
(356) Orlandini, K. .4., Korkisch, J., dnal. China. Acta, 43, 459 (1968). (356a) Orlandini, K. -4., Korkisch, J., Separation Sei., 3, 255 (1968). (357) Ortner, H., Spitzy, H., Z . .lnal. C h i , , 238, 167 (1968). (358) Osipova, 5'. P., Xrf. Zh. Khim., 1969, 3049; C.A., 71, 119226j.
13.59) Ossicini. L.. Lederer. XI.. J . Chroma' tog, ., 34, 292 (i968). 1360) Ossicini. L.. Sinibaldi. AI.. ibid.,. 42.. I
,
I
\ -
,
154 i1969). ' ' (361) Otmakhova, Z. I., Chashchina, 0. V., Kataev, G. A,, Ref. Zh. Khim. 1 9 0 , 1968, Abstr. 14G59. (362) Otmakhova, Z. I., Chashchina, 0. V., Slezko, N.I., Zavod. Lab., 35, 685( 1969). (363) Palomares, J., Travesi, A., An. Quirn.. 64. 755 11968). (36h) Pataki, G.,'Zurcher, H., J . Chromatoar., 33. 103 (1968). (36-5")Patel, D. J., Bhatt, R. A., Bafna, S.L., Chem. Ind., 1967, 2110. (366) Pauley, J. L., et al., - 4 s ~(>HEY., ~. 41, 2047 (1969). (367) Pauwels. J.. et al..' Anal. Chim. ' Acta, 43, 21i (1968). (368) Pekarck, V., Maryska, S., Coll. Czech. Chem. Commun., 33, 1612 (1968). (369) Perdue, H. D., Conover, A,, Sawley, S . , Anderson, It., As LL. CHIX., 40, 1773 (1968). (370) Perevozova, V. -k., Boichinova, E. S., Zh. Prikl. Khim., 41, 1006 (1968). (371) Perry, T. L., Stedman, I)., Hansen, S., J . Chromafogr.,38, 460 (1968). (372) Persiani, C., Cosgrove, J. F., Walters, R., Bracco, I). J., Separation Sci., 2,789 (1967). (373) Persoz, J., Bull. Soc. Chim. Fr., 1968, 848. (374) Pfrepper, G., Li Tschun Chi, J . Chiomatogr., 44, ,594 (1969). (373) Phipps, iZ. Il.,ASIL. CHIXI.,40, 1769 (1968). 1376) Pifferi. P. G.. J . Chromatoar., - . 33,. ' 53'0 (i969j. (377) Pinon, F., Deson, J., Rosset, R., Bull. Soc. Chim. F r . , 1968, 3434. (378) Pion, A,, Delrue, E., Third Technicon Symposium, 1967, 247; C..4., 71, 4.5324 f. (379) Piper, N. R., .Ina2. Chim. Acta, 42, 423 (1968). (380) Pitt5, A. E., Beamish, F. E., ANAL. CHEW.,41, 1107 (1969). (381) Powell, J . E., J . Inorg. Sucl. Chem., 30, 1331 (1968). 1382) Powell. J. E.. Burkholder,' H. R., J . ' Ckrumatog;., 36, 99 (1968). (383) Powell, J. E., Burkholder, H. R., James, D. B., ibid.,32, ,559 (1968). (384) Przeizlakowski, S., Chem. Anal., (Warsaw), 12, 1071 (1967). (383) Purdie, J. TV., Gravelle, It. -4., Hanafi, D. E., J . Chromatogr., 38, 346 11968). (3?6) Quinche, J. P., Quinche-Sax, S., ibzd., 32, 162 (1968). (387) Qureshi, M.,Gupta, J. P., J . Chem. Soc. -4,1969, 175,5. (388). Qureshi, Husain, W., Sepaf ation Scz., 4 , 1 9 7 (1969). (389) Qureqhi, M., Hu,ain, W., lsraili, -4.31.. Talanta., 15., 789 11968). (390).Qureshi, ll,,Israili, A. H , :lnaZ. Chim. d c t a , 41, 323 (1968). (391) Qureshi, ll., Qureshi, S.,Singhal, S.C.. A Y L L .CHLV.,40, 1781 (1968). (39:) Qurejhi, 31.) Rawat, J. P., J . InoTg. u c l . Chem., 30, 305 (1968). (393) Qureshi, M,,Var5hney, K. G., J . Inorg. ,Yucl. Chern., 30, 3081 (1968). (394) Rachinskii, V. V., Garnetskii, V. A., Zh. F i z . Khim., 42. 2005 (1968). (39.5) Ramaley, L., Holcombe, W. A . , Anal. Lett., 1 , 143 (1967). (396) Randerath, E., Randerath, K., J . Chromatogr., 31, 483, ,500 (1967). (397) Randerath, K., Anal. Rzochem., 21 480 (1967). (398) Rao, 11. S . , Radiochim. Acta, 8 , 12 (1967). I
,
ANALYTICAL CHEMISTRY, VOL. 42, NO. 5, APRIL 1970
97 R
(399) Raspi, G., Zappelli, C., Grazia, M., Ann. Chzm. (Rome), 58, 922 (1968). (400) Ratner, R., It,zchaki, J., Kohn, D. H., J . Appl. Chem., 18,48 (1968). (401) Remy, P., Boulle, A., Bull. Soc. Chim. Fr., 1968 (Special No.) 1838-40; C.A., 69, 48760. (402) Le Riche, H. H., Geochim. Cosmocham. Acta, 32, 791 (1968). (403) Ricq, J. C., J . Radioanal. Chem., 1, 443 (1968). (404) Riley, J. P., Taylor, D., Anal. Chim Acta, 40, 479 (1968). (405) Ibid., 41, 175 (1968). (406) Ibid., 46. 307 11969). (407) Roberts,'G. A: H., ~ a l a n t a ,15, 735 (1968). (408) Rommel, M.A., Keller, R . A., ibid., 14, 1205 (1967). (409) Rudolph, A., J . Chromatogr., 31,479 11967). (410) RZ.'abchikov,D. I., Volynets, Xi.P., Zh. Anal. Khim., 21, 1348-1353 (1966). (411) Ryabinin, A. I., Artyukhin, P. I., Bogatyrev, V. L., Radiokhimiya, 9, 335 (1967). (412) Ryabinin, A. I., Bogatyrev, V. L., Zh. Anal. Khim., 23, 894 (1968). (413) Sal'kova, E. G., Nikiforova, T. A., Dokl. Akad. Nauk SSSR, 179, 218 (1968); C.A., 68, 112157s (1968). (414) Samoilova, Yu. S., Eksp. Issled. Ob/. Mineral. Geokhim. Redk. Elem., 1967, 114; C.A., 68, 9025y (1968). (415) Samsahl, K., Analyst, 93, 101 (1968). (416) Samsahl, K., Wester, P. O., Landstrom, O., ANAL.CHEM.,40, 181 (1968). (417) Samuelson, O., Stromberg, H., Acta Chem. Scand., 22, 12-52(1968). (418) Samuelson, O., Stromberg, H., Z. Anal. Chem., 236, 506 (1968). (419) Sanchez Batanero, P., C.A., 71, 87306s (1969). (420) Sandhu, R . S., Freed, R. M.,Clin. Chem., 14,824 (1968). (421) Sato, A., Inoue, Y., Suzuki, S., Sci. Rep. Res. Inst., Tohoku Univ., Ser. A , Suppl., 1966, 18, 271; C.A., 68, 108224~(1968). (422) Saunders, R. AT., Carbohyd. Res., 7, 76 (1968). (423) Savvin, S. B., hlyasoedov, B. F., Eliseeva, 0. P., Zh. Anal. Khim., 24, 1023 (1969). (424) Scheibe, F., 2. Chem., 7, 467 (1967). (425) Schmitt, D. H., Fritz, J. S., Talanta, 15, 513 (1968). (426) Scholz, G. H., Fette, Seifen, Anstrichm., 69, 565, 651 (1967). (427) Schormueller, J., Schubert, W., Z . Lebensm.-Unters, Forsch., 136, 146 (1968); C.A., 68, 94691e (1968). (428) Schoumacher, C., Merciny, E., Duyckaerts, G., J . Chromatogr., 31, 510 (1967). (429) Schulek, E., Remport-Horvath, Z., Lasztity, A,, Koros, E., Talanta, 16, 323 ( 1969). (430) Schultz, B. J., Crook, E. H., Ind. Eny. Chem., Prod. Res. Develop., 7, 120 (1968). (431) Schwarz, A., J. Phys. Chem., 72, 789 (1968). (432) Scoggins, M. W., Miller, J. W., AXAL.CHCM.,40, 1155 (1968). (433) Scott, C. I)., Clzn. Chem., 14, 521 (1968). (434) Scott, L. P., Weeks, T. J., Bracken, D. E., King, E. L., J . Amer. Chem. Soc., 91, 5219 (1969). (435) Segall, E., Schmuckler, G., Talanta, 14, 1253 (1967). (436) Seifert, W. K., Howells, W. G., AXAL. CHCV.,41, 554 (1969). 98R
(437) Semov, M. P., Zh. Anal. Khim., 23, 245 (1968). (438) Senegacnik, M., Paljk, S., Juznic, K., 2. Anal. Chem., 233, 81 (1968). (439) Shah, R. S., Bafna,'S. L., J . Indian Chem. Sac., 44, 576 (1967). (440) Sharma, H. D., Subramanittn, N., ANAL.CHEM.,41, 2063 (1969). 1441) Sherma, J., Finck, D. A,, Anal. Chim. Acta. 43. 503 11968). (442) Sherrna, J.; Strain, H.'H., ibid., 40, 155 (1968). (443) Sherry, H. S., J . Colloid. Interfac. Sci., 28,288 (1968). (444) Sherry, H. S., J . Phys. Chem., 72, 4086 (1968). (445) Shestakov, G. I., Ref. Zh. Khim., 19GD (1968), Abstr. No. 10G95. (446) Shibata, M., Tanabe, I., Oda, K., Jap., 41, Kadota, K., Bull. Chem. SOC. 2627 (1968). (447) Shimomura, K., Walton, H. F., Separation Sci., 3, 493 (1968). (448) Shinde, V. M.,Khcpkar, S. )I., 2. Anal. Chem., 240, 377 (1968). (449) Shiraishi, N., Morishige, T., Yoshikawa, S., Bunseki Kagaku, 17, 360 (1968). (450) Shiryaeva, XI. B., Salmin, U. P., Sergeeva, T. V., Zavod. Lab., 34, 923 11968). (451) Short, G. D., Young, R., dnalyst, 94, 259 (1969). (432) Shuba, I. I)., Itazumova, G. N., Bocharova, N. N., Radiokhimiya, 10, 503 (1968). (463) Skorokhod, 0 . R., Grigorovich, M. M.,Zh. Fiz. Khim., 42, 277 (1968); C.A., 68, 816382 (1968). (454) Slama, J., Hzitn. Listy, 23, 733 (1968). (4,55) Smith, D. J., J . Ass. Ofic. Anal. Chem., 52,854 (1969). (4,56) Snyder, L. R., Buell, B. E., ANAL. CH1:M.. 40. 1293 11968). (457) Sofer, ' w.,Ursprung, J., J . ~ i o l . Chem., 243,3110 (1968). (458) Specht, S., Hochlein, G., Radiochim. Acta, 12,38 (1969). (459) Speckman, R. A., Collins, E. B., Anal. Biochem., 22, 154 (1968). (460) Spitz, H. D., Rothbart, H. L., Rieman 111, W., J . Chromatogr., 29, 94 ( 1967). (461) Streekumaran, C., Pillai, K. C., Folsom, T. R., Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta, 32,1229 (1968). (462) Starobinets, G. L., Bulatskaya, G. N., C.A., 71, 74460 (1969). (463) Starobinets, G. L., Chizhevskaya, A. B., Martsinkevich, It. V., Ovsyanko, L. M., ibid., 53990~. (464) Stefkin, F. S., Ref. Zh. Khim. 19GD (1968), ilbstr. KO.14G.58. (463) Stepin, V. V., Barbash, T. L., Silaeva, E. V., Rakhmatulina, L. G., Morozova, 0. V.,C.A., 79, 73676. (466) Stepin, V. V., Kamaeva, L. V., Ref. Zh. Khim., 19GD (1968), Abstr. No. llG107. (467) Stepin, V. V., Ponosov, V. I., Novikova, E. V., Stashkova, N. V., et al., ibid., Abstr. No. 15G113; C.A., 70, 1681Sa (1969) (468) Stevens, P. J., J . Chromatogr., 36, 233 (1968). (469) Stevens, T. S.,Lott, J. -4., ibid., 34, 480 (1968). (470) Strelow, F. W. E., ANAL.CHLM., 40, 928 (1968). (471) Strelow, F. W. E., Baxter, C., J . S Afr. Chem. Inst., 22, 29 (1969). (472) Strelow, F. W. E., Baxter, C., Talanta, 16, 1145 (1969).
ANALYTICAL CHEMISTRY, VOL. 42, NO. 5, APRIL 1970
(473) Strelow, F. W. E., Coetzee, J. H. J., Van Zyl, C. R., ANAL. CHEM.,40, 196 (1968). (474) Strelow, F. W. E., Liebenberg, C. J., Nolte, C. R., J . S. African Chem. Inst., 21, 93 (1968). (47,5) Strelow, F. W. E., Liebenberg, C. J., Toerien, F. S., Anal. Chim. Acta, 43, 465 (1968). (476) Ibid., 47, 251-260 (1969). (477) Strelow, F. W. E., Louw, W. J., Weinhert, C. H. S.W., ANAL.CHCM., 40, 2021 (1968). (478) Strelow, F. W. E , Van Zyl, C. R., Anal. Chim. Acta, 41, 529 (1968). (479) Strelow, F. W. E., Van Zyl, C. R., Bothma, C. J. C., ibid., 45, 81 (1969). (480) Strelow, F. W. E., Van Zyl, C. R., Nolte. C. R., ibid.. 40. 145 (1968). (481) Strong, 'A. B., Rehnberg, G. L., Moss, U. 12., Talanta, 15, 73 (1968). (482) Stroup, W. H., Reyes, A. L., hIurthy, G. K., Read, It. B., Dickerson, J . Dairu Sei., 51, 1500 (1968). R. W., (483) Suda, H., Kobunshi, 17, 139 (1968). 1484) Sugawara. N..C.A.,, 79,, 73619f. (483) Szabo, B.'J., Joensun, O., Environ. Sei. Techno/., 1, 499 (1967). (486) Szczepaniak; W., Chem. Anal. (Warsaw), 13,479 (1968). (487) Szirtes, L., Ziinka, L., Zaborenko, K. B Iofa, B. Z., .4cta Chim. Hung., 54, 2ik (1967). (488) Takai, S . , Iida, T., Tanaka, T., Yamabe, T., C.A., 71, 74469~. (489) Takata, Y., Kuwabara, T., l I u t o , G., Runseki Kogaku, 17, 1491 (1968). (490) Tanzer, J. &I.,Krichevsky, M. I., Chassy, B., J . Chromatogr., 38, 526 (1968). (491) Tataru, S., Filip, G., David, B., Rev. Roum. Chirn., 13. 429 (1968). (492) Taylor, H., Beam'ish, F: E., Talanta, 15, 497 (1968). (493) Thomas, H., J. Chromntogr.,34, 106 (1968). (494) Tikhonov, G. S.,Tikhomirov, I. A . , Emel'kin, V. il Zh. Prikl. Khim., (Leningrad),40, it570 (1967). (493) Tremillon, B., Z. Anal. Chem., 236, 472-498 (1968). (496) Trofimov, A. M., Kovalev, G. N., Pitalev, V. G., Radiokhimip, 9, 409 (1967). (497) Tschesche, H., Frank, C., J . Chromatoar.. 40. 296 (1969). (498) Tsitovich, I. K., Goncharenko, Zh. N., Zh. Anal. Khim., 23, 703 (1968). (499) Ibid., p 1564. 1300) Tsitovich. I. K., Kuimenko, E. A., ibid., 22, 1870 (1967). " (501) Tsuji, A,, Xikrochim. ilcta, 1968, ,519. ( j 0 2 ) Uny, G., Brule, AT., Spitz, J., d n a l . Chim. Acta, 44, 29 (1869). ( 3 0 3 ) Vagina; I: AT,, Libinson, G. S., C.:l., 71, 74459 (1969). (.504) Valova, 1 '. D., Zh. AAnal.Khirn., 23, 1221 (1968). (505) Van den Winkel, P., de Corte, F., Speecke, A,, Hoste, J., Anal. Chim. Acta., 42., 340 11968). ~, (506) Verachtert, H., Baas, S.T., Wilder, J. K., Hansen, R. G., Jfethods Enzymol., 8, 111 (1966); C.A., 68, 10072 (1968). (307) Vercaemst, R., Blaton, V., Peeters, H., J. CTohmatogr., 43, 132 (1969). (508) Vol'khin, V. V., Kolesova, S. A., Koshcheeva, E. -4.,Zatonskaya, T. P., dnal. Abstr., 17, 49 (1969). (509) Vulikh, .4.I., Zagorskaya, >I. K., Ilovyainikov, 1.A , , Zauocl. Lab., 35, 638 (1969). (510) Walborg, E. F., Lantz, 12. S., .Anal. Rioch~~nn., 22, 123 (1968). ~~
(511) Wall, R. A., J . Chromatogr., 37, 549 (1968). \ - - - - ,
(512) Warburton, J. A,, J . .4ppl. Meteoiol., 8, 464 (1969). (513) Washizuka, S., Ando, K., Ito, H., Sakamoto, T., C . A . , 70, 63772 (1969). (514) Watanabe, H., Suzuki, T., Bunsekz Kagaku, 17, 1264 (1968). (515) Iveaver, 1‘. C., Z. Anal. Chem., 243, 491 (1968). (516) Webber, H. AI., Wilson, A . L., Analyst, 94, 110 (1969). (517) Wheelwright, E. J., J . Znorg. Sucl. Chem., 31, 3287 (1969).
(518) Winget, J. O., Lindstrom, 11. E., Separation Sci., 4, 209 (1969). (519) Winowski, Z., Chem. Anal., (Warsaw), 13, 583 (1968). (520) Wodkiewicz, L., Dybczynski, R., Chem. Anal. (Warsaw), 14, 437 (1969). (521) Wodkiewicz, L., Dybczynski, It., Inst. ,Vucl. Res., Warsaw, Rep. 1967, No. 860/VII/C; C.A., 69, 24089m. (522) Wodkiewicz, L., Dybczynski, It., J . Chromatogr.,32, 394 (1968). (523) Wolcotk, J. F., U . S. Atomic Energy Commission, 1968, IS-T-223.
(524) Wolf, F., Hauptmaiin, R., Warnecke, l)., Z. Anal. Chem., 238, 432 (1968). (52,5) Yamabe, T., Yamagata, Y., Seno, M., IVippon Kagaku Zasshi, 89, 772 (1968). (526) Yoshikawa, Y., Yamaaaki, K., Znorg. Nucl. Chem. Lett., 4, 697 (1968). (527) Zalevskaya, T. L., Starobinets, G. L., Zh. Anal. Khim., 24, 721 (1969). (528) Zaye, I). F., Frei, 11. W., Frodyma, bf. M., Anal. Chim. Acta, 39, 13 (1967). (529) Zlatkis, A., Bruening, W., Bayer, E., ANAL.CHEY.,41, 1692 (1969).
Inorganic Analysis Philip W . West, Coates Chemical laboratories, louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, l a . 70803 Foymae K . West, Gulf State Research Institute, Baton Rouge, l a . 70803
T
of inorganic analysis is a n extension of the earlier reviews of inorganic microchemistry. T h e broader base of the present review might suggest that a n extensive, compendium would be in order. I t is true that hundreds arid even thousands of references have been collected and organized during the past two years. h great deal of excellent work could be discussed but it seems more appropriate that a critical review be evolved. I t may be unfortunate that our personal bias may show a t times but we hope that certain trends and observations will be of interest to those who must deal with inorganic analysis. Obviously the accompanying reviews deal with topics that are of fundamental importance and we would be the first to admit the heart of inorgaiiic analysis lies in various optical techniques or electroanalytical methods together with the necessary separation processes. Gravimetry and titrimetry are important, of course, but it is iiot reasonable to expect many exciting iiew advances in these established fields. The development of analytical methods for inorganic analysis seems to lie in the use of ion-selective electrodes, atomic and flame spectroscopy, and atomic fluorescence spectroscopy. Real significance must be attached to the increasing use of catalytic methods and special attention is directed to the developmeiit of amplification techniques for iiicreaaing the sensitivity of many quantitative and qualitative methods. The use of ternary complexes as a tool for increasing sensitivity and selectivity is also a very important development. This review is a continuation of that published in 1968 (141). Other rev i e w that have been published during the past two years may also be of substantial aid in gaining perspective or valuable detailed information. Amplification methods which have now HE REVIISW
been used for over one hundred years have been reviewed by Belcher ( 9 ) because of the revived interest in t’his technique as a means of increasing the sensitivity of trace analysis and because these methods often lead to enhanced precision. Beamish ( 6 ) has provided a n extensive review of electroanalytical methods for the noble metals and also a critical review of atomic absorption, spectrochemical, and X-ray fluorescence methods used for the determination of noble metals (7‘). Malissa and Jellinek (91) have discussed automation in analytical chemistry. Busev (19) has summarized the work done during the past fifty years in the USSR 011 the analytical chemistry of rare elements and Feigl has reviewed (38) a number of spot tests that can be based on the formation and reactions of mercuric cyanide. An important review has appeared dealing with the applications of digital computers in analytical chemistry ( 2 4 , and interesting discussions have appeared dealing with the appraisal of various analytical methods (134) in which the classical methods are compared with some of the modern “instrumental” techniques. Among the books that have appeared, attention is called to the series dealing with advances in analytical chemistry and instrumentation (112), the second edition of “Complexometric Titrations” (123) has now been published, a treatise dealing with principles of flame emission and atomic absorption spectrometry ( l o g ) ,and the Guide to the Selection of Methods for the Study of Air Pollution (69) may be of some special value because of the rapidly developing interest in air pollution and the difficult problem associated with its study. OPTICAL METHODS
Optical methods seem, without exception, to provide basically sound and reliable procedures for the analysis of
inorganic substances. The impact of atomic absorption spectroscopy during the past few years has been most impressive and current developments of flame emission spectroscopy and X-ray fluorescence give promise of providing additional powerful tools. Although more detailed reviews of these methods appear elsewhere, some mentioii of them must be made in any discussion of inorganic analysis. I t is significant, for example, that Goleb has successfully applied atomic absorption spectrophotometry (49) to the determination of neon and argon in helium. Likewise, Jungreis and Anavi (66) have proposed a method for the determination of sulfite (or sulfur dioxide) by atomic absorption spectroscopy. Their method employs a n ion-release reaction whereby sulfite ion reacts in a suspension of mercury (11) oxide to form the soluble disulfitomercurate(I1) which is subsequently isolated and determined by atomic absorption spectroscopy. Sullivan and Walsh (131) have continued their investigations of resonance lamps as monochromators in atomic absorption spectroscopy. Such units hold considerable promise for future application in the determination of a number of metals such as calcium, magnesium, sodium, potassium, and lead. West’ and Williams (143) have described the construction and operation of a n atom reservoir for use in atomic absorption and fluorescence spectroscopy. Other significant work contributed from those laboratories include the use of separated nitrous oxide-acetylene flames in thermal emission spectroscopy (YS),the applications of molecular emission spectroscopy in cold flames ( 2 9 ) ,and studies of the possible use of the atomic hydrogen plasma torch ( 3 ) . .itomic absorption with a n electrodeless highfrequency plasma torch has been proposed (SO), and Larach has studied the application of cathode-ray-excited emis-
ANALYTICAL CHEMISTRY, VOL. 42, NO. 5, APRIL 1970
99 R
