Isoprenylated Chromone Derivatives from the Plant Endophytic

20 Jul 2009 - ... have been isolated from a scale-up fermentation extract of the plant endophytic fungus Pestalotiopsis fici. The structures of these ...
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J. Nat. Prod. 2009, 72, 1482–1486

Isoprenylated Chromone Derivatives from the Plant Endophytic Fungus Pestalotiopsis fici Ling Liu,†,‡ Shuchun Liu,† Shubin Niu,† Liangdong Guo,† Xulin Chen,§ and Yongsheng Che*,† Key Laboratory of Systematic Mycology & Lichenology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, People’s Republic of China, Graduate School of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100039, People’s Republic of China, and State Key Laboratory of Virology, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430071, People’s Republic of China ReceiVed May 19, 2009

Pestaloficiols F-L (1-7), new isoprenylated chromone derivatives including one heterodimer (7), have been isolated from a scale-up fermentation extract of the plant endophytic fungus Pestalotiopsis fici. The structures of these compounds were elucidated primarily by NMR and MS methods. The absolute configurations of 1 and 4 were assigned using the modified Mosher method. Compounds 1-3, 5, and 6 displayed inhibitory effects on HIV-1 replication in C8166 cells, whereas 4-7 showed cytotoxic activity against the human tumor cell lines HeLa and MCF7. Endophytic fungi inhabiting normal tissues of host plants are rich sources of bioactive natural products.1-3 Pestalotiopsis spp. (Amphisphaeriaceae) are common in their distribution, and many are saprobes, while others are either pathogenic or endophytic to living plants.4 Chemical studies of some species of this genus have afforded a variety of bioactive metabolites.5-10 Our prior investigations of P. fici (AS 3.9138 ) W106-1) grown in different solidsubstrate fermentation cultures have resulted in the isolation of structurally diverse and biologically active metabolites, such as chloropupukeananin, the first chlorinated pupukeanane derivative with the unique tricyclo[4.3.1.03,7]decane skeleton and anti-HIV-1 effects,11 and pestaloficiols A-E, new anti-HIV-1 cyclopropane derivatives isolated under different fermentation conditions.12 To identify the minor active components, the fungus P. fici was refermented in a larger scale using the solid fermentation culture in which chloropupukeananin was first isolated.11 Fractionation of the crude extract afforded five new cyclohexanone derivatives including four heterodimers.13 As a continuation of this work, seven new isoprenylated chromone derivatives (1-7), including a heterodimer (7), were obtained. Pestaloficiols F-L (1-7) were tested for anti-HIV-1 and cytotoxic activities. Details of the isolation, structure elucidation, and biological activities of these compounds are reported herein.

Results and Discussion Pestaloficiol F (1) was obtained as a colorless oil. It was assigned the molecular formula C16H22O4 (six degrees of unsaturation) on the basis of its HRESIMS (m/z 301.1412 [M + Na]+; ∆ -0.2 mmu). The 1H and 13C NMR spectra of 1 displayed resonances for one exchangeable proton, four methyl groups, three methylene units, two oxymethines, two oxygenated sp3 quaternary carbons, two olefins, and one R,β-unsaturated ketone carbon (δC 190.5). These data accounted for all of the 1H and 13C NMR resonances and suggested that 1 was a tricyclic metabolite. A molecular formula search on C16H22O4 identified the known compound A82775B (8), which has the same elemental composition as 1 and is also an isoprenylated chromone isolated from an unidentified fungus.14 The 1 H and 13C NMR spectra of 1 (Table 1) and 8 were nearly identical, except that the chemical shifts for some of the resonances corresponding to the polyoxygenated cyclohexane moiety were different. Analysis of the 1H-1H COSY and HMBC data of 1 established the same gross structure as 8, indicating that 1 was a * To whom correspondence should be addressed. Tel/Fax: +86 10 82618785. E-mail: [email protected]. † Institute of Microbiology. ‡ Graduate School of Chinese Academy of Sciences. § Wuhan Institute of Virology.

10.1021/np900308s CCC: $40.75

stereoisomer of 8 at one of the stereogenic carbons on the cylcohexane ring. This postulation was partially supported by the opposite signs of their specific rotations ([R]D +293 for 1 vs -204 for 8). The relative configuration of 1 was determined by analysis of the 1H-1H coupling constants and NOESY data (Table 1). The large trans-diaxial-type coupling constant observed between H-5b and H-6 (11 Hz) indicated that they are pseudoaxially orientated, whereas a small coupling constant of 1.0 Hz between H-6 and H-7 places H-7 in a pseudoequatorial orientation of the cyclohexane ring. NOESY correlations of H-7 with H2-9 and H-10 indicated that these protons are all on the same face of the cyclohexane ring, thereby establishing the relative configuration of 1, which is different from 8 only at C-6. The absolute configuration of 1 was assigned by application of the modified Mosher method.15,16 Treatment of 1 with (S)-MTPA Cl and (R)-MTPA Cl afforded the (R)-MTPA ester (1a) and (S)MTPA ester (1b), respectively. The difference in chemical shift values (∆δ ) δS - δR) for the diastereomeric (S)-MTPA (1b) and (R)-MTPA (1a) esters was calculated to assign the 6S absolute configuration. Therefore, the 6S, 7S, and 8S absolute configuration was proposed for 1 on the basis of the ∆δ results summarized in Figure 1. Pestaloficiols G (2) and H (3) were obtained as an inseparable mixture of two isomers in a 4:1 ratio, as determined by integration of some well-resolved 1H NMR resonances for each compound. Exhaustive efforts to separate this mixture were unsuccessful in even partially resolving them. Therefore, the structure elucidations of 2 and 3 were performed on the mixture. Compounds 2 and 3 were each assigned the molecular formula C16H22O4 (six degrees of unsaturation) by its HRESIMS (m/z 301.1402 [M + Na]+; ∆ +0.8 mmu), which is the same as 1. Analysis of the 1H, 13C, and HMQC NMR spectroscopic data of 2 and 3 revealed the same chromone core as found in 1, except that the C-9 methylene (δH/ δC 2.39; 2.54/47.3) and the C-8 sp3 quaternary carbon (δC 59.7) were replaced by resonances for an olefin unit, and the olefinic proton H-10 was shifted downfield and observed as a doublet instead of a triplet in the spectra of 2 and 3. The two exchangeable protons in each compound (δH 3.71 and 3.93 in 2; 3.81 and 3.93 in 3) were assigned as C-6-OH and C-7-OH, respectively, by relevant 1H-1H COSY correlations. Therefore, the gross structure of 2 and 3 was determined as shown. The relative configurations of 2 and 3 were assigned by analysis of the 1H-1H coupling constants and NOESY data. The transdiaxial-type coupling constant of 11 Hz between H-5b and H-6 and the small coupling constant of 2.0 Hz between H-6 and H-7 place H-6 and H-7 in pseudoaxial and pseudoequatorial orientations, respectively, of the cyclohexane ring. The C-8/C-9 olefin was

 2009 American Chemical Society and American Society of Pharmacognosy Published on Web 07/20/2009

Isoprenylated Chromone DeriVatiVes from Pestalotiopsis fici

Journal of Natural Products, 2009, Vol. 72, No. 8 1483

Chart 1

Table 1. NMR Spectroscopic Data (400 MHz, Acetone-d6) for Pestaloficiol F (1) position 2 3a 3b 4 4a 5a 5b 6 7 8 8a 9a 9b 10 11 12 13 14 15 OH-6

δC, mult. 81.8, qC 47.3, CH2 190.5, qC 108.6, qC 25.0, CH2 67.1, CH 64.8, CH 59.7, qC 165.0, qC 29.5, CH2 119.0, CH 135.0, qC 18.2, CH3 26.0, CH3 24.8, CH3 27.2, CH3

δH (J in Hz)

HMBCa

NOESY

2.54, d (16) 2.39, d (16)

2, 4, 14, 15 2, 4, 4a, 14, 15

2.75, dd (16, 6.5) 1.81, dd (16, 11) 4.05, dddd (11, 6.5, 6.0, 1.0) 3.45, d (1.0)

4, 4a, 6, 7, 8a 4, 4a, 6, 7, 8a 5, 7 5, 6, 8, 8a, 9

9, 10

2.78, dd (15, 6.5) 2.26, dd (15, 6.5) 5.15, t (6.5)

7, 8, 8a, 10, 11 7, 8, 8a, 10, 11 9, 12, 13

7 7 7

1.67, s 1.71, s 1.37, s 1.46, s 4.34, d (6.0)

10, 11, 13 10, 11, 12 2, 3, 15 2, 3, 14

a HMBC correlations, optimized for 8 Hz, are from proton(s) stated to the indicated carbon.

assigned E-geometry on the basis of NOESY correlation of H-7 with H-10 in the major isomer (2), whereas in the minor one (3), it was assigned Z-geometry by NOESY correlation of H-7 with H-9. Due to sample limitation, and the fact that we were unable to separate these isomers, the absolute configurations of 2 and 3 were not assigned by chemical derivatizations. However, from biogenetic considerations, C-6 and C-7 in both 2 and 3 presumably have the same absolute configurations as in 1. Pestaloficiol I (4) gave a pseudomolecular ion [M + Na]+ peak at m/z 317.1362 (∆ -0.3 mmu) by HRESIMS, consistent with a molecular formula of C16H22O5 (six degrees of unsaturation). Analysis of its 1H, 13C, and HMQC NMR data revealed the same dihydropyranone ring as found in 1-3, but the signals for the isoprenyl group attached cyclohexane moiety were significantly different. The C-5-C-7 (including OH-6) and C-9-C-10 fragments

were identified in 4 by 1H-1H COSY data. HMBC correlations from H-6 to C-4a and C-8 and from H-9 to C-7, C-8a, and C-10 completed the cyclohexane moiety with the C-8/C-9 olefin attached to C-8. Those from H3-12 and H3-13 to C-10 and C-11 led to the connection of C-10, C-12, and C-13 to C-11. A correlation from H-7 to C-10 established the dihydrofuran ring. The only remaining exchangeable proton (δH 4.13) was assigned as the OH group attached to the sp3 quaternary carbon C-11 (δC 72.1) on the basis of an HMBC cross-peak from OH-11 to C-12. On the basis of these data, the gross structure of 4 was established as shown. The relative configuration of 4 was determined by analysis of the 1H-1H coupling constants and NOESY data (Figure 2). The 1 H-1H coupling patterns for H2-5, H-6, and H-7 indicated that H-6 is pseudoequatorially oriented. The orientations of H-5b and H-7 were also assigned as pseudoaxial by NOESY correlations observed for these two protons. Correlations of H-6 with H3-12 revealed their proximity in space, thereby completing the relative configuration of 4 as shown. The absolute configuration of 4 was assigned using the modified Mosher method. The difference in chemical shift values (∆δ ) δS - δR) for the diastereomeric esters 4b and 4a was calculated to assign the 6S absolute configuration. Therefore, the 6S, 7R, and 10S absolute configuration was proposed for 4 on the basis of the ∆δ results summarized in Figure 3. The molecular formula of pestaloficiol J (5) was assigned as C16H20O3 (seven degrees of unsaturation) by its HRESIMS (m/z 283.1307 [M + Na]+; ∆ -0.2 mmu), 18 mass units less than 1.

Figure 1. ∆δ values (in ppm) ) δS - δR obtained for (S)- and (R)-MTPA esters 1b and 1a.

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Journal of Natural Products, 2009, Vol. 72, No. 8

Liu et al. Table 2. NMR Spectroscopic Data (400 MHz, Acetone-d6) for Pestaloficiol L (7)

Figure 2. Key NOESY correlations for pestaloficiol I (4).

Figure 3. ∆δ values (in ppm) ) δS - δR obtained for (S)- and (R)-MTPA esters 4b and 4a. NMR spectra of 5 displayed resonances characteristic of an aryl ring, implying that the cyclohexane ring present in 1-3 was aromatized. This observation was supported by HMBC correlations from H-5 to C-4, C-7, and C-8a and from H-7 to C-5, C-8a, and C-9. Therefore, the gross structure of 5 was assigned as shown. Pestaloficiol K (6) gave a pseudomolecular ion [M + Na]+ peak at m/z 325.1420 (∆ -1.0 mmu) by HRESIMS (C18H22O4, eight degrees of unsaturation), 42 mass units higher than 5. The NMR data of 6 revealed structural features similar to those found in 5, except that the resonances for C-3 (δC 49.2) and C-4 (δC 192.6) were replaced by those for an olefin (δC 118.8 and 143.1, respectively), suggesting that the ketone functionality in 5 was tautomerized to the enol form in 6. NMR resonances for an acetyl group (δH 2.24; δC 20.7 and 168.8) were also observed, indicating that the C-4 (δC 143.1) oxygen of 6 was acylated. These observations were supported by HMBC correlations from the olefinic proton H-3 to C-2, C-4, C-4a, C-14, and C-15. The elemental composition of pestaloficiol L (7) was established as C33H34O9 (17 degrees of unsaturation) by its HRESIMS (m/z 597.2093 [M + Na]+; ∆ +0.2 mmu). Interpretation of its 1H, 13C, and HMQC NMR spectroscopic data (Table 2) revealed the presence of four exchangeable protons, seven methyl groups (two O-methyls), one methylene unit, one oxygenated sp3 quaternary carbon, 22 olefinic/aromatic carbons, one carboxyl (δC 166.9), and one ketone carbon (δC 200.9). These NMR data are characteristic of 6 (excluding the acetyl group) and the known compound isosulochrin (9), which was also isolated from the same crude extract in this work,13,17 suggesting that 7 could be a heterodimeric metabolite derived from 6 and 9. In addition, the molecular formula of 7 (C33H34O9) is equivalent to the summation of those for the deacetyl analogue of 6 (C16H20O3) and 9 (C17H16O7) subtracting one H2O molecule. This postulation was supported by relevant HMBC data, which were in agreement with the presence of the partial structures for 6 and 9. An HMBC correlation from H-3 to

position

δC, mult.

2 3 4 4a 5 6 7 8 8a 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 1′ 2′ 3′ 4′ 5′ 6′ 7′ 8′ 1′′ 2′′ 3′′ 4′′ 5′′ 6′′ 7′′ 8′′ 9′′ OH-6 OH-2′ OH-6′ OH-3′′

76.0, qC 132.9, CH 123.6, qC 129.9, qC 109.4, CH 151.4, qC 116.6, CH 130.4, qC 144.4, qC 29.0, CH2 124.0, CH 131.9, qC 17.9, CH3 25.9, CH3 27.4, CH3 27.8, CH3 110.6, qC 160.6, qC 108.7, CH 147.0, qC 117.6, qC 161.3, qC 200.9, qC 20.5, CH3 130.5, qC 127.3, qC 155.9, qC 106.4, CH 160.9, qC 106.4, CH 166.9, qC 52.3, CH3 56.0, CH3

HMBCa

δH (J in Hz) 5.57, s

2, 4, 4a, 5′,14, 15

6.01, d (3.0)

4a, 6, 7, 8a

6.49, d (3.0)

5, 6, 8a, 9

3.23, d (7.0) 5.29, t (7.0)

7, 8, 8a, 10, 11 8, 9, 12, 13

1.73, s 1.71, s 1.44, s 1.47, s

10, 11, 13 10, 11, 12 2, 3, 15 2, 3, 14

6.29, s

1′, 2′, 5′, 8′

2.07, s

3′, 4′, 5′

6.65, d (2.0)

2′′, 3′′, 5′′, 6′′

6.97, d (2.0)

1′′, 2′′, 4′′, 5′′, 7′′

3.68, s 3.80, s 7.40, br s 11.4, br s 9.52, br s 9.52, br s

7′′ 5′′

a HMBC correlations, optimized for 8 Hz, are from proton(s) stated to the indicated carbon.

Table 3. Biological Activities of Compounds 1-7 cytotoxicity (IC50; µM) compound

HIV-1 (EC50; µM)

HeLa

MCF7

1 2 and 3 4 5 6 7 indinavir sulfate 5-fluorouracil

>100 89.2 >100 8.0 78.2 >100 0.0082

>143.9 >143.9 >136.1 21.2 99.3 8.7

>143.9 >143.9 136.1 >153.8 >132.5 17.4

10.0

15.0

C-5′ connected the two subunits through the C-3-C-5′ bond, completing the gross structure of 7 as depicted. Compounds 1-7 were evaluated for anti-HIV-1 and cytotoxic activities (Table 3). Compound 5 showed an inhibitory effect on HIV-1 replication in C8166 cells, with an EC50 value of 8.0 µM (the CC50 value is greater than 100 µM; the positive control indinavir sulfate showed an EC50 value of 8.2 nM). Compound 7 displayed cytotoxic activity against the HeLa and MCF7 cells, with IC50 values of 8.7 and 17.4 µM, respectively (the positive control 5-fluorouracil showed IC50 values of 10.0 and 15.0 µM, respectively). Pestaloficiols F-L (1-7) are new isoprenylated chromone derivatives. Compound 1 is a C-6 stereoisomer of A82775B (8),14 whereas 2 and 3 were isolated as a mixture of the E/Z isomers that could originate from 1 via ring-opening of the C-7-C-8 epoxide followed by dehydration of the isoprenyl group. Compound 4 is structurally related to pestalotheol A (10),18 but differs in having

Isoprenylated Chromone DeriVatiVes from Pestalotiopsis fici a different fusion pattern between the cyclohexane and the furan rings. Compounds 5 and 6 are new analogues of the known compound 11,19 whereas the heterodimer 7 could be derived from 6 and isosulochrin (9).13,17 Compounds 4-6 could be derived from 1-3 via reactions including oxidation, reduction, and cyclization. The discovery of these new bioactive metabolites further expanded the structural diversity of the bioactive products produced by the fungus P. fici. Experimental Section General Experimental Procedures. Optical rotations were measured on a Perkin-Elmer 241 polarimeter, and UV data were recorded on a Shimadzu Biospec-1601 spectrophotometer. IR data were recorded using a Nicolet Magna-IR 750 spectrophotometer. 1H and 13C NMR data were acquired with Varian Mercury-400 and -500 spectrometers using solvent signals (acetone-d6: δH 2.05/δC 29.8, 206.1; pyridine-d5: δH 7.21, 7.58, 8.73) as references. The HMQC and HMBC experiments were optimized for 145.0 and 8.0 Hz, respectively. ESIMS data were recorded on a Bruker Esquire 3000plus spectrometer, and HRESIMS data were obtained using Bruker APEX III 7.0 T and APEXII FT-ICR spectrometers, respectively. Fungal Material. The culture of P. fici was isolated from branches of Camellia sinensis in the suburb of Hangzhou, in April 2005. The isolate was identified as P. fici by one of authors (L.G.) based on sequence (GenBank Accession number DQ812914) analysis of the ITS region of the rDNA and assigned the accession number AS 3.9138 () W106-1) in China General Microbial Culture Collection (CGMCC) at the Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing. The fungal strain was cultured on slants of potato dextrose agar (PDA) at 25 °C for 10 days. Agar plugs were used to inoculate 250 mL Erlenmeyer flasks, each containing 50 mL of media (0.4% glucose, 1% malt extract, and 0.4% yeast extract), and the final pH of the media was adjusted to 6.5 before sterilization. Flask cultures were incubated at 25 °C on a rotary shaker at 170 rpm for 5 days. Fermentation was carried out in twelve 500 mL Erlenmeyer flasks each containing 80 g of rice. Spore inoculum was prepared by suspension in sterile, distilled H2O to give a final spore/cell suspension of 1 × 106/mL. Distilled H2O (100 mL) was added to each flask, and the contents were soaked overnight before autoclaving at 15 lb/in.2 for 30 min. After cooling to room temperature, each flask was inoculated with 5.0 mL of the spore inoculum and incubated at 25 °C for 40 days. Extraction and Isolation. The fermented material was extracted with EtOAc (4 × 1.0 L), and the organic solvent was evaporated to dryness under vacuum to afford the crude extract (10 0.0 g), which was fractionated by silica gel vacuum liquid chromatography (VLC) using petroleum ether-EtOAc gradient elution. The fraction (136 mg) eluted with 32% EtOAc was separated by Sephadex LH-20 column chromatography (CC) eluting with 1:1 CHCl3-CH3OH. The resulting subfractions were combined and further purified by semipreparative RP HPLC (Agilent Zorbax SB-C18 column; 5 µm; 9.4 × 250 mm; 45% CH3OH in H2O for 2 min, followed by 45- 60% for 28 min; 2 mL/ min) to afford a mixture of 2 and 3 (4.3 mg). The fraction eluted with 8% EtOAc (50 mg) was purified by HPLC (70% CH3OH in H2O for 2 min, followed by 70-75% for 25 min; 2 mL/min) to afford 1 (4.0 mg). Fractions eluted with 10-33% EtOAc were combined (480 mg) and fractionated again by Sephadex LH-20 CC using CHCl3-CH3OH (1:1). Purification of resulting subfractions with different gradients afforded pestaloficiols I (4; 2.4 mg; 70% CH3OH in H2O for 2 min, followed by 70-79% for 25 min), J (5; 3.0 mg; 60% CH3OH in H2O for 2 min, followed by 60-90% for 23 min), K (6; 2.0 mg; 70% CH3OH in H2O for 2 min, followed by 70-89% for 20 min), and L (7; 1.4 mg; 45% CH3OH in H2O for 2 min, followed by 45-60% for 28 min). Pestaloficiol F (1): colorless oil; [R]25D +293 (c 0.1, CH3OH); UV (CH3OH) λmax (log ε) 278 (4.11) nm; IR (neat) νmax 3407 (br), 2977, 2925, 1660, 1609, 1403, 1250, 1167 cm-1; 1H, 13C NMR, HMBC, and NOESY data see Table 1; HRESIMS m/z 301.1412 (calcd for C16H22O4Na, 301.1410). Preparation of (R)-MTPA Ester (1a) and (S)-MTPA Ester (1b). A sample of 1 (1.0 mg, 0.004 mmol), (S)-MTPA Cl (2.0 µL, 0.011 mmol), and pyridine-d5 (0.5 mL) were allowed to react in an NMR tube at ambient temperature for 24 h. The 1H NMR data of the (R)MTPA ester derivative (1a) were obtained directly on the reaction mixture: 1H NMR (pyridine-d5, 400 MHz) δ 5.77 (1H, ddd, J ) 11, 7.2, 2.0 Hz, H-6), 5.22 (1H, t, J ) 6.5 Hz, H-10), 3.52 (1H, d, J ) 2.0

Journal of Natural Products, 2009, Vol. 72, No. 8 1485 Hz, H-7), 2.87 (1H, dd, J ) 15, 11 Hz, H-5a), 2.80 (1H, dd, J ) 16, 6.5 Hz, H-9a), 2.55 (1H, d, J ) 17 Hz, H-3a), 2.50 (1H, d, J ) 17 Hz, H-3b), 2.43 (1H, dd, J ) 15, 11 Hz, H-5b), 2.42 (1H, dd, J ) 16, 6.5 Hz, H-9b), 1.63 (3H, s, H3-13), 1.58 (3H, s, H3-12), 1.31 (3H, s, H315), 1.28 (3H, s, H3-14). Another sample of 1 (1.0 mg, 0.004 mmol), (R)-MTPA Cl (2.0 µL, 0.011 mmol), and pyridine-d5 (0.5 mL) was processed as described above for 1a to afford 1b: 1H NMR (pyridine-d5, 400 MHz) δ 5.79 (1H, ddd, J ) 11, 7.2, 2.0 Hz, H-6), 5.26 (1H, t, J ) 6.5 Hz, H-10), 3.53 (1H, d, J ) 2.0 Hz, H-7), 2.90 (1H, dd, J ) 16, 6.5 Hz, H-9a), 2.80 (1H, dd, J ) 15, 11 Hz, H-5a), 2.53 (1H, d, J ) 17 Hz, H-3a), 2.49 (1H, d, J ) 17 Hz, H-3b), 2.44 (1H, dd, J ) 16, 6.5 Hz, H-9b), 2.30 (1H, dd, J ) 15, 11 Hz, H-5b), 1.64 (3H, s, H3-13), 1.60 (3H, s, H3-12), 1.30 (3H, s, H3-15), 1.27 (3H, s, H3-14). Pestaloficiols G and H (2 and 3): pale yellow oil; [R]25D +136 (c 0.1, CH3OH); UV (CH3OH) λmax (log ε) 340 (4.09) nm; IR (neat) νmax 3383, 2975, 2929, 1627, 1583, 1418, 1370, 1247, 1152 cm-1; 1H NMR (acetone-d6, 400 MHz) 2: δ 7.22 (1H, d, J ) 12 Hz, H-9), 6.41 (1H, d, J ) 12 Hz, H-10), 4.77 (1H, br d, J ) 2.0 Hz, H-7), 3.93 (1H, br s, OH-7), 3.71 (1H, br s, OH-6), 3.62 (1H, ddd, J ) 11, 5.4, 2.0 Hz, H-6), 2.69 (1H, dd, J ) 16, 5.4 Hz, H-5a), 2.51 (1H, d, J ) 16 Hz, H-3a), 2.42 (1H, d, J ) 16 Hz, H-3b), 2.26 (1H, dd, J ) 16, 11 Hz, H-5b), 1.91 (3H, s, H3-13), 1.88 (3H, s, H3-12), 1.43 (3H, s, H3-15), 1.39 (3H, s, H314); 3: δ 7.08 (1H, d, J ) 12 Hz, H-10), 6.74 (1H, d, J ) 12 Hz, H-9), 4.26 (1H, br d, J ) 1.6 Hz, H-7), 3.93 (1H, br s, OH-7), 3.81 (1H, br s, OH-6), 3.80 (1H, ddd, J ) 11, 5.4, 1.6 Hz, H-6), 2.69 (1H, dd, J ) 16, 5.4 Hz, H-5a), 2.50 (1H, d, J ) 16 Hz, H-3a), 2.45 (1H, d, J ) 16 Hz, H-3b), 2.26 (1H, dd, J ) 16, 11 Hz, H-5b), 1.87 (3H, s, H3-13), 1.84 (3H, s, H3-12), 1.46 (3H, s, H3-15), 1.44 (3H, s, H3-14); 13C NMR (acetone-d6, 100 MHz) 2: δ 191.4 (C, C-4), 160.6 (C, C-8a), 144.6 (C, C-11), 130.8 (C, C-8), 130.0 (CH, C-9), 121.8 (CH, C-10), 109.4 (C, C-4a), 79.8 (C, C-2), 69.6 (CH, C-6), 67.8 (CH, C-7), 47.9 (CH2, C-3), 27.2 (CH3, C-15), 26.7 (CH3, C-13), 25.4 (CH3, C-14), 24.8 (CH2, C-5), 18.7 (CH3, C-12); 3: δ 191.8 (C, C-4), 162.1 (C, C-8a), 143.2 (C, C-11), 133.3 (CH, C-9), 129.1 (C, C-8), 124.5 (CH, C-10), 110.3 (C, C-4a), 80.3 (C, C-2), 76.4 (CH, C-7), 69.6 (CH, C-6), 47.8 (CH2, C-3), 27.0 (CH3, C-13), 26.5 (CH3, C-15), 26.1 (CH2, C-5), 25.4 (CH3, C-14), 17.9 (CH3, C-12); HMBC data (acetone-d6, 400 MHz) H2-3 f C-2, 4, 4a, 14, 15; H2-5 f C-4, 4a, 6, 7, 8a; H-7 f C-5, 6, 8, 8a, 9; H-9 f C-7, 8, 8a, 10, 11; H-10 f C-8, 9, 12, 13; H3-12 f C-10, 11, 13; H3-13 f C-10, 11, 12; H3-14 f C-2, 3, 15; H3-15 f C-2, 3, 14; NOESY correlations (acetone-d6, 500 MHz) 2: H-7 f H-10; H-10 f H-7; 3: H-7 f H-9; H-9 f H-7; HRESIMS m/z 301.1402 (calcd for C16H22O4Na, 301.1410). Pestaloficiol I (4): pale yellow oil; [R]25D -79 (c 0.1, CH3 OH); UV (CH3OH) λmax (log ε) 304 (4.04) nm; IR (neat) νmax 3378 (br), 2975, 2932, 1643, 1574, 1424, 1165 cm-1; 1H NMR (acetone-d6, 400 MHz) δ 6.36 (1H, d, J ) 1.5 Hz, H-9), 4.86 (1H, dd, J ) 4.0, 3.3 Hz, H-7), 4.76 (1H, dd, J ) 4.0, 1.5 Hz, H-10), 4.35 (1H, br s, OH-6), 4.19 (1H, ddd, J ) 3.3, 3.0, 2.5 Hz, H-6), 4.13 (1H, s, OH-11), 2.71 (1H, dd, J ) 18, 2.5 Hz, H-5a), 2.57 (1H, d, J ) 17 Hz, H-3a), 2.44 (1H, d, J ) 17 Hz, H-3b), 2.32 (1H, dd, J ) 18, 3.0 Hz, H-5b), 1.44 (3H, s, H3-15), 1.38 (3H, s, H3-14), 1.23 (6H, s, H3-12/H3-13); 13C NMR (acetone-d6, 100 MHz) δ 192.3 (C, C-4), 157.0 (C, C-8a), 135.0 (C, C-8), 128.5 (CH, C-9), 109.2 (C, C-4a), 94.6 (CH, C-10), 80.9 (C, C-2), 86.6 (CH, C-7), 72.1 (C, C-11), 66.8 (CH, C-6), 48.1 (CH2, C-3), 29.6 (CH2, C-5), 27.4 (CH3, C-13), 27.0 (CH3, C-15), 26.4 (CH3, C-12), 25.5 (CH3, C-14); HMBC data (acetone-d6, 400 MHz) H2-3 f C-2, 4, 4a, 14, 15; H2-5 f C-4, 4a, 6, 7, 8a; H-6 f C-4a, 7, 8; H-7 f C-10; H-9 f C-7, 8a, 10; H-10 f C-8, 9, 12, 13; H3-12 f C-10, 11, 13; H3-13 f C-10, 11, 12; H3-14 f C-2, 3, 15; H3-15 f C-2, 3, 14; OH11 f C-12; NOESY correlations (acetone-d6, 500 MHz) H-5a f H-7; H-7 f H-5a; H-6 f H3-12; H3-12 f H-6; HRESIMS m/z 317.1362 (calcd for C16H22O5Na, 317.1359). Preparation of (R)-MTPA Ester (4a) and (S)-MTPA Ester (4b). A sample of 4 (1.0 mg, 0.003 mmol), (S)-MTPA Cl (2.0 µL, 0.011 mmol), and pyridine-d5 (0.5 mL) were allowed to react in an NMR tube at ambient temperature for 24 h, with the 1H NMR data of the (R)-MTPA ester derivative (4a) obtained directly on the reaction mixture: 1H NMR (pyridine-d5, 400 MHz) δ 6.92 (1H, d, J ) 1.5 Hz, H-9), 5.92 (1H, ddd, J ) 3.3, 3.0, 2.5 Hz, H-6), 5.09 (1H, dd, J ) 4.0, 3.3 Hz, H-7), 4.96 (1H, dd, J ) 4.0, 1.5 Hz, H-10), 2.78 (1H, dd, J ) 18, 2.5 Hz, H-5a), 2.77 (1H, d, J ) 17 Hz, H-3a), 2.74 (1H, d, J ) 17 Hz, H-3b), 2.63 (1H, dd, J ) 18, 3.0 Hz, H-5b), 1.44 (3H, s, H3-15), 1.35 (3H, s, H3-14), 1.32 (3H, s, H3-13), 1.09 (3H, s, H3-12).

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Similarly, the reaction mixture from another sample of 4 (1.0 mg, 0.003 mmol), (R)-MTPA Cl (2.0 µL, 0.011 mmol), and pyridine-d5 (0.5 mL) was processed as described above for 4a to afford 4b: 1H NMR (pyridine-d5, 400 MHz) δ 6.87 (1H, d, J ) 1.5 Hz, H-9), 5.91 (1H, ddd, J ) 3.3, 3.0, 2.5 Hz, H-6), 5.10 (1H, dd, J ) 4.0, 3.3 Hz, H-7), 4.99 (1H, dd, J ) 4.0, 1.5 Hz, H-10), 2.71 (1H, dd, J ) 18, 2.5 Hz, H-5a), 2.69 (1H, d, J ) 17 Hz, H-3a), 2.65 (1H, d, J ) 17 Hz, H-3b), 2.49 (1H, dd, J ) 18, 3.0 Hz, H-5b), 1.45 (3H, s, H3-15), 1.40 (3H, s, H3-14), 1.35 (3H, s, H3-13), 1.12 (3H, s, H3-12). Pestaloficiol J (5): colorless oil; UV (CH3OH) λmax (log ε) 214 (3.97), 251 (3.67) nm; IR (neat) νmax 3401 (br), 2977, 2924, 1669, 1614, 1469, 1250 cm-1; 1H NMR (acetone-d6, 400 MHz) δ 8.07 (1H, br s, OH-6), 7.05 (1H, d, J ) 2.5 Hz, H-5), 6.92 (1H, d, J ) 2.5 Hz, H-7), 5.26 (1H, t, J ) 7.5 Hz, H-10), 3.26 (2H, d, J ) 7.5 Hz, H2-9), 2.67 (2H, s, H2-3), 1.71 (6H, s, H3-12/H3-13), 1.41 (6H, s, H3-14/H3-15); 13 C NMR (acetone-d6, 100 MHz) δ 192.6 (C, C-4), 152.1 (C, C-8a), 151.5 (C, C-6), 133.2 (C, C-8), 133.1 (C, C-11), 124.7 (CH, C-7), 123.0 (CH, C-10), 121.3 (C, C-4a), 108.4 (CH, C-5), 79.3 (C, C-2), 49.2 (CH2, C-3), 28.8 (CH2, C-9), 26.6 (CH3, C-14/C-15), 25.8 (CH3, C-13), 17.9 (CH3, C-12); HMBC data (acetone-d6, 400 MHz) H2-3 f C-2, 4, 4a, 14, 15; H-5 f C-4, 7, 8a; H-7 f C-5, 8a, 9; H2-9 f C-7, 8, 8a, 10, 11; H-10 f C- 9, 12, 13; H3-12 f C-10, 11, 13; H3-13 f C-10, 11, 12; H3-14 f C-2, 3, 15; H3-15 f C-2, 3, 14; HRESIMS m/z 283.1307 (calcd for C16H20O3Na, 283.1305). Pestaloficiol K (6): colorless oil; UV (CH3OH) λmax (log ε) 215 (4.04), 255 (3.79) nm; IR (neat) νmax 3357 (br), 2974, 2929, 1766, 1667, 1595, 1451, 1365, 1195 cm-1; 1H NMR (acetone-d6, 400 MHz) δ 7.77 (1H, br s, OH-6), 6.56 (1H, d, J ) 2.5 Hz, H-7), 6.43 (1H, d, J ) 2.5 Hz, H-5), 5.47 (1H, s, H-3), 5.23 (1H, t, J ) 7.5 Hz, H-10), 3.26 (2H, d, J ) 7.5 Hz, H2-9), 2.24 (3H, s, H3-17), 1.69 (3H, s, H3-12), 1.71 (3H, s, H3-13), 1.42 (6H, s, H3-14/H3-15); 13C NMR (acetone-d6, 100 MHz) δ 168.9 (C, C-16), 151.6 (C, C-6), 146.2 (C, C-8a), 143.1 (C, C-4), 132.3 (C, C-11), 131.1 (C, C-8), 123.5 (CH, C-10), 119.8 (C, C-4a), 118.8 (CH, C-3), 117.7 (CH, C-7), 106.5 (CH, C-5), 77.1 (C, C-2), 28.8 (CH2, C-9), 28.0 (CH3, C-14/C-15), 25.8 (CH3, C-13), 20.7 (CH3, C-17), 17.9 (CH3, C-12); HMBC data (acetone-d6, 400 MHz) H-3 f C-2, 4, 4a, 14, 15; H-5 f C-7, 8a; H-7 f C-5, 8a; H2-9 f C-7, 8, 8a, 10, 11; H-10 f C- 9, 12, 13; H3-12 f C-10, 11, 13; H3-13 f C-10, 11, 12; H3-14 f C-2, 3, 15; H3-15 f C-2, 3, 14; H3-17 f C-16; OH-6 f C-5, 6, 7; HRESIMS m/z 325.1420 (calcd for C18H22O4Na, 325.1410). Pestaloficiol L (7): pale yellow oil; UV (CH3OH) λmax (log ε) 215 (4.39), 255 (4.25) nm; IR (neat) νmax 3374, 2924, 2854, 1717, 1606, 1445, 1241 cm-1; 1H, 13C NMR and HMBC data see Table 2; HRESIMS m/z 597.2093 (calcd for C33H34O9Na, 597.2095). Anti-HIV Bioassays. Anti-HIV assays included cytotoxicity and HIV-1 replication inhibition evaluations. Cytotoxicity was measured by the MTT method as described in the literature.12 Cells (3 × 104/ well) were seeded into a 96-well microtiter plate in the absence or presence of various concentrations of test compounds in triplicate and incubated at 37 °C in a humid atmosphere of 5% CO2. After a 4-day incubation, cell viability was measured by the 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT) method. The concentration that caused the reduction of viable cells by 50% (CC50) was determined. In parallel with the MTT assay, a HIV-1 replication inhibition assay was determined by p24 antigen capture ELISA. C8166 cells were exposed to HIV-1 (MOI ) 0.058) at 37 °C for 1.5 h, washed with PBS to remove free viruses, and then seeded into a 96-well microtiter plate at 3 × 104 cells per well in the absence or presence of test compounds (indinavir sulfate was used as positive control). After 4 days, the supernatant was collected and inactivated by 0.5% Triton X-100. The supernatant was diluted three times, added to the plate coating with anti-p24 McAb (provided by Dr. Bin Yan, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Wuhan, People’s Republic of China), and incubated at 37 °C for 1 h. After washing five times with PBST, the HRP-labeled anti-p24 antibody (provided by Dr. Bin Yan) was added and incubated at 37 °C for 1 h. The plate was washed five times with PBST, followed

Liu et al. by adding OPD reaction mixture. The assay plate was read at 490 nm using a microplate reader within 30 min. The inhibition rate and the EC50 based on p24 antigen expression level were calculated. MTT Assay.20 In 96-well plates, each well was plated with 104 cells. After cell attachment overnight, the medium was removed, and each well was treated with 50 µL of medium containing 0.2% DMSO or appropriate concentrations of test compounds (10 mg/mL as stock solution of a compound in DMSO and serial dilutions). Cells were treated at 37 °C for 4 h in a humidified incubator at 5% CO2 first and then were allowed to grow for another 48 h after the medium was changed to fresh Dulbecco’s modified Eagle medium (DMEM). MTT (Sigma) was dissolved in serum-free medium or PBS at 0.5 mg/mL and sonicated briefly. In the dark, 50 µL of MTT/medium was added into each well after the medium was removed from wells and incubated at 37 °C for 3 h. Upon removal of MTT/medium, 100 µL of DMSO was added to each well, which were agitated at 60 rpm for 5 min to dissolve the precipitate. The assay plate was read at 540 nm using a microplate reader. Acknowledgment. We gratefully acknowledge financial support from the Ministry of Science and Technology of China (2007AA021506 and 2009CB522302), the Chinese Academy of Sciences (KSCX2-YWG-013), and the National Natural Science Foundation of China (30870057). Supporting Information Available: 1H and 13C NMR spectra of pestaloficiols F-L (1-7). This material is available free of charge via the Internet at http://pubs.acs.org. References and Notes (1) Schulz, B.; Boyle, C.; Draeger, S.; Rommert, A. K.; Krohn, K. Mycol. Res. 2002, 106, 996–1004. (2) Strobel, G. A. Microbes Infect. 2003, 5, 535–544. (3) Gunatilaka, A. A. L. J. Nat. Prod. 2006, 69, 509–526. (4) Jeewon, R.; Liew, E. C. Y.; Simpson, J. A.; Hodgkiss, I. J.; Hyde, K. D. Mol. Phylogenet. EVol. 2003, 27, 372–383. (5) Harper, J. K.; Arif, A. M.; Ford, E. J.; Strobel, G. A., Jr.; Porco, J. A.; Tomer, D. P.; Oneill, K. L.; Heider, E. M.; Grant, D. M. Tetrahedron 2003, 59, 2471–2476. (6) Lee, J. C.; Strobel, G. A.; Lobkovsky, E.; Clardy, J. J. Org. Chem. 1996, 61, 3232–3233. (7) Li, J. Y.; Strobel, G. A. Phytochemistry 2001, 57, 261–265. (8) Pulici, M.; Sugawara, F.; Koshino, H.; Uzawa, J.; Yoshida, S. J. Nat. Prod. 1996, 59, 47–48. (9) Li, E.; Jiang, L.; Guo, L.; Zhang, H.; Che, Y. Bioorg. Med. Chem. 2008, 16, 7894–7899. (10) Ding, G.; Jiang, L.; Guo, L.; Chen, X.; Zhang, H.; Che, Y. J. Nat. Prod. 2008, 71, 1861–1865. (11) Liu, L.; Liu, S.; Jiang, L.; Chen, X.; Guo, L.; Che, Y. Org. Lett. 2008, 10, 1397–1400. (12) Liu, L.; Tian, R.; Liu, S.; Chen, X.; Guo, L.; Che, Y. Bioorg. Med. Chem. 2008, 16, 6021–6026. (13) Liu, L.; Liu, S.; Chen, X.; Guo, L.; Che, Y. Bioorg. Med. Chem. 2009, 17, 606–613. (14) Sanson, D. R.; Gracz, H.; Tempesta, M. S.; Fukuda, D. S.; Nakatsukasa, W. M.; Sands, T. H.; Baker, P. J.; Mynderse, J. S. Tetrahedron 1991, 47, 3633–3644. (15) Dale, J. A.; Mosher, H. S. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1973, 95, 512–519. (16) Ohtani, I.; Kusumi, T.; Kashman, Y.; Kakisawa, H. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1991, 113, 4092–4096. (17) Shimada, A.; Takahashi, I.; Kawano, T.; Kimura, Y. Z. Naturforsch. 2001, 56 B, 797-803. (18) Li, E.; Tian, R.; Liu, S.; Chen, X.; Guo, L.; Che, Y. J. Nat. Prod. 2008, 71, 664–668. (19) Sigstad, E. E.; Catala´n, C. A. N.; Dı´az, J. G.; Herz, W. Phytochemistry 1996, 42, 1443–1445. (20) Guo, H.; Hu, H.; Liu, S.; Liu, X.; Zhou, Y.; Che, Y. J. Nat. Prod. 2007, 70, 1519–1521.

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