Liquid Fuel Air and Zinc Air Primary Cells

25 Liquid Fuel Air and Zinc Air Primary Cells W. V I E L S T I C H and U . V O G E L

Downloaded by UNIV OF LEEDS on June 18, 2016 | http://pubs.acs.org Publication Date: June 1, 1969 | doi: 10.1021/ba-1969-0090.ch025

Institut für Physikalische Chemie der Universität Bonn, Bonn, Germany Construction and properties of small size formate (methanol) air and zinc air cells with liquid alkaline electrolyte and hydrophobic carbon air electrodes are described. Formate (methanol) cells show low operating voltages (0.5 to 0.7 volts), but they offer large energy capacities (with methanol more than 300 whr./kg.) and also a good performance at temperatures below —20°C. (with formate). Anode catalyst 1-2 mg. Pd/cm. are required. Customary terminal voltages of six volts can be obtained out of one cell by the combination of a d.c./d.c. voltage converter. The cells can be used several times by renewing the fuel electrolyte-mixture. The zinc air cells show less capacity, but they are superior to the above mentioned cells in respect to terminal voltage and load. Some possible applications of the new power sources are mentioned. 2

special advantage of liquid fuel is the high amp. hr. capacity per volume and weight. Alkaline cells with methanol and formate as fuel are discussed which are similar i n construction to zinc air cells. According to A

C H O H + 8 O H " -> 6 H 0 + 6 e" + C 0 " 3

2

3

2

(1)

the capacity of 1 kg. methanol is 6 · 1000/32 · 26.8 = 5025 amp. h r . — i.e., with ρ = 0.79 the capacity per volume is about 4000 amp. hr./liter. The methanol is dissolved i n the electrolyte ( preferably 4 - 1 2 N K O H or N a O H ) . A fuel electrolyte mixture with a concentration of 6.2 moles of methanol per liter corresponds to a capacity of 6.2 · 6 · 26.8 == 997 amp. hr. Using the same concentration the loading capacity of a formate electrolyte solution is about one-third as large since only two electrons per molecule are consumed per reaction step while methanol consumes six electrons. 341 Baker; Fuel Cell Systems-II Advances in Chemistry; American Chemical Society: Washington, DC, 1969.

342

F U E L

C E L L

S Y S T E M S

HCOO- + 3 O H - - » 2 H 0 + 2 e~ + C 0 2

3

2

II

(2)

Equations 1 and 2 show the overall reaction only. According to our tests, in both cases a preceding dehydrogenation takes place C H O H + 2 O H ' —> 6 H 3

H C O O - + O H " -> 2 H

a d

a d

+

+ C0 " 3

2

(3)

CO3 2

which is followed by the anodic oxidation of the hydrogen


H

a d

+ O H " -> HoO + e~

The compact form of stored energy offers the possibility of using such liquid fuels not only in continuously working fuel cells (by the addition of fuel from a reservoir to an electrolyte-mixture in circulation) but also i n primary type cells. In the following, elements are described which have a fuel electrode combined with a hydrophobic air electrode working at ambient tempera ture and pressure. The cell is filled with the fuel electrolyte mixture, and electrical energy can be withdrawn until the fuel is completely converted. This method is similar to the working of a primary cell—e.g., zinc air. The solid active material zinc is replaced in this case by liquid reactants dissolved in the electrolyte. The fuel is oxidized at a catalytically active electrode. As in the zinc air element, the air electrode is the positive part of the cell. In alkaline solution the oxygen combines with some of the reac tion water to re-form most of the O H " ions consumed i n Reactions 1 or 2: 0

+ 2 H 0 + 4 e- -> 4 O H "

2

(5)

2

Therefore, a methanol cell shows the following overall reaction CH3OH + 3/2 0

2

+ 2 O H " -> CO3 - + 3 H 0 2

2

(6)

During this process not only oxygen and the carbon containing fuel are consumed but also two O H " ions per molecule of methanol. Besides water, carbonate ions are formed. This shows that the molarity of the O H " ions should be twice that of methanol to reach a complete conversion. Some of the O H " ions required can be supplied by the formation of bicarbonate C 0 " + H 0 -> H C O , - + O H 3

2

2

The oxidation of formate needs only one O H " ion per molecule H C O O " + 1/2 0

2

+ O H " -> C 0 " + H 0 3

2

2

Baker; Fuel Cell Systems-II Advances in Chemistry; American Chemical Society: Washington, DC, 1969.

(7)

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The amp. hr. capacity of such a "primary" cell depends, therefore, on the fuel concentration and the volume of the electrolyte used. The upper limit of a practical fuel concentration is given by the O H " ion concen tration which again is determined by the demand of an adequate conductivity. For Methanol, K O H 6-122V. C H O H 3-6M = 500-1000 amp. hr./liter == 250-50 whr./liter assuming an operating voltage of 0.5 volt. 8


For Formate, K O H 2.5-10N. H C O O K 4-6.5M = 220-350 amp. hr./ liter = 145-230 whr./liter. W i t h formate as fuel the solubilities of the electrolyte components have to be considered carefully. Primary cells like dry cells are normally used only once. Zinc air cells with liquid electrolyte can be used for longer periods if the anode is replaced by a new zinc sheet. A t the same time, the electrolyte con taminated by zincate must be renewed. The number of discharge periods depends on the life of the air electrode. Such a reactivation of the anode can be done in an easy manner for liquid fuel air cells. Only the fuel electrolyte mixture has to be replaced. This possibility of "recharging" cells by replacing the zinc sheet or renewing fuel and electrolyte bears some resemblance to a secondary battery. Methanol (formate) air elements of this type have already been constructed and field tested for several practical applications (5). 6-60 watt methanol batteries have been used to power flashing buoys. W i t h 400 liters fuel electrolyte mixture a signal device was successfully operated for more than one year (6). Another 40 watt battery has been used i n actual service to power a T V relay station in Switzerland (2). This station was positioned in 2000 meters altitude, where the outside tem perature dropped below —30°C. during winter time. A t these extreme working conditions also the rated 40 watts could be obtained because of the selected methanol formate fuel mixture (3, 4). For these applications current densities of about 1 ma./cm. are feasible. The long operating time of 6-18 months requires a big volume for the electrolyte ( in spite of 1.000 amp. hr./liter) where large electrodes can be placed. During the last years the performance of our hydrophobic carbon diffusion electrodes has been improved by more than one order of magni tude. Through the use of this new air electrode an extended field of application for cells with methanol and formate as fuel as well as for cells with zinc anode and liquid electrolyte can be discovered. In this paper the electrical data and some possible applications of the improved batteries are presented. Construction and performance of a D-size cell and of a 1.85 liter cell are given i n detail. These "rechargable primary cells" have a carbon air electrode as cathode; as reactants on the negative pole formate and zinc are examined. 2


344 Cell

F U E L C E L L SYSTEMS

II

Construction

The basic construction scheme of a liquid fuel air element of the size of a dry cell is shown i n Figure 1. The cell has a stainless steel housing (1), φ = 33 mm., h = 63 mm. The fuel electrode is pressed against the wall of the housing b y a perforated nickel screen. The fuel electrode consists of a 1.1 mm. thick sintered nickel foil with a nickel texture to improve the mechanical stability as it is done for the electrodes i n nickel/cadmium accumulators. The sintered nickel (25 cm. ) was elec troplated with 5 mg./cm. of noble metal from a platinum/palladium solution. The noble metals are deposited i n a ratio of P d : P t = 9 : 1 ( 4 ) . 2


2

Figure 1.

Liquid fuel air cell cross section

(1) Metal housing (2) Fuel electrode (3) Perforated nickel screen (4) Carbon air electrode (5) Silver plated nickel grid (6) Electrolyte (7) Opening (8) Positive terminal (metal screen) Hydrophobic active carbon was used as air electrode ( 4 ) . This electrode is fixed i n the cap of the cell (17 c m . ) . A channel i n the center of the carbon rod can be provided to favor the oxygen diffusion to and from the nitrogen transfer from the reaction zone. The dried carbon has a content of polyethylene varying from 10 to 20 wt. % depending on the fuel (formate or methanol) used. A silver plated nickel grid (5) around the carbon rod serves as current collector. The electrical contacts are given b y a metal screen (8) at the plastic cap (positive pole) and by the metal housing (negative pole). Gas- and liquid-tight cells of this kind require a pressure valve. Otherwise an overpressure caused by temperature fluctuations could press the electrolyte through the pores of the carbon air electrodes. U p to now 2


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we have used small plastic cylinders for this purpose. W i t h these gas valves the cells can be placed upside down for a few minutes. Further examinations and improvements of the valves are necessary to allow the use of these cells i n any position for longer periods of time. The D-sized cell shown i n Figure 1 can be filled with 20 to 24 cc. fuel electrolyte mixture through two openings (7) i n the cap. The theo retical amp. hour capacity of the cell depends—as already mentioned—on the type of fuel and the fuel concentration used—e.g.,


2.5 - 7.5N K O H + 5 M Formate 9N K O H + 4 M Methanol

5.5-6.5 amp. hr. 13-15.5 amp. hr.

The optimum capacities for formate are 7-8.5 amp. hr. or 4.6-5.5 whr. ( = 6.5 H C O O K ) and for methanol 20-23 amp. hr. or 10-12 whr. ( — 6 M C H O H ). The capacity of a D-size dry cell is 3.5 amp. hr. and 4 whr. It has to be considered that the discharge voltages of the formate and methanol cells are between 0.7 and 0.5 volts whereas the terminal voltage of the dry battery descends from 1.5 to 0.7 volts (see below). Besides cells with a metal housing we have built also cells with a plastic housing. I n this construction the negative pole is fixed at the bottom of the housing. Figure 2 shows the two types of D-size liquid fuel air cells and a plastic spare tube (20 cc.) for refill. 3

Figure 2.

View of two liquid fuel air cells and of a D-size dry cell In front: Plastic spare tube with 20 cc. fuel/electrolyte mixture Left: Plastic housing Right: Metal housing

The high loading capacity of carbon air electrodes can be well utilized particularly i n combination with metal anodes (zinc, cadmium, or magnesium as foil or powder). Such a metal air cell has the advantage of a higher operating voltage than fuel cells ( 1.0-1.2 volts). The amp./hr. capacity depends to a large extent on the quantity of metal but also on the concentration and the volume of the electrolyte ( i n the case of zinc as anode zincate is f o r m e d — Z n ( O H ) + 2 O H " - » Z n ( O H ) " , consum ing 2 OH"—ions per zinc atom). In some of the air cells we have replaced the fuel electrode by a zinc foil of 1.0 mm. thickness and a surface of 35 cm. . This zinc anode weighs 25 grams and corresponds to a theoretical capacity of 20 amp. hrs. T o 2

4

2

2


346


II


avoid heavy corrosion effects at the anode zinc oxide was added to the electrolyte of the zinc air cells. The described experiments were performd using ION K O H + 36 grams Z n O per liter. Loads of 100-300 ma. are easily obtained (see below). In comparison with commercial dry cells, zinc air cells containing liquid electrolyte can be reused. If the amount of anode metal is overdimensioned the electrolyte only has to be replaced. The number of cycles then is determined b y the weight of the zinc electrode and the current efficiency. Otherwise the zinc anode must be replaced. In the experiments described i n a later section of this paper we have compared formate as well as zinc air cells with commercial dry cells. Experimental

Results of Ό-size

Cells

The formate and zinc cells developed by us were discharged at + 2 0 ° , —15°, and — 25 °C. using loads where still an adequate terminal voltage could be expected. For the formate cell 7.5N K O H + 5M H C O O K and for the zinc cell 10N K O H + 36 grams ZnO per liter were used as electrolyte. The load of the zinc air cell was always higher than that of the formate air cells.

20'C

^DRY CELL ZINC

λ

—

150mA\

0,5

-

FORMATE

I

0

1

\ I I I 2 3 4 AMPERE-HOURS DISCHARGED

Λ

5

6

Figure 3. Discharge voltages of different cells at 20°C; dry cell: 1.5 volt I EC R 20, current 75 ma. and 150 ma., zinc: com mercial zinc sheet, I O N KOH + 36 g ZnO per liter, current 150 ma., formate: 7.5N KOH + 5 M HCOOK, third charge, current 75 ma. To compare the zinc air cells and formate air cells with a dry battery of the same size we loaded this battery with the respective currents. Figure 3 shows discharge curves of a formate cell (75 ma.) and a zinc cell (150 ma.) compared with that of a commercial dry cell. A t the beginning the dry cell shows a relatively high operating voltage, but


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the output decreases almost linearly with time. Using a zinc or formate cell a very constant terminal voltage is obtained over the whole discharge period. The area under the curve corresponds to the energy capacity i n whr. The evaluation leads to the following results:


Dry cell Formate cell Dry cell Zinc cell

75 ma. 75 ma. 150 ma. 150 ma.

3.5 amp. hr. (to 0.7 volt) 5.7 amp. hr. 3.2 amp. hr. (to 0.7 volt) 4.8 amp. hr.

3.9 whr. 3.6 whr. 3.52 whr. 5.3 whr.

The results obtained with the zinc cell show that in this case the amount of zinc is overdimensioned and sufficient for 3-4 electrolyte charges. The capacity of the zinc foil is 20 amp. hr. If the zinc hydroxide ( Z n ( O H ) ) formed is completely converted to zincate [ Z n ( O H ) ] ~ , 20 cc. electrolyte give 4.9 amp. hr. and 24 cc. electrolyte give 5.85 amp. hr. 2

4

2

For experiments at —15°C. (Figure 4) we have reduced the current densities to 25 and 100 ma. respectively. A t a load of 100 ma. the dry cell does not work satisfactorily any more, but the zinc cell still shows a very good performance. The evaluation leads to the following results: Dry cell Formate cell Dry cell Zinc cell

25 ma. 25 ma. 100 ma. 100 ma.

2.75 amp. hr. 6.0 amp. hr. 1.7 amp.hr. 4.0 amp. hr.

3.0 whr. 3.3 whr. 1.9 whr. 4.3 whr.

Even at such conditions the current efficiency of the formate cell is between 90 and 97%.

0

1

2

3

4

5

6

AMPERE-HOURS DISCHARGED

Figure 4.

Discharge voltages as in Figure 3, but —15° C, 100 ma. (zinc) and 25 ma. (formate)


348

FUEL

CELL

SYSTEMS

II

A t — 25 °C. the terminal voltage of the dry cell decreases rapidly even at a load of only 25 ma. (Figure 5 ) . Zinc and formate air cells, on the contrary, still show a relatively constant terminal voltage during the discharge period. The results are as follows:


Dry cell Formate cell Zinc cell

25 ma. 25 ma. 50 ma.

0.3 amp. hr. 5.9 amp. hr. 2.9 amp. hr.

0.4 whr. 3.0 whr. 2.5 whr.

A t — 25 °C. and one-third the current density, the energy efficiency of the formate cell is decreased by only 2 0 % compared with the room temperature value.

I

ι

0

1

Figure 5.

ι

ι

2 3 AMPERE- HOURS

ι

ι

ι

4 DISCHARGED

5

6

Discharge voltages as in Figures 3 and 4, but —25°C, 50 ma. (zinc) and 25 ma. (formate)

O n the basis of the experimental results the cells we examined can be classified as follows: 1. The dry cell can be used for one discharge only. During storage the capacity of the cells decreases owing to self-discharge. The voltage at the beginning is high but drops considerably during discharge. A t tem peratures below —10 °C. the performance is bad. A t 20 °C. and a load of 75 ma. a maximum of 4 whr. is reached. W i t h a weight of 88 grams this corresponds to an energy density of 45 whr./kg. or 20 whr./lb. 2. The zinc cell with liquid electrolyte shows a high terminal voltage and little temperature dependence. The cell can be ' recharged" several times either b y renewing the electrolyte or both electrode and electrolyte. F o r one discharge at 20 °C. and 150 ma. load the 95.5 gram cell has an energy weight of 56 whr./kg. or 25 whr./lb. Through three renewals of


25

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the electrolyte one has altogether 21.2 whr. The weight of the additional electrolyte amounts to 90 grams. This gives an energy weight of 115 whr./kg. or 52 whr./lb. for four discharges. 3. The formate cell has a terminal voltage only half as high but can be "recharged" at least five to ten times by renewing the fuel electrolyte mixture. The discharge curve is very flat and shows little temperature dependence. W i t h a weight of 80 grams (plastic cell) an energy density of 45 whr./kg. or 20 whr./lb. is reached discharging at 20°C. and with a load of 75 ma. B y discharging ten times, one has an additional electrolyte weight of 270 grams and an energy weight of 103 whr./kg. or 47 whr./lb. The discharge curves of formate cells shown i n Figures 3, 4, and 5 correspond to a formate concentration of 5 mole/liter. If the concentra tion of formate is increased to 6.5 mole/liter—which is about the optimum —the values improve as follows: For one discharge one obtains 60 whr./kg. or 26 whr./lb., for ten discharges 134 whr./kg or 61 whr./lb. These favorable values w i l l become even more obvious by working with bigger sized batteries. Experiments with a 1.85 Liter Cell for Long Operation at 300 ma.

Time

For long time operation at 300 ma. and 0.6 volt we have developed a bigger cell shown i n Figure 6. The dimensions including cap are 14.5 cm. X 9.5 cm. X 13.5 cm. = 1850 cc. The oxygen electrode shown on the left side of the drawing has an active surface of 115 cm. . The surface of the fuel electrode amounts to 150 cm. . The fuel electrode was activated with 4.5 mg. of noble metal/cm. ( P d : Pt = 9 : 1). The electrodes with the protective screen (left side of the picture) can be easily removed after turning the cap (bayonet shutter). One electrolyte filling has a volume of 1100 cc. 2

2

2

The lower part of the cell as shown i n the figure but without the electrodes is also intended to act as a container for reserve fillings. For this purpose the opening for the electrode pair ( of the reserve container ) is closed by a membrane. In order to renew the fuel electrolyte mixture one merely has to remove the set of electrodes from the used cell and to put it into the new electrolyte container. The protective screen around the electrodes breaks through the membrane. In the course of our investigations fifteen discharges have already been accomplished with one pair of electrodes. The amount of electrolyte used was, however, only 400 c e , 7.5N K O H + 5 M H C O O K . This corre sponds to a theoretical capacity of 107 amp. hr. T w o of the discharge curves at 20°C. are plotted in Figure 7 (fifth and eleventh filling). These results correspond to a current efficiency of 89 and 9 3 % respectively.



350


II

Figure 6. 250 watt hour cell for continuous operation at 300 ma. and 0.6 volt according to Reference 7 From left to right: Electrodes with protective screen, oxygen electrode with silver plated nickel grid, protective screen with fuel electrode, D-size air cell for comparison; fuel cell with electrodes inserted, cap removed 0.8

0.6

UJ

0.4

CD

0.2

20

40 60 80 AMPERE-HOURS DISCHARGED

100

Figure 7. Discharge voltages of the formate air cell according to Figure 6 at 20°C. and 300 ma. load,fifthand eleventh charge, electrolyte: 400 ce. 7.5N KOH + 5 M HCOOK The following energy data are obtained for 1100 ce. 7.5N K O H + 5 M H C O O K (gross weight of the cell 2.35 k g . ) : 300 amp. hr. and 200 watt hours (at a terminal voltage of 0.65 v o l t ) ; for one filling one obtains a value of 85 whr/kg.; for ten discharges and taking into consideration the extra weight of the electrolyte (9 X 1650 gram), one has 116 whr./kg. These values improve very much if a fuel concentration close to the optimum is used. For 6N K O H + 6.5M H C O O K one obtains 385 amp. hr.


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and 250 whr. For one filling one finally has: 106 whr./kg., 48 whr./lb., 135 whr./liter, and for ten discharges: 145 whr./kg., 66 whr./lb., 213 whr./liter. In case one replaces formate by methanol as fuel—e.g., 12N K O H + 6 M C H O H , the data obtained are even twice as good: 1090 amp. hr., 720 whr.; one filling: 306 whr./kg., ten fillings 420 whr./kg. In practice, it is mostly disadvantageous to use the above cell as the terminal voltage is only 0.5-0.7 volts. Depending on the special applica tion, one can either employ several cells in series or increase the voltage by means of a d.c./d.c. voltage converter. The cell i n Figure 6 is pro vided with a d.c./d.c. converter (0.6 to 6 volts) fitted into the cover (volume that of a match-box). However, for a voltage transformation with such a very low input voltage, one has to consider an energy loss of 30-50%.


3

The converters developed by us for the above purpose showed effi ciencies between 45 and 65%. Discussion

af

Applications

Formate and Methanol as Fuel. The simple construction and the easy method of operating the above cells with liquid fuel and air elec trodes suggests their use in a field where, up to now, dry cells and zinc air cells are employed. The advantages of the new batteries are: excellent storage qualities, constant discharge voltage, high capacity in amp. hr. and watt hours, repeated usage by renewing the fuel electrolyte mixture. The disadvantages are the relatively low terminal voltage and the use of noble metals as anode catalyst. The lower voltage can be compensated for by using a d.c./d.c. voltage converter. B y adapting the electronic elements of the transformer it is possible to work with an input voltage of 0.5 to 0.7 volts. W e ob tained conversion efficiencies of 65% for d.c./d.c. converter (0.6 volt, 300 ma. to 6 volts and 19.5 ma.). The converter can be positioned i n the battery housing; in Figure 6—e.g., it is fitted i n the cap. Weight and volume of a power unit can be reduced through the combination of a converter and a battery. In Figure 8 a transistor radio is operated by a formate air cell and a d.c./d.c. voltage transformer instead of four dry cells. The anodes of the examined cells were provided with a catalyst mixture of platinum and palladium—115 mg. palladium and 10 mg. platinum have been used for the anode of the D-sized fuel cell and 540 mg. palladium and 60 mg. platinum for that of the 1.85 liter cell. Our experiments, however, have shown that such a high noble metal content is not necessary. Investigations i n the Battelle Institute ( I ) have con-


352


firmed that even i n the case of methanol as fuel, the addition of platinum is not required. Silver has been used successfully to stabilize the palla dium. One can therefore expect that for the D-sized cell 2 mg. palladium per c m . and for the larger cell 1 mg. palladium per c m . are sufficient. The price of the noble metal would then be $0.08 for the D-sized cell and $0.22 for the 1.85 liter cell. I n case of a large production of such batteries one could, of course, regain the noble metal; this is an easy process for nickel or carbon as catalyst carrier material. Zinc Cell. The advantages of the zinc cell consist especially i n the higher voltage and loading. The small dependence of the performance on the temperature nearly equals that of the formate cell. L i q u i d fuels are superior to zinc only on the basis of watt hours per volume and weight. 2


II

2

Figure 8. Operating of a transistor radio by one formate air cell and a d.c./d.c. converter (0.6 to 6 volts); the conventionally used four dry cells are also shown Choice of a Suitable Cell. In the course of our studies we have compared formate and zinc cells with the commercial dry cells. F r o m the experimental results one should not conclude that the new elements are supposed to replace the dry cells i n general. It should be considered that the cells with a liquid electrolyte and a carbon air electrode do not yet work i n an upside down position for a long period of time. Further more, the main advantages result only through repeated use. However, every consumer can not be expected to handle caustic alkali safely.


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Right now, the new batteries can therefore be employed for special applications only. There are not solely military uses to be considered. The following civil applications may be suggested: (a) L o n g period power supply for transistored equipment i n re mote regions or for camping—e.g., radio, tape recorder, walkie-talkie-set, electric shaver, lighting purposes; (b) Electrical gadgets for which a constant discharge voltage is very important—e.g., electric clock; (c) Electrical devices which have to operate at extreme temperatures (below - 1 0 ° C ) ; (d) Ready supply of electrical energy for a long period of t i m e — e.g., i n the case of a catastrophe or emergency. (In this case the air cells and the electrolyte or the fuel electrolyte mixture should be stored separately. ) Acknowledgment W e are very pleased to acknowledge our indebtedness to the fol lowing persons and organizations: the Bundesminister der Verteidigung for support of our research work; H . W . Sendhofï and H . Stichnote for the suggestion of a special civil application. Literature

Cited

(1) Binder, H . , Köhling, Α., Kuhn, W., Lindner, W., Sandstede, G., Chem. Ing. Tech. 40, 171 (1968). (2) Funkschau 38, 138 (1966). (3) Plust, H. G., Brown Boveri u. Cie., Mitt. 53, 5 (1966). (4) Schmidt, H., Vielstich, W., Z. anal. Chem. 224, 84 (1967). (5) Vielstich, W., "Brennstoffelemente—Moderne Verfahren zur elektrochemischen Energiegewinnung," Verlag Chemie, Weinheim, 1965. (6) Vielstich, W., "Hydrocarbon Fuel Cell Technology," p. 79, B. S. Baker, Ed., Academic Press Inc., New York, 1965. (7) Vielstich, W., Vogel, U., Sendhoff, H . W., Stichnote, H . (unpublished). RECEIVED November 2 0 ,

1967.


Liquid Fuel Air and Zinc Air Primary Cells

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