644
T H E JOUR-X'AL OF I i V D U S T R I - 4 L AZ;D E-YGISEERI.YG C H E - I I I S T R Y
Vol. 5 , No. 8
erable t o 200'. At 150' we should have the apThe oil commonly known as candle nut oil belongs parent advantage that the differences between various t o the class of drying oils, valuable therefore as a samples become greater and the disadvantages t h a t paint and varnish oil. I t is also used for soap-making the test becomes slower and the results are more sub- and is a good illuminating oil. I t is produced in ject t o accidental influences. The bend of the curve large quantities in Australia, China, S e w Zealand and between I S O O C. and 160' C . is, perhaps, its most the Fiji Islands,I and is exported to America and characteristic portion. Europe in ever-increasing shipments. The curves fall into three distinct groups for the samWhen extracted from the crushed kernel by ether ples tested, corresponding t o their general classifica- or petroleum, the oil is light yellow in color, with a tion of good, fair, and bad. The stable powders have specific gravity of 0.92. When expressed, the oil a pronounced bend, while the ratio of explosion may be dark colored due t o impurities. It dries in periods at z o o o and 160' C. is a t least z : 9. I n the thin films on standing several days. unstable samples this ratio falls as low as z . 3, and the At this station, a sample of oil was extracted by points do not fit a smooth curve so well. The curves gasoline from the crushed kernels, the gasoline refor the two samples of raw nitrocellulose are somewhat moved by evaporation and an analysis made on the peculiar, being much flatter and corresponding more oil t o determine its chemical and physical properties. nearly t o the theoretical curve. The values are as follows: The powders do not always fall in exactly the same Specific gravity.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.92 a t 15.5' C. order by this explosion test as they do by the surveilSaponification value. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . lance or the heat tests, but i t seems this is true to the same extent for the 1 3 j O German explosion test and the ones mentioned. This appears by comparison of the customary tests on samples D and H. The fatty acids congealed to a pasty mass between D : German test, 135'; litmus red, z hours; explo- 1 8 and ~ 2 0 ° C. The oil itself was still fluid a t -3' C. sion, j hours; surveillance, 60. H : German test; Fendlerz found the congealing point of candle nut oil explosion, 41 minutes; surveillance, 79. to be -I 5 O C. The oil v a s soluble in ether and slightly From the results given it is evident t h a t one explo- soluble in alcohol. Concentrated sulfuric acid colsion temperature, even if time is considered, does not ored it dark brown. give much information; while the determination of The drying property of the oil is indicated by the the characteristic curve does yield definite and specific highiodine value. Linseed oil, which is a fine drying information. oil. has an iodine value of 170-1S1.3 On account of the complexity of the conditions, the A sample of oil expressed from kukui nut was sent test can hardly be expected to tellall that is t o be known, by Mr. Anderson t o this laboratory. The oil was in a but I believe t h a t with sufficient data it may even be crude state, containing suspended matter, and had a made t o throw some light on the actual effect of the dark red color. The oil had the following values: stabilizer on the natural decomposition velocity of 0.92 a t 1 5 . 5 ' C. Specific gravity., . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Saponification value. . . . . . . . . . . the powder, as distinguished from the length of time Iodine n u m b e r , , . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . before the decomposition products become noticeable. I n the following table are given the values found by The proposed method gives more accurate determinations of the explosion temperature t h a n the method of chemists in the oil of Aleurites moluccana obtained in heating with rising temperature. It gives a better com- other parts of the world: (1) (2) (3) (4) (5) parison of the relative stability of explosive substances. gravThe test is, in effect, a determination of the rate of Specific ity a t 15OC. 0.925 0,920- 0.926 0.925 0.925 0.924 0.97 0.5 change of decomposition velocity with change of tem- Acid value. . . . 1.72 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Saponification perature and is, as such, characteristic for each sample v a l u e . . . . . . 204.2 184 -187.4 192.6 194.8 189.5 Iodinevalue ... 139.7 136.3 -139.3 163.7 114.2 152.8 BUREAUO F STAND.4RDS Hehner value.. 96.4 . . . . . 95.2 WASHINGTON .... KUKUI (CANDLE-NUT) OIL' B y ALICE R . THOMPSON Received May 5 , 1913
Kukui oil, commonly known as candle nut oil, is extracted from the nut of the Kukui tree (Aleurites triloba or A . nzoluccana). The tree is senerallv distributed through Polynesia, Malaysia, Philippines, Society Islands, India, Java, Australia, Ceylon, Bengal, Assam, China, Tahiti, and Hawaii. I n Hawaii, Kukui is found growing on all the islands in the lolver mountain zone. As the oil is of considerable cornmercial value, investigations were made on the nuts and oil of samples sent t o this station.
'
-4bstracted from Press Bull., 39, Hawaii Experiment Station, V. S. Department of Sgriculture.
Volatile acids,. 1.98 Titer. . . . . . . . . 17.8 Butyro refractometer.. . . . . . . . .
............ ............ i6-i5 . 5 (15' C.) 76 (25' C.)
1.2 ..... ..........
......
(1) Imperial Institute. Bull. Imp. Inst.. 6 , 135-136 (1907). ( 2 ) De Negri, J . SOC. Chem. I d . , 20, 909 (1901). (3)Lewkowitsch, I b i d , , 909 (1901), (4 .) C,. - Fendler. Ibid.. 23, 613 (1904). ( 5 ) Kassler, Ibid., 22, 639 (1903).
The values vary to some extent in these analyses; nevertheless, the general characteristic of high iodin value and saponification extends throughout. CONSTITUENTS O F THE K U K U I K E R N E L
severalsamples
of nuts were obtained and the fat
Bull. I m p . Iltsf., 6 , 135, 136 (1907). 2 J . SOC. Chem. Id.,23, 613 (1907). 3 "Commercial Org. Analysis," Allen, Vol. 11, P t . 1. p. 97. 1
Aug., 1913
T H E J O V R S A L OF I,\-DUSTRIAL
especially determined in the kernels. The fat content appears t o vary b u t a few per cent in the kernels of nuts a pear old or fresh. The fresh nuts naturally contain more moisture. 1 year-old Fresh nuts nuts Per cent Per cent Moisture.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3.55 7.14 F a t . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 65 . O O 66.25 rlsh . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3.56 3.05 Protein.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18.75 19.88 Fiber.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2.14 1.39 I\-itrogen-free extract b y difference.. 7 .OO 2.29
__
__
100,oo
100.G O
Immature nuts Per cent 13.39 56.7
...
... ...
...
The fiber and the ash are very low, t h e principal constituents being fat and protein. I t is of interest t o note in this oil-seed the small percentage of hydrolyzable carbohydrates (only I . 4 0 per cent by analysis). A qyalitative test showed the absence of starch in the kernels. The quantity of fat, if calculated t o the waterfree basis, is quite constant in t h e three samples. Analyses made of the kernels of this same nut, Alcztrites wzolucca?zn, by various chemists are given in the table belox-: IYater. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Oil . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
(1) Per cent 5.00 62.175 22.653 6.827 3.345
Protein . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Sitrogen-free extract. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . -4sh . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Fiber . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
100.00
0) Per cent s.25 59.93 8.04 17.62 3.56 2.62 100.00
Semler, Die Trofiische Agrikullur, 2, 5 1 5 . ‘ 2 ) N. S . Wales, Agri. Gazelle, 17, 859 (1906). ~ 1H ) .
The mineral constituents of the kernel were also determined in this laboratory, as shown in the following table : Per cent 0.03 ....... . . . . . . . 0.17 ....................... 0.60 P20j. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.59 .K*O. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.75 ~ l n 3 0.r. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
On extraction of the oil these constituents’ increase in proportion t o t h e dry matter. The residue contains, therefore, large amounts of phosphoric acid, potash and nitrogen, all valuable as fertilizing ingredients. Analysis of t h e residue of ground up kernels extracted with ether for two days is as follows : Per cent 2.42 . . . 2.79 K20 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2.i7 Protein . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 53.75
Moisture.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Press cake obtained commercially by expressing the oil from kukui nuts would compare favorably with the residue, as most of the oil can be expressed. According t o an article in t h e Agricztltziral Gazette,2 55 per cent oil can be obtained from kernels containing 60 per cent. Analyses of press cake made elsewhere shows i t t o be valuable as a fertilizer. 1
Bull. I m p . I n s t . , loc. czt.
.4pr. GQZ.:Y.S.W’.,17, 859 (1906).
AND E.VGI-VEERI.YG C H E N I S T R Y
645
ANALYSES OF P R E S S C:AKE
(1)
P e r cent Oil . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8.8 . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10.00 Ash . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Protein. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Fiber . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.47 PZOj . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4.39 PZO . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.95 M g and C a . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
(2) P e r cent 5.5 10.25
...
47.81
... 3.68 1.53 7.19
J . SOC.Chem. Ind., 20, 509 (1901). (2) H.Semler, Die Tropische Agrik., 2 , 51.5. (1’1 Lewkowitsch,
Press cake cannot be used as a fodder in spite of its apparent food value, as i t has a poisonous effect upon stock.1 The proportions of fat to kernel and whole n u t were determined in several samples. In a sample one year old in which the fleshly husk t h a t covers the shell when the nut is green, had decayed away, the kernel weighed 3 1 . 5 per cent of the hard nut. As the f a t content of the kernel was 65 per cent, the fat content of the nut minus the husk, averaged about 2 0 per cent. I n a sample of fresh nuts, the kernel was 2 9 . 3 per cent of the nut minus the husk and 1 2 . I per cent of the n u t with the husk on. The fat content of the kernel was about 66 per cent. I t was, therefore, about 8 per cent of the nut with the husk, on and about 1 9 . 4 per cent of the hard n u t minus the husk. I n another sample of fresh nuts, the kernel was I Z per cent of the nut with t h e husk on and 3 0 . 4 per cent of the hard nut minus the husk. The kernel contained about 5 7 per cent fat. The fat content of the whole, therefore, was about 7 per cent and of the nut minus the husk about 17 per cent. HAWAIIEXPERIMENT STATION HONOLULU
THE DETERMINATION O F SODIUM BORATE IN SOAPZ B y PAULPOETSCHKE
The customary method employed for the determination of borax in soap has been t o extract the dry soap with 9 j per cent alcohol, or, the soap without drying is extracted with absolute alcohol. The residue, insoluble in alcohol, is then treated with water and the borate determined b y titration. I t has been assumed t h a t borax is insoluble in alcohol, undoubtedly, from the fact t h a t this statement appears quite generally in the text-books. About a year ago the author had occasion to conduct quantitative analyses of quite a number of commercial borax soaps and i t was soon established that extraction with alcohol was unsatisfactory, owing t o the solubility of borax in this liquid, even if the soap was thoroughly dried and extracted with absolute alcohol. When chemically pure sodium borate was boiled with absolute alcohol and carefully filtered until the filtrate was absolutely clear, i t was found t h a t the filtrate upon evaporation left a residue which readily dissolved in cold water, gave a n alkaline reaction t o methyl orange and a positive test for boron. The same Agric. G o z . ,Y.S. W’.,17, 859 (1906). :: Read before X, Y.Section, ilmerican Chemical Society. May 9. 1913
