MAXEY BROOKE Phillips Petroleum Company, Sweeny, Texas
ASKthe average chemist what adhesives he uses in the Add 2 cups of water and boil five minutes. Three or laboratory and he will probably look at you blankly. four drops oil of cloves improves the keeping quality. Insist that he tell you and he might answer, "Well, there Make up weekly. Soft or semisoft waxes find wide application in the is deKhotinsky, of course. And label cement. Let's see, rubber and plastic cement, and glue and paste. laboratory. Pellerano (10) proposes the following I sometimes use litharge and glycerine. Oh yes, glass nonhardening wax for glass-to-glass seals. wax and solder." And the list goes on and on, usually Tallow.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 340 parta to the surprise of our chemist, who didn't realize the Mineral oil. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 50-100 parts wide variety of materials which he must join a t one Aluminum oleate.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 50-100 part8 time or another. Rosin oil. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 50-100 parts Powdered soapstone.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 400-1000 parts The most of these cements, pastes, mucilages, glues, solders, and waxes are bought ready-prepared. But on For sealing brass to glass, several cements are used occasion the chemist must make his own. I n any (4), for example: event, it is a source of satisfaction t o know the comFaraday's cement: 5 parts rosin, 1 part beeswax, position of the materials used, and their preparation 1part red ocher. makes excellent stndent projects. Singer's cement: 20 parts rosin, 4 parts beeswax, DeKhotinsky cement is synonymous with laboratory 4 parts red ocher, 1part plaster of Paris. cement. Many formulas of varying complexity have Varley's cement: 16 parts black rosin, 16 parts dry been proposed. I n essence it is simply a tempered whiting, 1 part beeswax. shellac, and a simple formula is 70 parts orange shellac In all three formulas the ingredients are melted toand 30 parts pine tar melted together and cast into gether and cast into convenient form. sticks. A harder cement can he made by increasing the A putty said t o be resistant to hydrochloric acid is shellac and a softer one by increasing the tar. composed of: Many cements are made by simply dissolving the material to he cemented in a volatile solvent. Rubber Chinaday . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 54% Dehydratedtar . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 38 cement is prepared by dissolving pure gum rubber in Anthracene oil.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 . 7 benzene to make a thick liquid. Plastic cement is Ashestos wool.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5.3 made by dissolving celluloid, pyroloxyn, cellulose acetate, etc., in acetone. Old tooth-brnsh handles are Jackson (7) bas proposed a general laboratory cement especially good raw materials. for gas-tight joints: Bottles need labels and labels need glue. A formula Asphalt.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 part for label cement said to be noncurling is: Casein.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Powered mica.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Boiling water.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Borax . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Sodium fluoride.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Pine oil. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
100 parts 100 parts 850 parts 25parts 25 parts 6 parts
For those who like old-fashioned starch paste, thefollowing is a popular book-binders' recipe. Mix '/zcup of flour ounce of alum. Add water to form a thin paste. and
Rosin . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6parts Rubber.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3 parts Turpentine . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . l p a r t
The rubber is dissolved in the melted asphalt and rosin and held a t just melting temperature for 2-3 hours. The turpentine is added and the mixture is cast into sticks. The next group of adhesives are specific for joining materials to themselves:
JOURNAL OF CHEMICAL EDUCATION
Porcelain to porcelain: White s h e l l x . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 50 parts Maatir gum. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35 parts Vrnetian turpentine. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .10 parts Zinc oxide. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5 parts Melt together and apply hot. Cellophane to cellophane (6): Gum arahic.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16.5 g. Glycerine . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .2 0 5 g . Water . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .49.5g. 4.5 g. Formaldehyde ( 4 0 % ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Bookbinding adhesive (3) : Glue.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33.30% 12.54 Sol.bitol(83%) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Glycerine.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4.16 a t. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 50.00
Fireproof glue (4): Hcat 1 part animal glue and 8 parts raw linseed oil until homogeneous. Stir in 2 parts quicklime. Cements are a 'lass of adhesives which are 'lastic when but set up hard, either lvhencast into a form or when used to join materials. Moore (9) has described both an acid- and an alkali-resistant cement which are stable to about 130°F. 4cid-resistant cement: Barium sulfate.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3 parts Ashestos . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . l p a r t Sodium silicate.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 parts
Alliali-resistant cement: Manganese dioxide. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10 parts Iron filings. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .40 parts Portland cement . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20 psrta Watcr . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 40parts
Hydrochloric acid, 21°BB.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20 parts Sulfuric acid, 22"BE.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20 parts
I t is frequently necessary to join many materials to metal. No general formula can be used. Several specialized formulas have been suggested: Metal to metal (1): Bleached shellac . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 100 parts Sxndarac gum. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 40 parts Castor oil.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15 parts Denatured alcohol. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 430 parts Paper to metal (3): Wheat starch . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 100 parts 700pnrts Water . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10 parts Gelatin. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Sodium silicate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 100 parts Turpentine . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 50psrt,s
Mix starch with half the water and the gelatine wit,h the other half. When dissolved, combine and mix in the silicate and turpentine. Felt to metal (11 ) : Sodium silicate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 60 parts Emulsified asphalt.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Clay.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
12 parts 28parts
Glass to metal (8): 62 part8 Pondered quartz.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Sodium silicste.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14 p a r k Water. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14 parti; Aluminum fiuoridc.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10 parts
Glass to metal, metal to metal (6): Litharge . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Glycerine.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Water . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
260 g. 60 ml. 32 ml.
Mix thoroughly, apply immediately, and allom t o set 24 hours before using. The cement is xaterproof and A sulfur cement formula, also acidproof, is furnished ammonia-resistant. The final group of adhesives are solders. Soft by Duecker (5): Melt together: solder, m. p. 188"C., is composed of lead, 50 per rent, Thiokol.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4 parts and tin, 50 per cent. I t is used with a zinc chloride or 36parts Sulfur . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . rosin flnx. Intermediate solder, m. p. 400°C., is com60psrts Sand . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . posed of silver, 20 per cent; copper, 3 per cent; zinc, A cement useful for filling cracks in cast iron 2 per rent; and tin, 75 per cent. The same fluxes are (Smoothon) is prepared hy mixing: used. Hard solder, m.p. 720°C., is composed of silver, 45 per cent; copper, 30 per cent; and zinc, Precipitated iron powder.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . GO parts 25 per cent. It is used with a borax flux. Ammonium chloride.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 parts Sulfur. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 parts Make into a smooth paste with water just hefore using. Magnesium oxychloride cement is very useful for joining ceramics to ceramics. I t can also be used for casting small articles since it is cold-setting. Bennett (2) gives the formula: Mix dry : Magnesium oside.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 40 parts Barium sulfate.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 40 parts Chalk . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20par,,a
Add to: Magnesium chloride solution, 27'BB..
. . . . . . . . . . 60 parts
LITERATURE CITED
BENNETT, H., "Chemical Formulary," Chmnirnl Publi~hing Co., K e n York, 1934, Vol. 2. .lhid .... 3 Vol 4-Ihid., Vol. 14. "The Condensed Chemical Dictionary." 3vd ed., Iteinhold Publishing Corp., New York, 1942. DUECKEH, W., Chem. Met. Eng., 41,583 (1934). HODGEMAN. C. D.. "Handhook of Chemiatrr and Phvsics." 34th ed. JACKSON. C h e m Anal., 20, 23 (1931). L., U. S. Patent 2,032,142 (1936). MCCULLOCH, MOORE,B., Ind. Chemist, 19, 21G (1943). S., U. S. Patent 2,095,614 (1937). PELLERANO, TORRI,J. A,, U. S. Patent 2,175,767 (1839).
