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T H E J O U R N A L O F I N D U S T R I A L AlVD EiVGINEERIiVG C H E M I S T R Y
PER CENTLITHIA SOILS .4NALYZED FOR LITHIUM Soil Subsoil SOILSOF RIVXXA N D FLOOD PLAINS PROVINCE ~ ~ ~ Cahaba Fine Sandy Loam, Clay County, G a . . , , . , . , , . 0 , 0 0 2 0 . 0 0 4 Cahaba Very Fine Sandy Loam, Minden, L a . , . . . . . . 0.001 0.002 SOILSOF GLACIAL AND LOESSIAL PROVINCE Memphis Silt Loam, Grenada Co., Miss. . . . . . . 0 . 0 0 2 0.002 Memphis Silt Loam, Smooth Phase, Miss. .............................. 0.002 Carrington Loam, Lawville, Wis. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0 . 0 0 2 ... Gloucester Stony Loam, 3 mi. E. Marlboro, N. H., ,,. 0.003 ... Volusia Silt Loam, 3 ‘ 1 2 mi. S. W. Naples, N. Y . ... SOILSOF COASTAL PLAINSSERIES Ruston Fine Sandy Loam, Minden, La , . . , . . 0.002 0 . 0 0 3 0.007 Susquehanna Clay, Clark Co., Miss.. . Susquehanna Fine Sandy Loam, Smith Co., Texas.. , . 0 , 0 0 3 0.003 Orangeburg Sand, Terrel Co., G a . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0 , 0 0 2 0.003 Sorfolk Fine Sandy Loa i. S. W. hfurph quit Co., Ga . . . . . . . . . .............. 0,003 Susquehanna Fin , Colquit Co., Ga 0.003 Portsmouth Fine 0,004 Tifton Fine Sandy Loam, Bellville, G a . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0 . 0 0 2 0.004 SOILSOF THE LIMESTONEVALLEY A N D UPLAND PROVINCE Hagerstown Loam, 1 mi. N. W. Conshohocken, P a . , . , 0.010 ... SOILS O F GREAT PLAINS P R O V I N C E 0.003 ... Oswego Silt Loam, 2 mi. N. W. Manhattan, Kan Colorado Sands, Greeley, Col . . . . . 0.002 SOILSOF PIEDMONT PLATEAU PROVINCE Louisa Loam, Trevilians. Va.. ...................... 0.003 ~~
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Vol. 7 , NO. j
during t h e analysis of these standards. -4pproxi~ ~ the mately t h~e same a-m o u n t of~ sodium ~chloride as soil samples contained was added t o t h e standards. T h e soils were taken from six different areas. T h e results of t h e analyses are given i n t h e accompanying table. Lithium, although occurring i n small amounts, was found present i n all soils examined and in many cases i n larger amounts t h a n rubidium’ is usually found. T h e content of lithium does not seem t o follow t h a t of a n y other element in t h e soil. Nearly t h e same a m o u n t of lithium is found i n soil a n d subsoil b u t in most cases t h e proportion found in t h e subsoil is greater. BUREAU OF SOILS
u. s. DEPARTMEXT OF AGRICULTURE, WASHINGTON
LABORATORY AND PLANT SAND BLAST FOR MARI(1NG GLASSWARE By GEORGESPITZERA N D L.S.TRACHSEL Received March 19, 1915
Sometime ago i t became necessary for t h e senior writer t o devise a means for marking glassware. The main objects desired were rapidity, economy a n d durability. Where large quantities of glassware are t o be marked rapidity is very essential. The method of using a n emery wheel or emery paper answers t h e purpose quite well where only “spot etching” is required a n d t h e glassware is sufficiently strong t o withs t a n d t h e pressure of t h e rapidly moving emery wheel or emery paper. When lcttering is t o be done other methods are resorted t o , a n d t h e so-called diamond ink or hydrofluoric acid method is sometimes used. Before employing either hydrofluoric acid or diamond ink for effective etching i t is necessary t h a t t h e glassware be warmed a n d free from grease or dirt. T h e rubber s t a m p s used for applying t h e etching agent clog u p with t h e paste, making frequent cleaning necessary a n d also making t h e whole operation very slow a n d sometimes unsatisfactory. I n addition t h e etching done b y t h e hydrofluoric acid is fine-grained a n d soon becomes very faint if t h e glassware is handled t o a n y great extent. This is t r u e when grease or greasy substances come i n contact with t h e etching. T o overcome these difficulties a n effort was made t o devise a sand blast, embodying t h e features’ necessary for rapid work, economy i n various relations a n d one t h a t would give durable markings. I n this we be1iei.e
I
we have succeeded, in a great measure, a n d it is hoped t h a t perhaps others who may have occasion t o make use of t h e sand blast m a y find some suggestions in our description a n d drawings. T h e sand blast devised by t h e writers has given excellent results i n marking Babcock test bottles. It is easy t o manipulate, economical a n d rapid. From t h e drawing it will be seen t h a t t h e manipulation is
+@SAND BLAST
very simple; t h e bottle t o be marked is placed i n a cylindrical receptacle (bottle holder), t h e bell-crank presses t h e bottle against t h e stencil, t h e air cock is opened a n d t h e sand forced against t h e stencil. At t h e same time t h e cylinder is rotated by t h e hand sufficiently t o expose t h e letters t o t h e blast; when t h e t u r n is made t h e foot-lever is released which cuts off 1
Bull. 122, Bureau of Soils, U.S. Dept. Agriculture, 1914.
l ~ l a y .191j
T H E J 0U R
A L O F I N D 1's T RI A L, .A S D E S GI Y E E RI ATG C H E M I S 1'R E'
t h e air blast, also pre\-ents t h e sand from escaping, a n d t h e glassware is t h e n withdrawn. From t h e construction of t h e apparatus very little sand is blown out during the marking, even though high pressure is used. Where large quantities of bottles are t o be marked t h e cost of marking becomes a n important factor from t h e financial point of view, not only for time consumed, b u t also Tvith reference t o cost of t h e material. During t h e past year over twenty thousand ( 2 0 , 0 0 0 ) bottles have been marked a t a cost of less t h a n ten cents for sand and t w o dollars ( $ 2 . 0 0 ) for stencils, in addition t o t h e cost of compressing t h e air. T h e last item is t o be considered and varies in different locations. I n places where steam power is available, as in factories, creameries etc., t h e expense is scarcely t o be considered after t h e initial cost of installing an air compressor. Where only a limited number of bottles are t o be marked a h a n d compressor will ansiver quite n-ell; for rapid work the pressure need not exceed 2 0 t o 2 5 lbs. per sq. in. I t has been possib!e for an experienced man t o mark six t o eight gross per hour, in a very satisfactory manner. T h e sand blast requires no previous cleaning of glasslvare, as is frequently the case when marking with hydrofliioric acid.
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The fundamental design of this apparatus can be made use of in marking various kinds of glassware. Stencils can be easily made containing a greater number of letters or rows of letters. Stencils having plain openings may be used in etching laboratory glassware, beakers, necks of flasks, etc.. or for "spot" etching. PVRDUEU N I V E R S I T Y , LAFAYETTE. IKDIANA -~
A MODERN HYDRATED LIME PLANT B y RICHARDK. MEADE Received March 23, 1915
One of the newest hydrated lime plants is t h a t of t h e Dutchess County Lime Company, a t Dover Plains, N . T. This plant vias completed in t h e fall I I
D E S C R I P T I O S O F DRATVISGS
Fig. I is a brass receptacle of such dimensions as will accommodate the bottle to be etched or marked. This receptacle has a guide opposite t h e opening containing the stencil. T h e stencil is held in front of t h e piece of glassware t o be marked. b y t w o clamps. Fig. z shows plans of a n d elevations of the air-tight box which encloses all t h e etching mechanism. The spring (A\)through t h e medium of t h e roller (B) forces t h e guide a n d t h e bottle against t h e stencil. This rotation is obtained b y pressing t h e foot-lever (G) a n d is communicated through the bell-crank and rod ( H ) . The spring ( A ) is adjusted t o obtain the proper pressure of t h e bottle or piece of glassware against t h e stencil. The sand is blown from the nozzle ( D ) a n d forced against t h e stencil. T h e receptacle is rotated by means of the handle ( I ) sufficiently t o bring each letter of the stencil normal t o t h e blast of sand. T h e sand enters t h e nozzle i D ) through t h e opening (E) b y gravity. The compressed air enters through t h e valve ( F ) , n-hich is controlled by t h e foot-lever ( G ) :this one lever operating t h e valve (F) and spring (A) simultaneously. T h e sand entrance t o the nozzle is so located t h a t no sand escapes when t h e air pressure is removed. All t h e motions necessary t o mark each piece of glassware are controlled by t h e foot-lever simultaneously, except t h e rotation of t h e receptacle, t h e speed of which depends upon t h e depth t o which t h e glassware is t o be marked. All t h e sand blown into t h e box escapes through the opening ( K ) into a container. The sand is returned t o t h e sand box supplying t h e sand t o t h e nozzle. This sand box is placed two or three feet above t h e apparatus a n d t h e sand is carried by means of rubber tubing or small glass pipe t o t h e opening ( E ) of t h e nozzle.
FIG.I-PLANT
OF T H E
DUTCHESS COCNTYLrnE C O . , DOVERP L A I X SS, . T.
and has now been in operation for about four months. This company, however, has been in existence for several years, operating tJvo small kilns about two
FIG.2-LIME
KILNS D U R I N G CONSTRUCTION
miles from t h e town of Dover Plains, hauling their lime t o t h e railroad with teams and bringing the coal and other supplies t o t h e plant b y t h e same means.
