Ind. Eng. Chem. Res. 2010, 49, 9625–9630
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Ion Exchange Equilibrium Carbonate Treatment for Anticorrosion in Open Recirculating Cooling Water System Chunsong Ye, Jiuyang Lin,* Hong Yang, and Huiming Zeng Department of Water Quality Engineering, School of Power & Mechanical Engineering, Wuhan UniVersity, Wuhan, 430072, People’s Republic of China
The study presents the results of ion exchange equilibrium carbonate treatment to prevent brass corrosion in open recirculating cooling water system. The treatment process can remove the hardness and aggressive anions, transform all of the ions into sodium bicarbonate and sodium carbonate, and form the open carbonate equilibrium system. In the static corrosion test, brass has the lowest corrosion rate of 1.36 × 10-3 mm/year in the open carbonate equilibrium system with total alkalinity of 6.00 × 10-3 mol/L. And during the 8-day dynamic simulation experiment of ion exchange equilibrium carbonate treatment, the recirculating water with total alkalinity of 6.00 × 10-3 mol/L that achieves open carbonate equilibrium state has the excellent buffer action when pH value of makeup water ranges from 5.94 to 11.26, and prevent brass after passivation with hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) solution from corrosion. So ion exchange equilibrium carbonate treatment is an effective and environmentally friendly method to treat the recirculating cooling water without corrosion inhibitor addition. 1. Introduction The recirculating cooling water system is the most extensively used cooling water system to remove waste heat from the heat exchanger in the chemical process industry and the electricity production section.1 The pipes of copper and brass are commonly used as the heat exchanger pipes and are always inevitably subject to corrosion, scaling, deposition, and biological fouling, and the combining effect of scaling, deposition, and biological fouling induces more adverse corrosion problems, especially caused by sulfate reducing bacteria (SRB). SRB can utilize sulfate as the electron acceptor, out-compete most other anaerobes in the presence of sulfate, and produce the biofilm and aggressive sulfide resulting in biocorrosion, which leads to the leakage of condensor or other heat exchangers.2-4 The conventional methods to prevent the heat exchange pipes from corrosion are prefilming agent and corrosion inhibitor addition. The conventional prefilming agents including chromate, nitrite, and ferrous sulfate can successfully suppress pipe corrosion over a wide range of conditions in the open recirculating cooling water system. However, these types of effective prefilming agents are gradually eliminated because of their high level of toxicity or complex and time-consuming operation. Currently, research on new-style corrosion inhibitors is main stream. Lithium bromide and sodium molybdate are widely used as inorganic corrosion inhibitors in recirculating cooling water system.5-9 Studies on the new-style organic corrosion inhibitors are mainly focused on the organic complex containing triazole and its derivative.10,11 Triazole and its derivative can easily adsorb onto the brass surface at the corrosion potential and form a protective complex with the Cu(I) ion, and they have good performances on pipe corrosion inhibition in aggressive solutions.12-16 Research concentrating on the corrosion inhibitors of synergistic effect also become a hotspot.17-19 Although commercially available corrosion inhibitors have excellent performance on corrosion inhibition of copper and brass, the majority of them are nonbiodegradable, and the discharge of concentrated water with toxic effects in the cooling water would * To whom correspondence should be addressed. Tel.: (86) 02768772266. Fax: (86) 027-68773516. E-mail:
[email protected].
cause harmful impact to aquatic and other life. And the oriented scientific researches toward studying the environment-friendly corrosion inhibitors become a tendency.1,20,21 As is reported, some types of amino acids have been tested as the environmentfriendly corrosion inhibitors of copper and brass in the aggressive solutions.22 However, these types of environmentally friendly corrosion inhibitors would not be practical because of their high dosage and low inhibition efficiency. To effectively and safely prevent the heat exchanger pipe from corrosion, this paper puts forward a novel process, ion exchange equilibrium carbonate treatment, to transform the hardness and aggressive anions into sodium carbonate to maintain total alkalinity and pH value of recirculating water at the optimal range, and prevent heat exchanger pipes from corrosion without corrosion inhibitor addition. 2. Design and Principle Figure 1 shows the schematic of ion exchange equilibrium carbonate treatment for the recirculating cooling water system.
Figure 1. Schematic of dynamic simulation of ion exchange equilibrium carbonate treatment for recirculating cooling water system. (1) Multimedia filter; (2) activated carbon filter; (3) RH form exchanger; (4) RNa form exchanger; (5) weakly basic anion exchanger (WBA); (6) RHCO3/ROH form exchanger; (7) air fan; (8) cooling tower; (9) water tank; (10) heater; (11) pump; (12) brass specimens; (13) valve; (14) flow meter.
10.1021/ie100913d 2010 American Chemical Society Published on Web 09/15/2010
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In the ion exchange equilibrium carbonate treatment, the pretreatment system and ion exchange system are adopted. The incoming raw water passes through the pretreatment system, the effluent after pretreatment system continuously passes through sodium form (RNa) ion exchanger and bicarbonate form (RHCO3) or hydroxide form (ROH) ion exchanger in series for the softening and alkalization of makeup water in recirculating cooling water system. In the ion exchange procedure, the cation exchange procedure involves the cation exchange of divalent ions and sodium ion, and the anion exchange procedure involves the exchange of bicarbonate or hydroxide ion and the detrimental anions including sulfate, chloride, nitrate, and phosphate ion. The general cation exchange reactions and anion exchange reactions are shown below.23,24 2RNa + Ca2+ ⇒ R2Ca + 2Na+
(1)
2RNa + Mg2+ ⇒ R2Mg + 2Na+
(2)
RHCO3 + Cl- ⇒ RCl + HCO3
(3)
RHCO3 + NO3 ⇒ RNO3 + HCO3
(4)
2RHCO3 + SO24 ⇒ R2SO4 + 2HCO3
(5)
33RHCO3 + PO34 ⇒ R3PO4 + 3HCO3
(6)
ROH + Cl- ⇒ RCl + OH-
(7)
ROH + NO3 ⇒ RNO3 + OH
(8)
2ROH + SO24 ⇒ R2SO4 + 2OH
(9)
3ROH + PO34 ⇒ R3PO4 + 3OH
(10)
The effluent of ion exchangers exclusively contains sodium ion, hydroxide ion, bicarbonate ion, and carbonate ion, which compose the open carbonate system. When carbon dioxide gas in the atmosphere adequately contacts with the open carbonate system, the carbonate system will achieve the gas-liquid equilibrium. The equilibrium pH value of open carbonate system is influenced by total alkalinity. The relationship between theoretical equilibrium pH value and total alkalinity of open carbonate equilibrium solution is expressed in eq 11.25 pH ) - lg
√
(KW + PCO2KHK1) + (KW + PCO2KHK1)2 + 8BPCO2KHK1K2 2B
(11) Where KW denotes equilibrium constant for water, KH is Henry coefficient of CO2 gas, K1 and K2 denote the first- and secondorder dissociation of H2CO3, respectively, PCO2 presents the partial pressure of gaseous carbon dioxide in the atmosphere, and B denotes total alkalinity of open carbonate equilibrium solution. In the recirculating cooling water system, pH value of recirculating water changes as the duration of aeration varies. During the evaporation and concentration procedure, the dissolved carbon dioxide is stripped from recirculating water by aeration and pH value rises, and the recirculating water achieves the carbonate equilibrium state and forms the alkaline solution. From the Pourbaix diagram, it is concluded that copper and zinc can be passivated in the solutions with pH value range
Figure 2. Theoretical relationship between solubility of brass and total alkalinity of carbonate equilibrium system.
from 8.6 to 10.0 and from 8.6 to 11.0, respectively. As is reported, copper and brass can form a protective passive film in the slightly alkaline solutions.5,26-28 Copper has the best anticorrosion performance in the optimal pH value range from 7.60 to 8.95 in the low-conductivity water and the high concentration of dissolved oxygen can suppress the corrosion of copper.29-31 So it appears feasible to control pH value and total alkalinity of open carbonate equilibrium solution to reduce the corrosion potential of copper and brass. And from the eq 11 and the relationship between the solubility of brass and pH value of solutions, the theoretical relationship between the solubility of brass and total alkalinity of open carbonate equilibrium solutions can be drawn and is shown in Figure 2. Figure 2 illustrates that the solubility of brass changes as the total alkalinity of carbonate solution varies. When the concentration of total alkalinity is maintained at the level of 6.00 × 10-3 mol/L, brass has the lowest solubility in open carbonate equilibrium system, and the corresponding solubility of brass is 2.80 × 10-7 mol/L, and controlling the optimal total alkalinity range from 5.00 × 10-3 to 1.20 × 10-2 mol/L that the corresponding equilibrium pH value range is from 8.94 to 9.35 is advantageous for anticorrosion of brass, and the corresponding solubility of brass is maintained at the range from 2.80 × 10-7 to 3.00 × 10-7 mol/L. However, if the concentration of total alkalinity of the open carbonate equilibrium system is beyond the optimal range, the solubility of brass would rise sharply. 3. Experimental Apparatus and Methods The schematic of simulation of ion exchange equilibrium carbonate treatment is composed by three sections including pretreatment system, ion exchange softening and alkalization system, and recirculating water system, respectively. Multimedia filter coupled with activated carbon filter is utilized as the pretreatment system to remove suspended solid, colloids, organic matters, and residue chlorine to prevent the resins from being contaminated and oxidized. Recirculating water system including spray cooling tower, recirculating water loop, and aerator (air fan) is used to simulate the heat exchange procedure and the mass transfer procedure between gaseous carbon dioxide and recirculating water. In the ion exchange softening and alkalization procedure, all fixed bed column runs are carried out in the glass columns of 3.57 × 10-2 meter internal diameter and 0.63 m height using different types of ion exchange resins. The ion exchange resins contain sodium form (RNa) and hydrogen form (RH) strongly acidic cation exchange resins, bicarbonate form (RHCO3) or hydroxide form (ROH) strongly basic anion exchange resin, and
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Table 1. Properties of Ion-Exchange Resins Used in the Study resin
matrix and porosity
functional group
hydrolite-ZGC108 L styrene-diethylene benzene, gel sulfonic group hydrolite-213FC polyacrylic-DVB, gel quaternary ammonium SQ-D318 polyacrylate, macroporous tertiary amine
Table 2. Chemical Composition of Tested Brass (wt %) Cu
Zn
Sn
Fe
Pb
As
B
69.52
29.33
0.95
0.1
0.05
0.04
0.01
weakly basic anion exchange resin (WBA). The concentration of total alkalinity of effluent can be maintained constant by adjusting the total alkalinity of makeup water via the proportion of raw water that passes through RNa and RH cation exchanger, respectively. Table 1 summarizes the salient information of ion exchange resins used in this study. And the tested, strongly basic anion exchange resin and weakly basic anion exchange resin have the following order of (aqueous) selectivity for sorbed counterions. 2PO34 > SO4 > NO3 > Cl > HCO3
Figure 3. Effluent quality of RNa, RHCO3, and WBA exchanger, respectively.
(12)
In the dynamic simulation test of ion exchange equilibrium carbonate treatment, corrosion tests of brass are conducted. The chemical composition of brass specimen is shown in Table 2. The dimension of the brass specimen is 1.0 × 1.0 × 0.2 cm3, and the specimen for working electrode is electrically connected by means of an insulating copper wire, and then mounted in epoxy resin. Prior to the immersion test, the brass specimen and working electrode are polished to mirror finish using 1#, 2#, 3#, and 4# grade emery papers and finally mirror polished with 0.5 µm alumina powder and then degreased with acetone. After that, they are washed with double-distilled water and dried. As is reported, copper and brass in the alkaline media with hydrogen peroxide tend to form cuprous and cupric oxides and copper hydroxide film.32,33 So prior to the dynamic simulation experiment, the brass specimens and working eletrodes are passivated in 0.6 wt % H2O2 carbonate buffer solution with pH value of 9.03 for 10 h to enhance the anticorrosion performance.34 And then the brass specimens and working electrodes are immersed in the recirculating water dynamic simulation system for various immersion periods (1-6 days). During the corrosion tests of dynamic simulation system, electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) is used to test the electrochemical stability of brass passive film during the immersion procedure and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) is used to study the surface morphology of brass specimen in different immersion durations. 4. Results and Discussion 4.1. Effluent Quality of Ion Exchange Softening and Alkalization Process. The raw water for recirculating cooling water system is from Yangtze River in P. R. China. The quality analysis of raw water is shown in Table 3. One part of the incoming raw water after the pretreatment procedure is continuously passed through RNa cation exchanger and RHCO3 or ROH anion exchanger in series for the softening and alkalization treatment, whereas the other part of the raw water is passed through RH cation exchanger and WBA exchanger in series
Figure 4. Measured pH value and theoretical equilibrium pH value of open carbonate solutions.
for the removal of hardness and alkalinity. The effluent quality of different ion exchangers is shown in Figure 3. Figure 3 indicates that RNa exchanger can transform the hardness into sodium ion and RHCO3 exchanger before exhaustion can adsorb the aggressive anions and transform them into bicarbonate. WBA exchanger before exhaustion also can remove the detrimental anions and remain the chloride trace. The ion exchangers combining with different ion exchange resins for ion exchange equilibrium carbonate treatment have excellent performance at ion removing, softening, and alkalizing the raw water. 4.2. Open Carbonate Equilibrium System. The effluents of ion exchange softening and alkalization system with different alkalinities (concentrations of total alkalinity ranging from 2.00 × 10-3 to 2.20 × 10-2 mol/L) are heated to 40 °C and aerated by air fan to maintain open carbonate solution stable for thermodynamic stability testing. Figure 4 illustrates the measured pH value after aeration procedure and equilibrium pH value of the effluents. Figure 4 reveals that the largest error between measured pH value and equilibrium pH value of different carbonate solutions is 0.05, and it is considered that the equilibrium pH value and measured pH value are the same within error limits, so the effluents of ion exchangers after the aeration procedure can achieve the gas-liquid phase equilibrium state.
Table 3. Quality Analysis of Raw Water for Ion Exchangers
raw water
Ca2+ (mol/L)
Mg2+ (mol/L)
Na+ (mol/L)
Cl- (mol/L)
SO24 (mol/L)
HCO3 (mol/L)
9.10 × 10-4
3.50 × 10-4
7.10 × 10-4
5.20 × 10-4
4.11 × 10-4
2.00 × 10-3
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Figure 5. Relationship between brass corrosion rate and alkalinity of carbonate equilibrium solutions.
Figure 6. Variation tendency of pH value and total alkalinity of recirculating water in the dynamic simulation test.
4.3. Static Corrosion Test of Brass in Open Carbonate Equilibrium System. Test specimens of brass after passivation procedure in 0.6 wt % H2O2 carbonate buffer solution with pH value of 9.03 for 10 h are immersed in the carbonate equilibrium solutions with different alkalinities for 96 h. Static weight loss measurement is applied for the corrosion rate determination of brass. The corrosion rates (CR) of brass specimens in different carbonate equilibrium systems are calculated, after the immersion procedure, from the total weight loss by the following equation: CR ) (W0 - W)/t
(13)
Where W0 and W are the weights of brass specimen before immersion and after immersion, and t is the immersion time. The corrosion rates of brass in different carbonate equilibrium solutions are shown in Figure 5. Figure 5 illustrates that the measured corrosion rates of brass in the open carbonate equilibrium solutions with different alkalinities have the good agreement with the theoretical calculations. In the static corrosion tests, the open carbonate equilibrium solution with total alkalinity of 6.00 × 10-3 mol/L has the best performance on the corrosion protection of brass, and brass has the lowest corrosion rate of 1.36 × 10-3 mm/ year, which is far below the fixed corrosion rate of 5.00 × 10-3 mm/year set by State Code of P. R. China. 4.4. Thermodynamic Stability of Open Carbonate Equilibrium System. During the dynamic simulation experiment of ion exchange equilibrium carbonate treatment, the volume of tested recirculating water is 62.6 L, and its initial concentration of total alkalinity is approximately 6.00 × 10-3 mol/L, and its corresponding initial pH value is 9.02, greatly approximate to the equilibrium pH value. The recirculating water is heated and maintained at the constant temperature of 40 °C for evaporation, the spray flow rate of recirculating water is 450.0 L/h. The blowdown rate of the recirculating water system is 2.6 L/day, and evaporation rate 11.8 L/day, so the makeup rate is 14.4 L/day. In the dynamic simulation test, two types of makeup water with total alkalinity of 1.08 × 10-3 mol/L and different pH value are prepared by the integrated ion exchangers mentioned above for the softening and alkalization. One type of makeup water is produced by RNa exchanger and RHCO3 exchanger in series is acidic and its corresponding pH value is 5.94, while the other type produced by RNaexchanger and ROH exchanger in series is strongly alkaline and its corresponding pH value is 11.26. The concentration of total alkalinity of makeup water can be
Figure 7. Nyquist plots of brass in dynamic simulation test of ion exchange equilibrium carbonate treatment for different immersion durations.
controlled by adjusting the proportion of influents that pass through the RNa and RH cation exchanger, respectively. After the 8-day dynamic simulation test, the variation tendency of the pH value and total alkalinity of the open carbonate system is shown in Figure 6. Figure 6 illustrates that during the 8-day dynamic simulation test, the pH value and total alkalinity of the recirculating water maintain stable. When the makeup water with pH value of 5.94 is added to the recirculating water, the alkalinity concentration of recirculating water changes in the range from 5.93 × 10-3 to 6.01 × 10-3 mol/L, and the corresponding pH range is from 9.02 to 9.07, whereas the makeup water has a high pH value of 11.26, the alkalinity concentration of recirculating water changes in the range of 5.94 × 10-3 to 6.02 × 10-3 mol/L, and the corresponding range of pH value is from 9.03 to 9.08. The measured pH value of recirculating water is greatly approximate to theoretical equilibrium pH value of 9.06. The makeup water with low or high pH would not bring any impact on the buffer action of the open carbonate equilibrium system. Thus, the open carbonate system with the total alkalinity of 6.00 × 10-3 mol/L has the good performance of thermodynamic stability and buffer action. 4.5. Corrosion Test of Brass in Dynamic Simulation of Ion Exchange Equilibrium Carbonate Treatment. During the dynamic simulation test of ion exchange equilibrium carbonate treatment, the effluent with pH value of 5.94 produced by RNa exchanger and RHCO3 exchanger in series is used as the makeup water, and brass specimens and brass working electrodes are immersed in the recirculating water for 6 days. Corrosion test and electrochemical stability test of passive film of brass are conducted.
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Figure 8. Bode plots of brass in dynamic simulation test of ion exchange equilibrium carbonate treatment for different immersion durations.
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immersion durations is shown in Figure 9. SEM images of brass specimens placed in the dynamic simulation test for different immersion durations are shown in Figure 10. From Figures 7-9, the experimental results illustrate that brass after passivation with hydrogen peroxide solution prior to the simulation experiment yields much higher charge transfer resistance; after the immersion procedure, the passive film resistance of brass decreases to a far larger extent in the immersion duration of 2 days and then increases and eventually maintains stable; the passive film resistance of brass is maintained at level of 7948.0 ohm cm2 in the following immersion periods. It means that the brass forms a stable oxide film in the recirculating water from an immersion duration of 3 days. From SEM images of tested brass specimens, it is found that the brass specimen has a smooth and intact passive film after passivation in H2O2 carbonate solution, and the film then tends to be thick and rough in the immersion duration of 1 day. In the immersion duration of 2 days, the film appears to be less compact. Beginning from the immersion duration of 3 days, the film tends to be stable and compact and it has no defects. So it is evident from these results that brass can form the protective passive film which has the excellent thermodynamic and electrochemical stability in open carbonate equilibrium solution with total alkalinity of 6.00 × 10-3 mol/L and the passive film can prevent brass from corrosion. 5. Conclusions
Figure 9. Variation tendency of passive film resistance of brass in dynamic simulation test for different immersion durations
Figures 7 and 8 show Bode plots and Nyquist plots of the kinetics of passive film formation of brass for different immersion durations, respectively.35 Variation tendency of the passive film resistance of brass in the recirculating water for different
The paper puts forward ion exchange equilibrium carbonate treatment for anticorrosion of brass heat exchange pipes in recirculating cooling water system. In the ion exchange softening and alkalization process, the ion exchangers can remove the hardness and all of the aggressive anions dissolved in the recirculating water, transform them into sodium bicarbonate and sodium carbonate to form the open carbonate system, and alkalize the recirculating water. In the open carbonate system, the carbonate solution can obtain the gas-liquid equilibrium state after aeration procedure
Figure 10. SEM images of brass specimens in the dynamic simulation test for different immersion durations. (a1) Brass after passivation with 0.6 wt % H2O2 solution with pH value of 9.03 (0 day); (a2) 1 day; (a3) 2 days; (a4) 3 days; (a5) 5 days; (a6) 6 days.
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with the limit pH error of 0.05 and the carbonate equilibrium system has the excellent buffer action once it fully contacts with carbon dioxide gas in the atmosphere. In the static corrosion test, it is concluded that after the passivation procedure in the 0.6 wt % H2O2 solution with pH value of 9.03 for 10 h, brass has the lowest corrosion rate in the open carbonate equilibrium solution with total alkalinity of 6.00 × 10-3 mol/L, and the corresponding corrosion rate is 1.36 × 10-3 mm/yr. And in the dynamic simulation test of ion exchange carbonate equilibrium treatment for recirculating water with the total alkalinity of 6.00 × 10-3 mol/L, brass specimen can form the protective passive film with excellent electrochemical stability to suppress the corrosion of brass. So the ion exchange equilibrium carbonate treatment is feasible, effective, and environment friendly to maintain total alkalinity of carbonate equilibrium system at the level of 6.00 × 10-3 mol/L to prevent brass heat exchanger pipes from corrosion without corrosion inhibitor addition. And it is thus believed to represent a potentially new and safe process suitable for open recirculating cooling water system. Acknowledgment The authors thank Beijing Jieming Zhichen New Energy Co., Ltd., People’s Republic of China, for funding the project and providing the equipment. The project is also supported by the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities. Literature Cited (1) Ouyang, X. P.; Qiu, X. Q.; Lou, H. M.; Yang, D. J. Corrosion and scale inhibition properties of sodium lignosulfonate and its potential application in recirculating cooling water system. Ind. Eng. Chem. Res. 2006, 45, 5716–5721. (2) Batista, J. F.; Pereira, R. F. C.; Lopes, J. M.; Carvalho, M. F. M.; Feio, M. J.; Reis, M. A. M. In situ corrosion control in industrial water systems. Biodegradation 2000, 11, 441–448. (3) Fan, R.; Huang, N. Z. Corrosion control of equipment made of copper in the central air conditioning cooling water system. Journal of Industrial Water Treatment 2005, 25, 62–65. (4) Fang, H. H. P.; Xu, L. C.; Chan, K. Y. Effects of toxic metals and chemicals on biofilm and biocorrosion. Wat. Res. 2002, 36, 4709–4716. (5) Alentejano, C. R.; Aoki, V. I. The effect of denitrifying Fe-oxidizing bacteria TPH-7 on corrosion inhibition of sodium molybdate. Electrochim. Acta 2004, 49, 2779–2785. (6) Hu, X. Q.; Liang, C. H.; Huang, N. B. Anticorrosion Performance of Carbon Steel in 55% LiBr Solution Containing PMA/SbBr3 Inhibitor. J. Iron Steel Res. Int. 2006, 13, 56–60. (7) Saremi, M.; Dehghanian, C.; Mohammadi, S. M. The effect of molybdate concentration and hydrodynamic effect on mild steel corrosion inhibition in simulated cooling water. Corros. Sci. 2006, 48, 1404–1412. (8) Shams El Din, A. M.; Wang, L. F. Mechanism of corrosion inhibition by sodium molybdate. Desalination 1996, 107, 29–43. (9) Ziegler, F. State of the Art in Sorption Heat Pumping and Cooling Technologies. Int. J. Ref. 2002, 4, 450–459. (10) Benmessaoud, M.; Essalah, K.; Hajjaji, N.; Takenouti, H.; Srhiri, A.; Ebentouhami, M. Inhibiting effect of 2-mercaptobenzimidazole on the corrosion of Cu-30Ni alloy in aerated 3% NaCl in presence of ammonia. Corros. Sci. 2007, 49, 3880–3888. (11) Ramesha, S.; Rajeswaria, S.; Maruthamuthu, S. Corrosion inhibition of copper by new triazole phosphonate derivatives. App. Surf. Sci. 2004, 229, 214–225. (12) Ravichandran, R.; Nanjundan, S.; Rajendran, N. Corrosion inhibition of brass by benzotriazole derivatives in NaCl solution. Anti-Corros. Methods Mater. 2005, 52, 226–232. (13) Yu, J.; Gan, F.; Jiang, L. Inhibition effect of 3-amino-5-mercapto1,2,4-triazole on copper corrosion. Corrosion 2008, 24, 900–904. (14) Yu, J. F.; Feng, Q. F.; Yu, Y. F. Inhibition of copper corrosion in 3.5% NaCl solutions by triazole derivative. Anti-Corros. Methods Mater. 2009, 56, 275–279. (15) Xu, Q. J.; Li, C. X.; Zhou, G. D.; Zhu, L. J.; Lin, C. J. Copper corrosion inhibition and adsorption behavior of 3-amino-1,2,4-triazole. Acta Physicochim. Sin. 2009, 25, 86–90.
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ReceiVed for reView April 19, 2010 ReVised manuscript receiVed July 31, 2010 Accepted August 15, 2010 IE100913D
