264
T H E J 0 U R N A L 0 F I N D U S T RI A L A N D E N G I N E E R I N G C H E M I S T R Y
Vol. 8, N O , 3
An ordinary determination of density of a juice or H = lbs. of hulls to be made to the ton of seed 0 = lbs. of oil to be pressed out per ton of seed diluted molasses consists simply of filling t h e pycnomeC = lbs. of cake to be made to the ton of seed t e r t o t h e mark a n d weighing t h e centigrams on a n y Then: ordinary sugar balance, which requires from 3 t o j A (2000 - 20J + 0 0.04b - 1.002L) - 20OOg -. minutes, hardly more t i m e t h a n is needed for a n ac- II - 1.002A -1(0.01A-0.01)-g/~(3.331-0.67)-0.3 curate determination by means of t h e Brix spindle. (2Of - 0.04b - jj + 0.002L). As regards accuracy, a n error of more t h a n 0 . 0 1 c = 2000- ( H + 0 + L + V ) g r a m in weighing is u n u s u a l ; this, a t 1 5 ’ Brix, correY = b (20 L - H(1.0067 - 0,03331) sponds t o 0 . 0 2 3 ’ Brix, or about one-fourth t h e average error in reading a Brix spindle. l0OY =
+
(1 -
--)
V 2000-L
6)-
D E P A R T M E N T OF S U G A R TECIJNOLOCY COLLEGE OF H ~ i v a r r , H o h - o L n r , a HAWAII
(2000-2Of-
SEED ANALYSIS %y
SAHUM
E. KATZ
Received August 30, 1915
T h e chemical analysis of cotton’ seed is of interest a n d value t o oil mill operators only when accompanied b y a table showing t h e available yield of products t h a t m a y be expected f r o m each t o n of seed. T h e following formulae are offered as a method for calculating t h e theoretical yield of products per ton of seed, based on t h e results of a chemical analysis of t h e seed. As t h e derivation of t h e formulae is rather lengthy, it. is omitted. Let a = per cent kernels in whole seed b = hulls in whole seed f = per cent oil in whole seed g = per cent ammonia in whole seed Z = per cent oil lost in the hulls, as made in the mill, due to imperfect separation p = lbs. of oil left in cake L = lbs. of lint removed in delinting I‘ = lbs. of waste due to mots, dirt, loss in moisture, etc. .4 = per cent ammonia desired in the cake 0.2 per cent be assumed to be the average per cent of oil naturally found in the hulls as made in the.mill 0.3 per cent be assumed t o be the average per cent of ammonia naturally found in the hulls as made in the mill Y = Ibs. of hulls, which are necessary to mix with the kernels in order to dilute the cake t o the desired per cent of ammonia z = per cent of r in the uncooked and unextracted meats.
1
v-L-
2000-
H
C m a y also be calculated by t h e formula p + 0 04b-11.002L)
If i t be agreed t o consider t h e numerical values 0 . 7 per cent for I , 7 5 lbs. for L , a n d j 7 lbs. for p , as s t a n d a r d values, t h e n the above given formulae m a y be considerably simplified. T h e y t h e n appear as follows: =
+ 0.04b) - 2000g - 1.66g/a - 0.3
A(1981.85 - 20f
C = 1925
0 9954
- ( H + 0 + V) (1981.85 - 20f
r = b (20
&)-
-
)’
-
1925
’
+ 0.04b).
75 - 0.983H
100 r z=-1925 - H - V
T h e formulae for Y a n d z are especially valuable t o t h e superintendent. Knowing t h e percentage of hulls which should be mixed with t h e kernels, a n d comparing i t with t h e percentage obtained b y a n a c t u a l t e s t on t h e meats, h e is enabled t o tell whether t h e proportions of kernels a n d hulls in t h e meats a r e correct or n o t , before t h e meats are carried t o t h e crushing rolls. CHEMICAL
LABORATORY, E A G L E COTTON OIL MERIDIAN, B f I s s I s s r P P r
COMPANY
ADDRESSES
THE USE OF DIAGRAMS IN CHEMICAL CALCULATIONS By HORACE G. DEMING Received May 15, 1915
The use of charts or diagrams for the solution of arithmetical problems is well known to the engineering profession, and several books have been written on the subject.’ Thus we have the graphical representation of forces and moments, Kutter’s formula for the flow of water, indicator diagrams for steam engines, and vector diagrams for the diagrammatic representation or graphical solution of problems in alternating current theory. In metallurgy we have diagrams for the representation of the composition of slags; in chemistry the familiar rectangular and triangular diagrams for the representation of the phase relations between the members of two-component and three-con1ponent systems ; and, in chemical technology, diagrams for ’the calculation of mixtures for the manufacture of cement. In spite of such scattering instances of the use of graphical 1 d’Ocagne, “Trait6 de Nomographie,” Paris. Gauthier-Villars; Peddle, “The Construction of Graphical Charts,” New York: The McGrarv-Hill Book Co.; Turner, “Graphical Methods in Applied Mathematics,” London: Nacmillan and Co.
methods in industrial chemistry, it appears’ that chemists do not in general take advantage of the really remarkable opportunities that the use of diagrams presents for the quick solution of chemical problems met in every-day work; and but little systematic study of the possibilities of the graphical method in chemistry has ever been published.’ The diagrams that are here presented are selected from among a large number devised by the writer with a view to illustrating some of the principal computations that may be solved by graphical means; they indicate a t the same time what a great variety of problems are susceptible to such treatment, and what diverse types of diagrams may be used. It is hoped that those presented may suggest others better adapted to the individual needs of the readers of THISJOURNAL; for this reason it will be necessary to mention the mathematical principles on which the construction of the different types of charts is based; but, since we are concerned rather with general principles than with details of execution, we can do no more than refer to many interesting charts that differ from those here given in but a few particulars. 1 But see a series of articles b y Piickel, 2 . physik. Chem.. Vols. 10 to 14. Of somewhat different scope is Kremann, “Leitfaden der graphischen Chemie,” Berlin: Geb. Borntraeger, 1910.
