JULY, 1950
411
preparation of each of these volumes. This latest addition is equal in quality, content, workmanship, and appeamnce to other members of the series. RALPH E. DUNBAR
INDUSTRIAL CHEMISTRY
E. Raymond Riegel, Professor of Industrial Chemistry, University of Buffalo, Buffalo, New York. Fifth edition. Reinhold Pub1015 pp. 349 figs. 166 lishing Corp., New York. 1949. xiii tables. 16 X 23 cm. 57.
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called "lyophilic," while Volume I deals with irreversible systems (lyophobic). The subjects treated are classified accordicg to particular substances or systems. He draws a. distinction between macromolecular colloids, polymers with a periodic repetition of the same p u p s of atoms, and assoriation colloids whose ultimate kinetic particles (molecules or ions) are smaller than colloid particles. Any reader of Kruyt's many research papers will expect great emphasis on eoaeervation-and he will not be dimppointed. The author points out that when the soluhility of a dispersed phase is reduced by any influence a separation into a colloid-rich layer and a colloid-poor layer may result. Crystalline material may finely appear in the colloid-rich layer while in the other layer there may appear amorphous liquid dmps later coalescing into one clear colloid-rich liquid layer (the coacervate). For example, if alcohol is added to an isoelectric gelatin sol a t 50°C. turbidity will finally begin to appear. Microscopic observation shows a large number of coacervate drops which coalesee a t higher alcoholic concentration into masses of floceules. The extended treatment of gels seems saund to this reviewer. There is a great deal of modern treatment of the physical properties connected with orientation in gels. The osmotic pressure method of determining molecular weights of macromolecular substances is rated highly. Viscosity, the author states, is one of the most important aids in the investigation of systems with charged macromolecules. Forty years ago the reviewer consistently used the broad term, "electrophoresis" instead of the popular and often misleading "cataphoresis" so it is gratifymg to note Kruyt's adoption of "electrophoresis." I t is interesting to learn that hexol nitrate, a complex cobalt salt with hexavalent cation, flocculates or coacervrttes most bioeolloids of acidic nature (thus gum arahic and sodium arabinate). A table of "reciprocal hexol numbers" is included. The thermodynamics of long chain molecules is given extensive discussion, as are complex colloid systems, randomly kinked long chain molecules, and specific properties of ionized groups. The binding, printing, and proofreading of this volume am excellent. I t will be a valuable addition to chemical lihrarie+ and to those far biology and medicine.
Do YOU want to find chemical information on a subject from abietic acid to zymose? You will 6nd something about it in Riegel's "Industrial Chemistry." Concerning abietic acid you will find that rosin is a mixture of unsaturated acids, mainly abietic acid; and that rosin is essentially abietic acid, CloHao02, with which glycerin forms an ester. Following this trial the inquirer will turn to Fiesers' "Orgsnie Chemistry" to obtain some specific inlomatian on the subject. As with the previous editions, the book is entirely descriptive of processes, products, and equipment. The number of chapters and their titles remain the same as in the third and fourth editions, but the number of pages hes expanded from 851 to 861 to 1015 in the fifth edition. I t appears that too muoh effort bas been made to reach the magic number of 1000, and an insufficiently critical survey has been made of the need for certain chapters. The author has a separate text on "Chemical Machinery," soit might be considered that Chapters 41,42,43, and 44 on appliances used by the chemical engineer might be omitted and the student referred to the companion text. Chapter 40 on patents, between 39 on rubber and 41 on appliances, seem out of place. There is no doubt that the industrial chemist must know about patents, but is this the time and place to present the material? The same comment can be made with respect to Chapter 46 on instruments. The relationships of the various chapters should be given more consideration; Chapter 16 on the ohemicd utilization of wood by extraction, hydrolysis, and disHARRY N. HOLMES tillation is separated from Chapter 21 on cellulose from wood by O B ~ L I Cozmas N chapters on electrochemistry, industrial gases, and bacterial and 0 e r ; n ~ r Oaro ~. fermentation processes. The material in each chapter is descriptive of the industry, LABORATORY FRRCTIONAL DISTILLATION process, or product, the importance of which is shown by suitable 0 statistics whenever possible. Little if any attempt is made to Thomas P. Carney, Head, Organic Chemical Research Depart. relate the descriptive material to fundrtmental chemical, physical, ment, Eli Lilly and Company, Indianapolis, Ind. The Macmillan engineering, or economic principles. The text material is aug- Company, New York, 1949. ix 259 pp. 130 figs. 61 tables. mented by footnote references so that the reader may refer to the 15 X 23 cm. 53.75. original chemical literature. Each chapter concludes with s section on "Other patents" which lists a number of patents not THE numemns improvements which have occurred in the art previously wed as references, a section on "Problems" (very ele- of distillation during recent times have not been inaccessible to mentary and hardly typical of those of the industry), and a list laboratory chemists. But the extreme hulk of the literature of "Reading references" whieh lists pertinent articles as late as .and the difficultyof assessing the value of some of the published 1948. methods have often acted ss deterrants to the most effective use Undoubtedly the continued use of "Industrial Chemistry" of them. These difficulties lose their force with the sppearanee through five editions has proved the merit and utility of the book. of this book. The book appears to cover the entire field of laboratory disI t can he considered as a relatively inexpensive, quite oompretillation. The first six chapters are on the theoretical side withhensive reference on industrial chemical topics. out being abstruse. These chapters cover in simple and clear KENNETH A. KOBE t e r m distillation theory; column characteristics, including a U W I V E ~ OP I T TEXAS ~ discussion of the number of theoretical plates and the reflux ratio Ansnn. T e x ~ s required for a. given separation; the separations whieh can be expected uzith a given oolumn; and the selection of proper colCOLLOID SCIENCE. VOLUME 11 umns on the basis of the characteristics of the mixture to be H. R. Kruyt, President, The Central National Council for Applied separated. All of thisis highly prscticsl. Thenext few chapters Research in the Netherlands, The Hague. 6 collaborators. deal with the construction, operation, special features, and limita754 tions of a variety of types of columns. These include bubbleElsevier Publishing Company, Inc., New York, 1949. xx plate, packed, unpacked, and ot,her less common types. The pp. 473 figs. 32 tables. 18 X 25 om. 511.50. remainder of the book, somewhat over half of it, gives a practicd THE high standing of Prafossor Kruyt with American colloid and quite detailed account of the effects of variables on the charchemists guarantees a welcome to the two weighty volumes of acteristics of columns; of how to build, test, and operate distill* Colloid Science. Volume I1 treats of reversible systems, once Lion columns; of how to deal with the special conditions met is
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JOURNAL OF CHEMICAL EDUCATION
412 vacuum distillation, and special kinds of distillation such as extractive distillation, micro and semimicro fractionation, and molecular distillation. The text is supplemented with references st the end of each chapter. At the end of the book there are armnged, by chapter, general references of which the titles are given, thus providing a somewhat annotated hibliogmphy. The book is not free from misprints, but i t seemed to the reviewer that these were not serious. The author says that the fundamental purpose of his hook "is to bring to the research worker and student a pmcticd working knowledge of the art of fractional distillrttion!' As far as this lay within the author's power he has certainly succeeded. His book is a first-rate presentation of the matter. Some lack of success in bringing the subject to the student may arise from the price of more than two cents per page a t which the hook is listed. Laboratory chemists who read this volume will surely feel indebted to the author for the great labor and perceptive care which must have gone into its preparation. The style is lively; the hook is easy to read, and i t answers questions. I t can be recommended strongly to graduate students and others in chemistry, chemical engineering, and allied fields where problems of separation are faced.
have appeared mostly in the Zeitschrifl f f ~ Elektrochemie, and on his lectures st Erlrtneen. He disrin~ishrshrtwcn external (physical) thermodynamics, w-lrivh covers praxsscs involving euergy interchange wirhour ~ : h r n k ntransform.rtion l and internal (chemirnl) rhermodynnnt~rs which applies to systems in which reactions occur. ~ y ~ u s i ns.g heat reservoir a t one degree absolute as a. standard of reference and introducing the energy unit one "holtzmann" (three halves the value of the pV product st 1'K.) temperature becomes a pure number and entropy, heat capacity, and the gas constant all have the same dimensions as energy. These devices maybe seem a little startling a t first, hut they do permit an elegant symmetrical treatment of the laws of thermodynamics and their correlaries. Incidentally, a thermocouple is the heat engine used in the discussion of the second law. The treatment is rigorous, and PH.IY to follow, thanks to rho librml upc of block diagrams, a n d a wnsistent svstem of primes nnd undrrlincs to distinnuish srmbul~which micht o t h r r r i r ~be confused. Sufficient experimental results are included to supply examples of the applications of the theorems. The book is recommended especially to those who teach thermodynanics; as the author states in his introduction, it was written primarily to serve as pedagogical tool.
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HAROLD G. CASSIDY
RAYMOND M. FU088
Yaw UNIYEBBITT
Y A LU~ m v ~ n s l n NEW H ~ V E NCONNEOT~CDT ,
Naw Havna. C o l r ~ r c n o m
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DATA BOOK ON HYDROCARBONS
J. B. M a w e l l , Standard Oil Development Co., Linden, New Jersey. D. Van Nostrand Co., Inc., New York, 1950. viii 259 pp. Charts. 18 X 26 cm. $5.
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Tms book provides certain basic data on hydrocarbons, some related organic compounds, and petroleum fractions applicable to process engineering operations in the petroleum industry. The topics covered include the following: physical constants, characteristics of petroleum fractions, molecular weight, vapor pressure, fugaity, critical properties, thermal properties, density, viscosity, combustion,flow of fluids, flow of heat, equilibrium flash vaporization, and fractionating towers. The data are conveniently presented in the form of tables and charts, as appropriate. References are given to the sources of the data. Mast of the values of the properties of the hydrocarbons are taken from National Bureau of Standards Circular 461, published in 1947. The author would have helped his readers by informing them that the foregoing N. B. S. Circular 461 constitutes the tables of physical and thermodynamic properties of hydrocarbons issued as of May 31, 1947, by the American Petroleum Institute Research Project 44 and that this Project is continually issuing new and revised tables of properties in loose-leaf form. This reviewer feels that this hook will he very helpful to chemical engineers concerned with the processing of hydrocarbons, related organic compounds, and petroleum fractions.
ANTIBIOTICS
Edited by G. W. Irving, Jr,, Assistant Chief, Bureau of Agricultural and Industrial Chemistry, United States Department of Agriculture, and H. T. Herrick, Formerly Director, Northern Regional Research Laboratory, Bureau of Agricultural and Industrial Chemistry, United States Department of Agriculture. Chemical Publishing Ca., Inc., Brooklyn, 1949. vii + 273 pp. 24 charts. 4 figs. 23 tables. 14.5 X 22 cm. $6.75.
FOURTEEN lectures presented originally during the period September, 1946, to January, 1947, a t the United States Department of Agriculture Graduate School are compiled in what the editors term au essentially unchanged form. Three additiond lectures on penicillin chemistry were omitted as a result of the current preparation of a monograph on that subject under the direction of the Committee on Medical Research, Washington, and the Medical Research Council, London. In spite of this deletion, however, the published material gives a factually sound and comprehensive picture of antibiotic production, nature, and application. As is to he expected, penicillin and streptomycin receive major emphasis, being treated a t length by several of the contributors. Lecture 1 is an introduction followed by (2) The Story of Penicillin, (3) The Role of Microorganisms in the Production of Antibiotics, (4) Development of High-Yielding Strains of Microorganisms for Production of Antibiotics, (5) The Government CertificationProgram for Penicillin, (6) The Commercial FREDERICK D. ROSSINI Production of Penicillm, (7) Production of Streptomycin and NATIONUBDBEAUOF STINDABDB Other Antibiotics by Actinomyces, (8) Outline of the Chemistry Wasamo~on.D. C. of Streptomycin, (9) The Clinical Use of Penicillm and Streptomycin, (10) Tyrothricin and Gramicidin, (11) Antibiotics Other than Penicillin, Streptomycin and Gramicidin, (12) Basidiomy0 CHEMISCHE THERMODYNAMIK, EINE EINF~~IRING cetes as Possihle Sources of Antibiotics, (13) Antibiotics from IN IHRE GRUNPRINZIPIEN Higher Plants, and (14) Antibiotics in Veterinary Medicine. Eric6 Longe, University of Erlangen, Germany. S. Hirrel, Although the several lcotures are diverse in both subject matter Stuttgart, Germany, 1949. mi 158 pp. 6 4 figs. 9.6 marks. and method of presentation, they are admirably similar in clarity. The chemist and microbiologist not directly concerned with ON TEE first casud browsing, this monograph may strike the rcsc3rrh in anribiotics hxvc unuoubtrdly experienced increasinp reader as a compendium of the familiar formulas of traditional dificulry in keeping abre3';t oi such a mpidly expanding field. thermodvnernics. But it takes little more than a reading of the Oncnf rhechicf virtuesof the hook. thrreforc. is tl~econeolidation table of-contents to suggest that here is something u k u a l : of a mass of scattered data into a cbncise, easily digestible whole. a. fresh approach to a classical subject. Study of the text soon This treatment is evident almost generally throughout and is convinces the reader that Lange has developed an original point particularly notable in Wintersteiner's lecture on antibiotics of view for the presentation of his material. The bwk is based other than penicillin, streptomycin and gramicidin. Here, the on Lange's series of papers on chemical thermodynamics, which classificationia approached from the viewpoint of strnctuml chem-
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