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Laser-induced voltage application for identification of crude oils Shanzhe Zhang, Jing Zhu, Honglei Zhan, Zhaohui Meng, Ru Chen, Huaqing Liang, Kun Zhao, and Wenzheng Yue Energy Fuels, Just Accepted Manuscript • DOI: 10.1021/acs.energyfuels.8b03959 • Publication Date (Web): 14 Feb 2019 Downloaded from http://pubs.acs.org on February 17, 2019
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Energy & Fuels
Laser-induced voltage application for identification of crude oils
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Shanzhe Zhang, †,‡, # ,§Jing Zhu, ‡, # Honglei Zhan, ‡, #,* Zhaohui Meng ,‡ Ru Chen, ‡ Huaqing
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Liang†,§, * Kun Zhao, †,‡, # and Wenzheng Yue †,§
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† State
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Petroleum, Beijing 102249, China
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‡Beijing
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of Petroleum, Beijing 102249, China
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#Key
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Petroleum and Chemical Industry Fed-eration, China University of Petroleum, Beijing
Key Laboratory of Petroleum Resources and Prospecting, China University of
Key Laboratory of Optical Detection Technology for Oil and Gas, China University
Laboratory of Oil and Gas Terahertz Spectroscopy and Photoelectric Detection,
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102249, China
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§ College
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Beijing 102249, China
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Keywords: laser-induced voltage, crude oil, oxygen content.
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ABSTRACT
of Geophysics and Information Engineering, China University of Petroleum,
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In this work, laser induced voltage (LIV) was used to assess three various crude oils using a 248 nm
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ultraviolet laser. Under the same bias voltage, the peak of LIV (Vp) increased with the increase in
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the overall laser energy irradiating the surface of the sample. The increase in the bias voltage
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contributed to the improvement of Vp at the same laser energy. Based on our results, samples with
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more oxygen content generated more charge, which led to the higher Vp. Our research indicates
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that LIV is a suitable approach for the identification of various crude oils.
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INTRODUCTION
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Crude oil is a combustible substance composed of various hydrocarbons and other elements,
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such as oxygen, sulfur and nitrogen. The classification of crude oils in pipelines is of great
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importance for determining the sources, types and properties of various crude oils for the sake of
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subsequent processing. 1 Optical technology plays an important role in probing crude oils. Laser-
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induced ultrasonic technique is here proposed to characterize the process of pyrolysis in the oil
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shale, and it is also used to measure the full-range water content up to 100%.2,
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terahertz technology was used to characterize the water content and distribution in high-water-cut
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crude oil,
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transitions of oil-water two-phase flow. 9, 10
4, 5
probe disaggregation of crude oil in a magnetic field
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In addition,
and evaluate pattern
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The interaction between laser and liquid can produce plasma in the liquid.1116 Free electrons
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are generated through multiphoton absorption of laser energy. Electrons release energy by collision
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to generate charged species. A cascade of ionization and various process of recombination give
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rise to the growth of the plasma.1724 Upon laser irradiation of the surface of the sample, plasma
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was generated in the oil. Under the effect of the external electric field, the separation of positive
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and negative charges led to the generation of voltage. Laser-induced voltage (LIV) has been
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observed in many materials.25,26 In this paper, LIV response was found to be dependent on the bias
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voltage or laser energy, suggesting that LIV could be used to characterize crude oils from different
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oil fields.
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EXPERIMENTAL METHODS
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Figure 1. Schematic diagram of the measurement system.
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The crude oil samples were obtained from Venezuela, China, and Kazakhstan, and they are
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here called Oil A, Oil B and Oil C, respectively. The schematic of the experimental setup is shown
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in Figure 1. A KrF pulse laser was used as the source. It had a wavelength of 248 nm and the pulse
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width of 20 ns. The laser energy Ein on the surface of the sample ranged from 2434.5 mJ. The
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oscilloscope recorded LIV signal with a 350 MHz bandwidth and 1 MΩ input impedance. A
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Keithley 2400 source meter was adopted as the bias voltage source. The bias voltage Vb applied
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on the sample variated from 30 to 210 V. Four copper electrodes were fixed in the cuvette. Two
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electrodes, close to the laser, connected to the oscilloscope and the other two electrodes, away
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from the laser, were connected source meter. The quartz cuvettes were used to accommodate crude
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oils with the geometry of 20 mm × 45 mm and a thickness of 10 mm. The laser completely
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penetrated the crude oil in the cuvette, and the penetration depth of the violet laser in the crude oils
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is 10 mm. All of the measurements were performed at room temperature.
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RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
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Figure 2. LIV of Oil A (a), Oil B (b) and Oil C (c) under different laser energy Ein in which the
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rise time 1 and fall time 2 are shown in the insets.
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The LIV signal of crude oils is depicted in Figure 2ac at Vb = 210 V with different laser
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energy Ein, which first rapidly rose and then gradually decreased. When the Ein ranged from 24 to
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34.5 mJ, the peak of LIV (Vp) increased from 5.84 to 9.76 V, 1.12 to 4.12 V, and 0.42 to 1.34 V
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for Oil A, Oil B, and Oil C. As shown in insets of Figure 2ac, the rapid rise time τ1 of Oil A, Oil
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B, and Oil C fluctuated severally around 0.11 μs, 0.14 μs, and 0.16 μs. The fall time τ2 decreased
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as laser energy increased. In addition, when the laser irradiated the sample, the particles absorbed
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the laser energy, which produced plasma. This indicated that higher Ein values generated more
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plasma in the oil caused higher Vp values to be reached. As shown in Figure 4a, the linear-
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dependent relationship between Vp and Ein was found with the slopes of 0.203, 0.141, and 0.047
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for Oil A, Oil B, and Oil C, respectively.
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Figure 3. LIV of Oil A (a), Oil B (b) and Oil C (c) at different bias voltage Vb in which the rise
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time 1 and fall time 2 are shown in the insets.
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The LIV of Oil A, Oil B and Oil C were also measured at energy 43.5 mJ with the selected Vb
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from 30 to 210 V. The τ1 of Oil A, Oil B, and Oil C fluctuated around 0.12 μs, 0.09 μs and 0.31
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μs, which were shown in the insets of Figure 3ac. The τ2 of Oil A, Oil B, and Oil C decreased
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with the increase in bias voltages. When Vb = 210 V, the Vp of Oil A, Oil B, and Oil C peaked at
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10.08 V, 3.68 V, and 1.27 V, while the Vp peaked at 1.28 V, 0.56 V, and 0.24 V at Vb = 30 V,
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respectively. The laser irradiated the sample, and plasma was generated. The use of bias voltage
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resulted in the signal of LIV. The amount of plasma increased as the laser energy increased, which
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caused Vp to increase with the increase in laser energy. In Figure 4b, the solid lines represent linear
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fitting to the data and the slopes were 0.048, 0.017, and 0.006 for Oil A, Oil B and Oil C.
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Figure 4. Vp of three crude oils in response to (a) different laser energy Ein and (b) bias voltage
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Vb. Error bars represent test accuracy. The correlation coefficients of Oil A, Oil B and Oil C were
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0.989, 0.989, and 0.980 in (a), and 0.993, 0.998, and 0.998 in (b).
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Figure 5. CO dependence of Vp
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There are two mechanisms that can lead to the generation of plasmas in the process of laser
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irradiation on the sample, which includes direct ionization of the medium by multiphoton
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absorption and cascade ionization.
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generated. The use of bias voltage produces the LIV signal. The amount of plasma increases as the
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energy of the increases. As shown in Figures 2, 3, and 4, LIV depend heavily on different crude
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oils. Oxygen content is more important to the process of the generation of plasma than nitrogen
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content and sulfur content are. Oxygen ions were generated in the liquid when a laser irradiate
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crude oil, and one oxygen ion corresponds two electrical charges.
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increases, more and more electrical charge is generated in the crude oil. In this way, the higher
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oxygen content increases the amplitude of the LIV under the same experimental conditions. The
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oxygen content (CO) of Oil A, Oil B and Oil C were 1.54%, 1.24%, and 1.01%, respectively. In
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addition, Oil AB, Oil BC and Oil AC were prepared by combing equal volumes of Oil A and Oil
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B, Oil B and Oil C, and Oil A and Oil C, respectively. Thus, CO values of Oil AB, Oil BC, and Oil
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The laser irradiated the sample, and plasma was
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As oxygen content
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AC were 1.39%, 1.275%, and 1.125%. As shown in Figure 5, Vp monotonically increased from
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1.35 to 9.68 V as CO increased from 1.01% to 1.54% following the rule of Vp eCo/0.18.
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Recently, optical technology has been used for evaluation and classification of crude oil. A
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series of studies have addressed the flow of oil and water ,4,5,9,10 measurement of water content in
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crude oil,
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resources as coal, fuel oil, and model oils.68,3335 In this work, LIV improved the identification
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effect and provided a more direct and effective way to identify different oils. High oxygen content
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is the cause of the pronounced electrical charge in crude oil leading to large Vp. We here confirmed
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the repeatability of this method. We here establish LIV as a method for the rapid identification of
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crude oils and that it can be used to complement traditional methods in crude oil pipeline
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transportation.
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CONCLUSION
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characterization of the process of pyrolysis in oil shale,
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and evaluation of such
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In conclusion, the practicability of using the laser-induced voltage to characterize oxygen
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content in crude oil was here established. The LIV response was found to gradually change across
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various levels of laser energy and different bias voltage. The peak of LIV increased with the on-
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sample laser energy and bias voltage in a linear manner. The results presented here indicate a
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significant potential for LIV, as a fast and simple technique for the characterization of crude oil.
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AUTHOR INFORMATION
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Corresponding Authors
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*Honglei Zhan: E-mail:
[email protected].
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*Huaqing Liang: E-mail:
[email protected].
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Author Contributions
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The manuscript was written through contributions of all authors. All authors have given approval
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to the final version of the manuscript.
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Notes
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The authors declare no competing financial interest.
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ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
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This work was supported by the National Nature Science Foundation of China (Grant Nos. 1157
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4401 and 11804392), the Beijing Natural Science Foundation (No. 1184016), the Science Found
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ation of China University of Petroleum, Beijing (Nos. 2462017YJRC029, 2462018BJC005 and y
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js2017019). We thank LetPub (www.letpub.com) for its linguistic assistance during the
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preparation of this manuscript.
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