INDUSTRIAL AXD ENGINEERTXG CHEMISTRY
August, 1930
Conclusions
Two points will become evident as a result of these tests. The films from varnishes containing mixed solvents are in general less affected than those from varnishes prepared from a single solvent from the point of view of their resistance to water and the chemicals tested. Secondly, of the mixed solvents studied, mixtures of methyl or ethyl alcohol with acetone are best adapted for varnish making, since the varnishes prepared from these not only show higher solvent power and lower viscosity than the varnish from the standard
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solvent, ethyl alcohol, but also produce films which are most resistant. Further tests are being made on the mechanical properties of the films from these varnishes and weathering tests will presently be instituted with panels coated with the different varnishes in order to see how they withstand a prolonged exposure to sudden changes of weather. Literature Cited (1) Indian Lac Assocn. for Research, Bull. 1 (1928) (2) Ibid., Bull. 2 (1929).
Knock Rating of Straight-Run Pennsylvania Gasoline in Relation to Boiling Point, Density, and Index of Refraction' Preliminary Note M . R. Fenske T H EPENNSYLVANIA STATECOLLEGE, STATECOLLEGE, PA.
T
HE object of the present work was to fractionate Pennsylvania straight-run gasoline more thoroughly than has been done before. For this purpose a fractionation column of 3-inch (7.6-cm.) iron pipe, 35 feet (10.7 meters) in height, has been constructed. It was packed with alternate 6-inch (15-cm.) sections of l/r-inch (6-mm.) glass rings and iron jack chain. The column during operation was made as near as possible adiabatic by means of electric winding in several sections. The head of the column was arranged to give any desired reflex ratio. Thermocouples inside the column and in the insulation made possible the control of heat losses during the distillation. R e l a t i o n b e t w e e n Knock R a t i n g a n d O t h e r Properties of StraightR u n Pennsylvania Gasoline REFRACTIVE KNOCK BOILING POINT DtSTILLED DENSITY INDEX RATING^ Per cent F. c. 22 1 3760 -0.2 110 43.3 0.654 145 62.8 0.678 1 3850 26 3 0 + 173 78.3 0.725 1 4055 29 0.0 193 89.4 34 0.701 1 3960 1.7 202 94.4 37 6.6 0.711 1 4020 213 100,6 43 0.770 1 4305 t 0.2 235 112.8 47 0.725 1 4080 4.0 240 115.5 50 8.7 0.730 1 4090 t 240 115.5 53 0.727 1 4070 16.5 270 132,2 0.786 1 4430 0.17 58 64 300 148.9 0.742 1 4155 17.2 70 325 162.8 0.780 1 4370 t 3.8 75 343 172.8 0.759 1 4260 39.0 78 365 185.0 0 . 7 7 8 41 4350 16 8 82 380 193.3 0.773 1 4325 29.6 83 385 196.1 0.776 1 4345 34.8 85 400 204.4 0.788 1 4390 -t 26.0 0 With the exception of the first fraction the values given are the number of cubic centimeters of lead tetraethyl er gallon required t o bring the fraction t o the Ethyl Gasoline standard. %he negative value for the first fraction indicates that it is slightly better in knock characteristics than the standard.
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+ + + + +
-+ -+
+
+
++ + + +
Crude petroleum from the flooded wells in Bradford, Pa., was selected for the study, since this represents the largest Pennsylvania production a t this time. Crude from a typical individual well was used. This was topped without the use of a column to obtain 9 gallons of straight-run gasoline boiling up to 265" C. (510" F.). This straight-run gasoline was then distilled in one batch, using the %-foot (10.7meter) column. The distillation occupied 45 hours. About 16 per cent of the gasoline consisted mainly of butanes and 1
Received July 21, 1930
pentanes. These were condensed by means of Dry-Ice. The gasoline boiling 43-206" C. (109-403" F.) was separated into 165 fractions. I n many cases several fractions were taken, all boiling a t practically the same temperature. The densities and refractive indices were taken on each fraction. Typical fractions were tested for knock characteristics by the bouncing-pin method with an engine procured from the Ethyl Gasoline Corporation. I n some instances where several fractions were taken a t the same temperature (within 1O F.) remarkable variations in density, refractive index, and knock rating were obtained. For instance, a series of fractions boiling a t 115.5-116.1° C. (240-241' F.) showed densities varying from 0.733 to 0.727, indices of refraction from 1.4086 to 1.4065, and knock ratings from 4.8 to 16.5. Unexpected periodic relations were found between the properties tested. I n general, the fractions having the lowest densities and refractive indices had the highest knock ratings, and vice versa. The data for typical points on the curves for the properties of the fractions measured are given in the table. The points selected are those a t which any one of the three properties, density, index of refraction, and knock rating, show a maximum or a minimum. A minus sign after a value in the table indicates a minimum for that particular property and a plus sign indicates a maximum. It will be noted that, of the seventeen points fixed by the presence of either a maximum or a minimum in one of the three properties measured, six correspond to maximum values for the density and index of refraction and minimum values for the knock rating, while four correspond to minimum values for the density and index of refraction and maximum values for the knock rating.
German Coal Works Abandon Ammonia Synthesis Plan According to information received at the Department of Commerce, the Gelsenkirchener Bergwerks, A. G., Ruhr coal operators, have abandoned their plans to erect a direct synthetic ammonia plant with a 30,000-ton nitrogen capacity, apparently because of lack of sufficient coke-oven gas from its coke plant at the "Monopol" pits.
