ANNUAL REVIEW
E. M. SHERWOOD
LESS COMMON METALS FOR PROCESS EQUIPMENT A report on technology and applications of beryllium, chromium, molybdenum, niobium, rhenium, tantalum, tungsten, and Zirconium he 1963 review of less common metals pointed out Tthat potential benefits to the chemical process industries might result from the use of information developed in the intensive materials studies carried out by the aerospace industry. While some cross-fertilization has occurred, not much of the relevant but widely scattered data has actually been used. Although presentation of such data is beyond the scope of this review, reference is made to source material where much useful information can be obtained. Producers of the less common metals continued to strive for increasing purity of their products. Means of reaching this goal included purification of source materials by improved separation techniques and the production of high-purity chemical compounds containing the element sought. Vacuum metallurgical processing operations, employing electron-beam technology, received the widest attention for melting, refining, cutting, and joining less-common metals and their alloys. Fabrication of free-standing shapes by plasmaarc spraying, by electrolysis of fused salts, and by chemical vapor deposition was carried out. The latter two processes also hold promise as means of joining refractory metal components, but electron-beam welding holds the spotlight in this area at present. The battle against the attack of atmospheric gases at high temperatures was continued. While many local skirmishes were won, no turning point was passed and the campaign will continue into the foreseeable future. Application of fluidized-bed chemical vapor deposition to coat large shapes contributed to some of the progress in this area. For the first time, appreciable attention was given to the room-temperature corrosion of metals other than tantalum and zirconium. Now that the state of the fabrication art is so well developed, it behooves manufacturers and users of chemical process equipment to take a hard look a t more of the less common metals as materials of construction in their plant equipment.
Publications dealing with the metals as a group were quite numerous. T h e current status and trends in the development of refractory metals as engineering materials were described (20,25, 58, 76). The greater portion of a volume devoted to high-temperature materials (6) dealt with the refractory metals, their alloys, and their compounds with B, N, and Si. The availability, properties, and fabrication of refractory metal alloys in sheet form were reviewed (99). Russian scientists held a seminar covering extraction methods,
TABLE I.
INFORMATION CATEGORIES
1. Reviews
2. Extraction 3. Refining
4. Consolidation 5. Melting 6. Working and Forminga
7 . Cutting
8. Joining@
9, Structure and Properties
10. Corrosion
11. Oxidation 12. Coatings
13. Alloys
14. Applications
General information, usually in many of the areas defined below Chlorination, fused-salt electrolysis, ion exchange, leaching, volatilization Reduction of pure compounds by active metals, carbon, and hydrogen Use of powder-metallurgy techniques, gas pressure bonding, casting Consumable-electrode arc melting, electron-beam melting, zone re: fining Extrusion, explosive forming, forging, rolling, drawing, electroforming, “vapor” forming, shaping by chemical milling Conventional machining, electronbeam and laser machining, chemical milling Adhesive bonding, cold-welding, soldering, brazing; arc, electron-beam, laser, and ultrasonic welding; “vapor” joining Determination of crystal structure by x-ray and neutron diffraction; metallography; chemical,’ mechanical, physical, electrical, and thermal characteristics ; methods of testing By various media, usually a t or near ambient; high-temperature attack by gases other than oxygen Usually at high or ultra-high temperature: effect of pressure Coatings for and with the lesscommon metals; methods of application With other metals, both refractory and nonrefractory; intermetallic compounds and dispersed phases Current and suggested areas of use
5 Quite often the term “jabrication” is wed to describe metal-processing operations involving all three of these categories.
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physical properties, and electronic structure of refractory metals, compounds, and alloys (73). Two U. S . technical societies sponsored an international conference on electron- and ion-beam science and technology (%), with special emphasis on the processing and joining of refractory metals. The effects of fabrication history and microstructure on the mechanical properties of refractory metals and alloys were evaluated (47, 49). Other reviews gave broad coverage to processing and properties, particularly in relation to performance a t high temperatures under oxidizing conditions (76, 707). Methods of extracting (50, 7 0 4 , refining by halide reduction (705, 706),and consolidating by powder metallurgy techniques (8, 63) were reviewed. Vacuum metallurgy continues to be an important processing technique for the less common metals (27,83). Vacuum melting, refining, and casting operations, particularly those based on electron-beam technology, are playing a role of increasing importance (4, 5, 9, 74, 46, 67, 84, 87). Significant advances were made in working and shaping refractory metals to meet the need for large structural TABLE I I . Category 1 2 3 6 8 9 10 11 13 14
Category 2
Chromium References
1 2
3
4 5 6
7B l B , 2B, 5B, 9B
8
9
2B-4B, 8B, ?OB 1 IB
10 11 12 13 14
13C, 20C, 23C, 32C. 40C 35c
Category 1
3 4 10 11 12 13 14 Category 1 2 3 4 5 6
8 9
10 11 12 13
14
60
4c. 16c
78C,1SC 9C, IOC, 25C, 38C IC, SC-SC, 1 IC: 12C, 17C, 22C, 23C, 25C, 27C, 29C, 32C, 33C 74C, 75C, 21C, 34C
Niobium References 4 0 , 220, 330, 520, 540 280 140 370, 4 6 0 150, 5 9 0 , 60D 7 0 , 1 7 0 , 120, 3 6 0 , 3 9 0 , 430, 4 4 0 I D , 6 0 , 780, 19D, 2 4 0 , 250, 270, 350, 530, 560 4 0 - 6 0 , SD, 100, 150, 770, 2 6 0 , 300, 3 2 0 , 360, 3 9 0 , 560, 5 7 0 , 6 0 D 2 0 , 550 2 0 , 370, 400, 470-500 30, 200, 270, 2 9 0 , 3 4 0 , 420 40. 6 0 . 8 0 . 700. 190. 230,'320; 370; 390; 4 5 0 , 480-500, 5 2 0 : 570, 580 130, 380, 470
Rhenium References 7 E , 13E, 16E 2E-5E 4E
5 6 8 9
10 11 12 13 14 Category
12E 14E, 19E l E , 6E, QE, lOE, 15E, 18E 8E, l l E , 17E
I N D U S T R I A L A N D E N G I N E E R I N G CHEMISTRY
COMMON METALS
Category
6B
Molybdenum References
I
AUTHOR E. M . Sherwood is Assistant Chief, Chemical Vapor Deposition Division, Battelle Memorial Institute. He has written I t 3 EC's less common metals review since 7955.
LITERATURE SOURCES-LESS
Bervllium References 5A, 7 A , 12A, 16A,25A, 28A,30A 32A 7 A , 2 7 A , 26A 13A, 78A, 19A 29A 4A, 18A,31A 2A, 6A, 17A, 23A 27A 14A, 15A, 20.4 24A' 3A, 8A-7 l A , 22A
7
members of complex shape and thin section in aerospace applications (77, 24, 62, 64, 77, 9 6 ) . Extrusion affords a means of quickly securing material having satisfactory microstructure and useful shape (26, 52, 66, 72). Other mechanical forming processes reviewed included high-energy-rate methods (75), forging (65), and the rolling of sheet (82) and foil (57). Electroforming and electrocladding also received attention (43). Machining and cutting by conventional methods have become routine industrial operations for some metals for which they formerly were avoided if possible (72, 42, 97, 707, 708). Electron beams (70, 7 4 , lasers (73), and chemical processes (59, 60) also are being widely used as methods of metal removal. Joining methods probably received more attention than any other processing technique. While some consideration was given to adhesive bonding (80), foil joining (702),
8 9 10 11 12 13 14
Tantalum References 6F, 28F, 39F, 40F 17F IOF, 27F 33F d6 R
7x 11F IF, 4F, 75F, 16F, 30F, 42F 3F, I l F , 13F, 18F, 20F, 29F, 31F, 38F. 39F 41F. 45F 5F, 8F> 19F, 21F-25F, 35F 26F, 36F, 37F 2F, 3F, 7F, QF, 12F, 14F, 32F, 34F, 43F, 4427 47F Tungsten References 4G, 74G, 18G, 41G, 46G, 57G 51G. 53G 7G, 'TOG, 22G, 33G, 38G, 39G, 42G, 43G, 50G, 54G, 55G 12G, 78G, 44G, 56G 3G, 73G, 77G, 79G, 29G, 37G, 45G, 47G - 49G, 56G 2G. 9G. 77G. 23G. 35G 8G; 76G, 24G, 28G, 30G, 37G. 36G, 39G, 40G, 52G, 53G, 56G 7G 20G, 21G, 26G 6G, 15G, 32G IG, 5G, 18G, 25G, 34G, 42G, 43G, 46G, 58G 5G, 27G
Zirconium References 23H, 24H 15H 14H, 15H, 22H, 33H 37H 27H, 33H 71H 12H,16H, 28H IH, 3H, 8H, IOH, 79H, 26H, 27H ZH, 4H, 5H, 13H, 77H-2OH 6H. 7H. 25H. 37H. 32H. 34H. 36H. 38H QH;29H ' IH, 77H, 18H, 20H, 23H, 30H 35H
and brazing (57, 88),welding studies and applications (7, 75, 55, 56, 88-90, 92-94, 98) dominated the field. Welding by electron beam (78, 37, 45, 54, 67), laser (37), and ultrasonic energy ( 7 , 2) was further explored. Reviews on structure and properties contained much useful design information (79, 22, 27, 33, 38, 39, 47, 44, 48, 69, 77, 79). Articles were published dealing with the following specific properties : thermal expansion ( 3 ) , spectral emittance ( I I ) , electrical resistivity ( B ) , creep (86), corrosion by liquid tin (47), and oxidation ( I O ) . Much effort still is being devoted to the development of protective coating systems for the more refractory less common metals (Mo, Nb, Ta, W), primarily for protection against high-temperature oxidation (20, 30, 32, 34-36, 40, 703). Electrophoretic processes were successfully employed to deposit coatings of refractory metals on less-refractory substrates (68). Applications of the less-common metals in various alloy systems for special end uses were reviewed in detail (53, 78, 87, 85, 91,95, 700). Owing to the large amount of relevant new information which has come to this reviewer’s attention during the past year, it is not possible a t this time to present detailed discussions concerning individual metals, as has been done in the past. Rather, the references to various aspects of the technology for each of the metals considered are presented in tabular form, using a n overall category listing which was found helpful in compiling the information for this and earlier reviews. These categories are defined in Table I. Although less definitive, such a listing provides the reader with a maximum of source material. It is hoped that the readers of this review will find the tabulation useful. BIBLIOGRAPHY General (1) Aeroprojects, Inc., “Investigation of Ultrasonic Weldin of Metals and Alloys,” Bimonthly Progr. Rept. No. 1, Contract N O W 63-0125-c,%ov. 1962 (Uncl.). (2) Ibid., No. 3, March 1963 (Uncl.). (3) Andres, K., Phys. Rev. Letters 7,315 (Dec. 15, 1963). (4) Aschoff, W. A., Baroch, E. F., in “High Temperature Materials, Part 2,” (G. M. Ault, W. F. Barclay H P. Mun er Eds ) Metallurgical Society Conferences, Vol. 18, p. 515, Interhence, Newsdrk, l%3. (5) Aschoff, W. A,, Baroch, E. F., J.Metals 14,204 (March 1962). ( 6 ) Ault, G. M., Barclay W. F. Munger H. P. Eds. “High Temperature Materials, Part 2,” Metaldrgical iociety Cdnferenc‘es, Vol. 18, p. 515, Intencience, New York, 1963. (7) Balkovets, D. S., Kaganov, L. N., Khudyshev, A. F., Svarochn. Proizu. 1962, 58. ( 8 ) Barrett, J. C., J. Metals 15, 349 (May 1963). (9) Beall, R . A,, in “High Temperature Materials, Part 2,” Metallurgical Society Conferences, Vol. 18, p. 533, Intencience, New York, 1963. (10) Berkowitz-Mattuck, J. B., “Kinetics of Oxidation of Refractory Metals and Alloys a t 1000°-2000° C ” U. S. Air Force, Aeronautical Systems Div., Technical Documentary Rept. 62-$03, Part 11, Contract AF 33(616)-6154, March 1963 iUnc1.). ’ (1 1 ) Blau, H . H., Jr., Jaspene, J. R., Appl. Opt. 3,281 (February 1964). Vol. 63, Book 2, (12) Brugger, F. L., Paper No. 484 in “Collected Papen-1963,” p. 1, ASTME, Detroit, Mich., 1963. (13) Buddenhagen D. A,, “Lasers and Their Metallurgical Applications,” Paper No. SP 63-212 in)“Advances in Metal Removal Seminar,” p. 1, ASTME, Detroit, Mich., 1963. (14) Butler, T. E., Morgan, R. P., J. Metals 14, 200 (March 1962). (15) Can. Metalworking 26, 49 (March 1963). (16) Chelius, J., Christophenon, R. G., Machine Design 35, 61 (Sept. 19, 1963). (17) Cieslicki, M. E. “Shape Forming of Refractory Metals,” AGARD Conf. on Refractory Metals,’Oslo University, June 23-28, 1963. (18) Collins, L. W., Jr., Machinery 70, 79 (January 1964). (19) Conrad H. “Materials and Structures ” Semiannual Tech. Rept., Contract AF 04(6473-936, AD-276165, Feb. 28, 1962: (20) Cooper, T. D., “The Refractory Metals ” ASM-UCLA S onsored Coune of Study, Metallurgy in Aerospace Technoloiy, Loa Angeles, galif., Nov. 11-22, 1963. (21) Cortes, F. R., “Determination of the Effects of Processing Refractory Metals under Vacuum,” U. S. Air Force, Aeronautical Systems Div., Technical Docu-
mentary Rept. 62-618, Contract AF 33(616)-8212, February 1963 (Uncl.). (22) Coutsouradis D. “Evaluation Test Methods for Refractory Metals,” AGARD Conference on defrictory Metals, Oslo University, June 23-28, 1963. (23) Czarnecki E. G. Braun M. T. “Development and2Evaluation of Coatings for Earth Rd-Entry’Systeds,” A G k R D Conference on Refractory Metals, Oslo University, June 23-28, 1963. (24) Darby, P. F. “The Flat Rolling of Refractory Metals,” AGARD Conference on Refractory Meials, Oslo University, June 23-28, 1963. (25) Defense Metals Information Center, Memo 183, Oct. 31, 1963. (26) Duletsky, P. S., in “High Temperature Materials, Part 2,” Metallurgical Society Conferences, Vol. 18, p. 545, Interscience, New York, 1963. (27) Ehreke, V., Schwiete, H . E., Arch. Eircnhuettenru. 34, 795 (1963). (28) Electrochemical Society, Extended Abstracts, Electrothermics and Metallurgy Division 2 (i), 1964. (29) Engineering Materials and Derign 7, 53 (January 1964). (30) English J. J. Gibeaut W. A,, Defense Metals Inform. Center Rev. Recen Developmknts (fan, 24, 1464). (31) Engquist, R. D., Machine Moderne No. 650, 12 (May 1963). (32) Epik, A. P., Poroshkovaya Met. Akad. Nauk. Ukr. SSR, No. 5, 21 (1963). (33) Foster, L. R., Jr., Stein, B. A. “Tensile Properties and Sheet-Bending Fatigue Studies of Some Refractory MetLls a t Room Temperature,” National Aeronautics and Space Admin. Tech. Note D-1592, January 1963. (34) Gangler J. J. in “High Temperature Materials, Part 2,” Metallurgical Society CoAferenc&, Vol. 18, p , 719, Interscience, New York, 1963. (35) Gangler, J. J., Metals Eng. Quarterly, 3, 39 (August 1963). (36) Gibeaut, W. A., English, J. J., Defense Metals Inform. Center Rev. Recent Developments (Oct. 25, 1963). (37) Gobel, R., Heinze, E., Neumann, W., Rexer, E., Schlaubitz, K., Technik. 18, 652 (October 1963). (38) Graves, D. B., Fansteel Metallurgy, 2 (March-April 1963). (39) Hinchhorn, J. S., “Stacking Faults in the Refractory Metals and Alloys-A Review,” J. Less-Common Mefals 5 , 493 (1963). (40) Huminik, J., Jr., Ed., “High-Temperature Inorganic Coatings,” Reinhold, New York, 1963. (41) Imgram A. G., Ogden, H. R., Defense Metals Inform. Center Rept. 186, July 10, 1923. (42) Iron Age, 192, 66:(Aug. 22, 1963). (43) Ibid., 158 (Oct. 10, 1963). (44) Jaffee, R. I., Hahn, G. T., Defense Metals Inform. Center Rept. 182, Jan. 31, 1963. (45) King, J. R., Arrambly & Fastener Eng. 6 , 24 (March 1963). (46) Kolshin, 0. P., Berlin, I. K., Presnetsova, N. V., Truetn. Metal. 36, NO. 9, 59 (1 963). (47) Lance, J. R., Kemeny, G. A,, ASM Trans. Quarterly 56,204 (March 1963). (48) Lement B. S. Thomas D. A. Weissmann, S., Owen, W. S., Hirsh P. €3. “Substructkes ahd Mechinical Properties of Refractory Metals,” W&ht Ai; Development Div. Dept. T R 61-181, Part 11, October 1962 (Uncl.). (49) Ibid., Part 111, April 1963. (50) Lewis, C. J., Drobnick, J. L., Mining Eng. 15, 43 (November 1963). (51) McCown, J. W., Wilks, C. R., Gagola, L. J., SAE Paper No. 6760, April 1963. (52) McNabb, M. D., Paper No. SP63-141 in “Advances in Metalworking Seminar,” ASTME, Detroit, Mich., 1963. Japan 5, 572 (July (53) Maruya, K., Saito, T., Maekawa, T., J . At. Energy SOC. 1963). (54) Meier, J. W., Can. Machinery @ Meralworking 74, 62 (August 1963). (55) Metnlworking Production 107, 62 (June 5, 1963). (56) Ibid., 64 (June 12, 1963). (57) Ibid., 55, 86 (Dec. 4, 1963). (58) Michael, A. B., Gentry, W. 0. “The Status of and Trend of Development of Molybdenum, Columbium, T a n t d u m , and Tungsten Alloys,” AGARD Conf. On Refractory Metals, Oslo University, June 23-28, 1963. (59) Muller, H. M., No. 486 in “Collected Papers 1963,” Vol. 63, Book 2, ASTME, Detroit, Mich., 1963. (60) Muller, H. M., Machinery 69, 105 (1963). (61) Namba S., Isobe, T., Inst. Phys. Chem. Rer. (Japan), Scientific Pafiers 57, 51 (June 196;). (62) Natter B. Machenschalk R. “Flow Turning (Shear Forming) of Refractory Metals,” )AdARD Conf. on’ Rgfractory Metals, Oslo University, June 23-28, 1963. (63) Nelson R . C. in “High Temperature .Materials, Part 2,” Metallurgical Society CAnferencks, Vol. 18, p. 487, Interscience, New York, 1963. (64) Nemy A. S. in “High Temperature Materials, Part 2,” Metallurgical Society Confereices, Vbl. 18, p. 561, Intencience, New York, 1963. (65) Nemy A. S. “Primary Working of the Refractory Metals,” AGARD Conf. on Refractoh Me;als, Oslo University, June 23-28, 1963. (66) Nemy, A. S., Faunce, R . L., Ibid., p. 669. (67) Nunn, E. G., Eng. Mater. Derign 6 , 640 (September 1963). (68) Pearlstein, F., Wick, R., Gallaccio, A,, J. Electrochem. SOC.110, 843 (July 1963). (69) Pears, C. D., Metals. Eng. Qunrtedy 3 , 31 (February 1963). (70) Pellissier, J., Rev. Mec.-Tt’dskr. Werktuigk. 9, 82 (1963). (71) Perkins R . A. “Forming of Refractory Metal Sheet,” AGARD Conf. On Refractor; Metals: Oslo University, June 23-28, 1963. (72) Perlmutter, I., DePierre, V., Metal Pmgr. 83, 90 (November 1963). (73) Petrov, V. A., Teplofiz. Vy’sokikh Temperatur 1, 156 (1903). (74) Pfaflendorf, H . H., Ind.-Anzeiger 85, 1809 (Oct. 1, 1963). (75) Philipchuk, V., Paper No. SP63-172 in “High Energy Rate Forminy Seminar,” ASTME, Detroit, Mich., 1963. (76) Promisel, N E., in “Advances in Materials Research in the N A T O Nations,” p. 425, Macmillan, New York, 1963. (77) Promisel, N. E., Metal Ind. (London) 103, 92 (July 18, 1963). (78) Rajala, B. R., Van Thyne, R . J., in “High Temperature Materials, Part 2,” Metallurgical Society Conferences, Vol. 18, p. 371, Interscience, New York, 1963. (79) Rapperport E. J. Geary A. L. “Fundamental and Applied Research and Develo ment ih Metillurgy,” U. S.’Atomic Energy Comm. NMI-1253, May 20, 1963 (8ncl.).
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(80) Reeder, R. K., Jr., Long, R. A,, Bull. Am. Ccrarn. SOC. 42, 337 (June 1963). (81) Ross, E. W., McHenry, H. T., Chcm. Eng. 70, 97 (Nov. 25, 1963). (82) Rossin, P. C., in “High Temperature Materials, Part 2,” Metallurgical Society Conferences, Vol. 18, p. 577, Interscience, New York, 1963. (83) Rubet, M. L., L’Usinc Nouueilc, 133 (July 1963). (84) Ruth, S. B., Electron. Ind. 23, 62 (January 1964). (85) Savitskii, E. M., Zakharov, A. M., Isricd. Splatiov Tsuctn. Mctal. Akad. Nauk SSSR Imt. Me!.,No. 4, 108 (1963). (86) Sawyer, J. C Evans E. B. “Generation of Valid Long Time Creep Data on Refractory AIIO$ a t Eldvated ’Temperatures,” First Quarterly Report, Contract NAS 3-2545, Oct. 20, 1963. (87) Schiller, S., Werner, K., Tcchnik 18, 100 (February 1963). (88) Schwartzbart, H., in “High Temperature Materials, Part 2,” Metallurgical Society Conferences, Vol, 18, p. 583, Interscience, New York, 1963. (89) Schwartzbart, H., Wclding Eng. 48, 31 (May 1963). (90) Scott, M. H., Knowlson, P. M., J. Lcsr-Common M e t a l s 5 , 205 (June 1963). (91) Seigle, L. L., “Solid Solution Strengthening of Refractory hletals,” AGARD Conference on Refractory Metals, Oslo Univenity, June 23-26, 1963. (92) Seman, D. J., “Welding of Refractory Metals,” Interim Report No. 1, Contract NOW 63-0043-c, January 1963 (Uncl.). (93) Seman, D. J., Seaman, F. D. “State-of-the-Art of Welding of Refractory Metals,” Technical Rept., Contra& NOW63-0043c, July 1963 (Uncl.). (94) Slaughter, G. M . in “Minutes of the Annual .4tomic Energy Commission Welding Conferencr,’Part 1,” U. S. Atomic Energy Comm. Rept. TID-7620, p. 144, May 1963 (Uncl.). (95) Sperner, F., Kerntechnik 5 , 303 (July 1963). (96) Stacy, J. T., “Evaluation of Fabricability of Refractory Alloys,” AGARD Conference of Refractory ,Metals, Oslo University, June 23-28, 1963. (97) Stewart, I. J., Arzt, P. R., SAE Paper No. 680 B, April 1963. (98) Thompson, E. G., Bull. Welding Res. Council, No 85, February 1963. (99) Tietz T. E. Perkins R . A. “Status of Refractory Metal Sheet Alloys: Availability kroper‘ties an6 Fab;ication,” AIAA Vehicle Design and Propulsion MeetiAg, Nov. 4-i, 1963. (100) U. S. Atomic Energy Commission, “Metallurgy of Molybdenum, Niobium, and Molybdenum-Niobium Alloys,” TID-3572, 1963. (101) Weinberg, H . P., in “High Temperature Inorganic Coatings,” p. 110, J. Huminik, Jr., Ed., Reinhold, S e w York, 1963. (102) Welty, J. W., Valdez, P. J., Smeltzer, C. E., Jr., Davis, C. P., “Joining of Refractory Metal Foils ” Aeronautical Systems Division Technical Documentary Rept. 63-799, Part I, J h y 1963. (103) Withers, I. C., in “High Temperature Inorganic Coatings,” p. 145, J. Huminik, Jr., Ed., Reinhold, New York, 1963. (104) Wright, J. C., in “Metallurgy in Nuclear Power Technology,” p. 81, Prentice-Hall, N. J., 1962. (105) Wfight,,, J. C., in “Rare Metal Extraction by Chemical Engineering Technmues. D. 222. Pereamon Press. New York. 1963. (106) I b i i . , p.’ 268. (107) Zeatin, N.,Pa er No. SP63-167 in “Advances in Metal Removal Seminar,” ASTME, Detroit, h i c h . , 1963. (108) Zeatin, N. Field, M., Gould, J. V., “Final Report on Machining Refractory Metal;,” Contract AF 33(600)-42349, July 1963 (Uncl.). I
I
Beryllium (1A) Bastien, P., Pointu, P., J . .Vucl. .Mater. 9 , 185 (July 1963). (2A) Burns, A. B., Crawford, R. F., Astronautics Aerospace Eng. 1, 36( October 1963). (3.4) Cabane, G., Reu. Met. (Paris) 60, 691 (July-August 1963). (4A) Cline, C. L., O’Neill, R . A,, Welding J. ( N . Y.) 41, 1098 (December 1962). (5A) Fonderia 12, 493 (October 1963). (6A) Francis, A. V., Mclallurcic (Paris) 95, 529 (May 1963). (7.4) Gelles, S. H . “Beryllium Research and Development Program,” Aeronautical Systems Division‘, Technical Documentary Report 62-509, Vol. I October 1962. (8A) Ibid., Vol. 11, April 1963. (9A) Gelles, S., Nenes, V., Siergiej, J., J.Metals 15, 843 (November 1963). (10A) Gross A. G . Jr. O’Rourke, R . G. “Development of Fine Diameter, HighPurity \\‘ire frdm %one-Refined Be&lium,” Final Report, Contract NOW 62-0067-c, December 1962 (Uncl.). (11A) Gross, A . G., Jr., O’Rourke, R. G., Wire Wirc Prod. 38, 1087 (August 1963). ASM(12A) Herman M. “.Metallurgy in Aerospace T‘chnology-Beryllium,” UCLA Spondored’Couneof Study, Los Angeles, Calif., Nov. 11-22, 1963. (13A) Jenkins R . G. Siergiej J. M . “Development of Improved Fabrication Methods, Piocess, l n d Techiiques fdr Producing Typical Aircraft Shapes from Beryllium ” Interim Technical Docurnentarv Progress Report, Contract AF 33(657)-8$83. June 1963 (Uncl.). (14A) Jepson, W. B., Myatt, B. L., Warburton, J. B., Antill, J. E., J. N u c l . .Mater. IO, 224 (November 1963). (l5A) Jepson, M’.B., Warburton, J. B., Myatt, B. L., Ibid., p. 127. (16.4) Journai du Four Electrique, No. 16, 195 (June-July 1963). (17A) Ki?g, B., “The Mechanical Properties of Bervllium ” paper presented at course in “Beryllium, Its Properties and Application,” U’niversity of California and Los Angeles, March 4-8, 1963. (18A) Krusos, J. N., Kjeiby, A. S., Borosic, J., Eck, F. B., .Metal Ind. (London) 104, 119 (Jan. 23. 1964). (19A) Lefer, H., Precision .Metal .Molding 21, 40 (April 1963). (20A) Menzies, I. A,. Corrosion Sci. 3, 35 (January-March 1963). (21A) Moore R E. Shaffer J. H . Baes C. F. J r . , McDuffie. H . F.: Bamberger, C. E. L., iV;cl.&‘.kng. 17,268 (O;tobe;1963): (22A) Murphv E. A , , O’Rourke, R. G., “Development of Very High Strength Beryllium \(;ire,>’ Bimonthly Report No, 1, Contract S O W 64-0162-c, Feb. 6, 1964 (Uncl.). (23A) Pressure Technology Corporation of America, “A Study to Determine the Deformation Characteristics of Beryllium and Tunqsten under Conditions of High Hydrostatic Pressure,” Interim Report No. 2, Contract N 600 (19)-59430, April 1963 (Uncl.). (24A) Raine, T., Robinson, J. A,, J. Nucl. Mater. 7, 263 (December 1962). (25A) Rosenfield, A. R., Clauer, A. H., Klein, M . J., Lyman, W.S., “Survey of Current Knowledge of the Deformation Characteristics of Beryllium and the uarterly Progress Report No. 2, Contract N 600(19)Refractory Metals I’ 60240, Jan. 13, 1964 (%ncl.). (26A) Schaub, B., Cabane, G., Compt. Rend. 257, 444 (July 8, 1963). (27A) Scott, V. D., Ranzetta, G . V. T., J. Nucl. Mater. 9, 277 (August 1963). (28A) Syre, R., Logerot, J. M., Reti’. Met. (Paris) 60, 684 (July-August 1963).
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