Literature of Carbon Black - Advances in Chemistry (ACS Publications)

32 Literature of Carbon Black

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H A N N A F R I E D E N S T E I N , BARBARA M . DAVIS, and C O N S T A N C E A. E P P E L Cabot Corp., Boston, Mass.

Carbon by

black is a finely divided

incomplete

hydrocarbons

combustion rubber;

which

represents

information

of sources, varied mation

on carbon

of such materials

plastics,

a typical

is recorded

produced

decomposition

other applications

ing ink, paints and varnishes, black

thermal

and used chiefly as a reinforcing

natural and synthetic bon

form of carbon

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both

are in

print-

adsorbents,

etc.

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filler for

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field

a wide

both in form and subject coverage. black is found as rubber,

and colloids.

Information

found mainly

in

throughout

petroleum, on carbon

plastics,

the

on

variety Inforliterature

paints,

inks,

black manufacture

is

patents.

T

he point of departure for a literature search on carbon black depends on the investigator. A laboratory chemist, believing that carbon black is some type of soot, may reach for Chemical Abstracts or for one of the rubber trade journals since he knows that carbon black is used i n rubber. A literature chemist w i l l turn first to an encyclopedia, hopefully Kirk-Othmer's " E n c y c l o pedia of Chemical Technology." A t present it contains the best and most recent general review article on carbon black by W . R. Smith, including a section by D . C . Bean on acetylene black, a related product. Besides encyclopedias the usual sources of general information are textbooks and review articles. U n t i l the recent publication of " C a r b o n Black T e c h nology—Recent Developments" by R. Powell, there was no "text book" on carbon black. Mantell's " C a r b o n and Graphite Handbook" contains several pertinent chapters, and Walker's "Chemistry and Physics of C a r b o n " is another useful source. Several other recent books include chapters on carbon black technology, and a two-volume reference work, " L e s Carbones," was published i n 1965, i n F r e n c h . A comprehensive, relatively recent review of carbon black technology by Slaniceanu is an excellent source for general background and references to the literature, particularly i n conjunction w i t h a separate b i b l i 515 In Literature of Chemical Technology; Smith, J.; Advances in Chemistry; American Chemical Society: Washington, DC, 1968.


516

LITERATURE

OF CHEMICAL TECHNOLOGY

ography and other appendices w h i c h are obtainable from the librarian of the Research C o u n c i l of Alberta. Strictly speaking, the term carbon black could be any form of finely divided carbon. However, it generally means only those forms of carbon w h i c h are produced by incomplete combustion or thermal decomposition of hydrocarbon gases, vapors or atomized liquids, such as natural gas, Various petroleum fractions, or coal tars. W h e n acetylene is the raw material, the product is a very finely divided carbon known as "acetylene black." " L a m p black" belongs to the same family as the carbon blacks but is made from l i q u i d hydrocarbons i n bulk and, for historical reasons, is usually considered separately i n the literature. U n t i l the late 1940's the term carbon black was synonymous with "gas black," w h i c h , i n turn, usually meant "channel black." N o w , it may mean black made from either gas or oil by any of the usual manufacturing processes. Translations, especially from French or Russian, often use the term "lampblack" when "carbon black" should be used. Both terms should be searched. Sometimes "active carbon black" is used i n the German and Russian literature to mean carbon black for rubber reinforcement. This should not be confused w i t h "active" or "activated" carbon as used i n American terminology. Incidentally, the German w o r d "Russ" can also mean "soot." Three main processes are used to manufacture carbon black proper—the channel, furnace, and thermal processes—each of w h i c h can be adjusted to produce various grades for various purposes. The m a i n consumer of carbon black is the rubber industry. F o r various reasons, many of w h i c h are still under investigation, carbon black acts as a reinforcing agent, to make both natural and synthetic rubber m u c h tougher than unreinforced rubber. Other markets for carbon black include printing inks, coatings, plastics, paper, batteries, catalysts, greases, electrodes, metallurgy, propellants, and textiles. In many of these applications, carbon black functions as a pigment, and small amounts go a long way. Economic

and Industrial

Information

Once the searcher knows how a material is made, what its properties are, and how it is used, he knows where to look for more specific information. H i s next question is: who makes it? The "Rubber R e d Book," the standard directory of the rubber industry, gives a basic list of all U . S . carbon black producers as does the "Minerals Yearbook," w h i c h also includes plant locations; the preprint on carbon black is usually available several months before the whole yearbook is published. N e w plants and expansion plans of the industry are reported regularly i n most of the petroleum periodicals—e.g., Oil and Gas Journal, Hydrocarbon Processing, and Petro/Chem Engineer, with summary tabulations appearing at regular intervals. Hydrocarbon Processing, for example, issues a list of new plants three times a year. Expansion is also reported i n Chemical ù Engineering News, Chemical Week, and the Oil, Paint and Drug Reporter and i n the news sections of such journals as Rubber World, Rubber Age, and Chemical Engineering. T h e latter publishes a list of new plants and facilities twice a year. Carbon black plants outside the U n i t e d States are also announced in foreign rubber trade publications. Rubber and

In Literature of Chemical Technology; Smith, J.; Advances in Chemistry; American Chemical Society: Washington, DC, 1968.


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FRiEDENSTEiN E T A L .

Carbon

517

Black

Plastics Age periodically includes updated lists of carbon black producers i n the form of removable edge-punched cards. A summary of plant expansion i n Europe was published i n Chemical ir Engineering News ( F e b . 22, 1965). Production capacities for specific plants of individual companies are given in the "Directory of Chemical Producers." News items or detailed descriptions of new plants often include capacity data. Production of those carbon black plants i n Texas w h i c h use natural gas as raw material are published monthly in Texas Carbon Bhck Report. T h e figures given in these reports are those of the Texas Railroad Commission. Total U . S . production, consumption, exports, and imports are reported by the U . S . Bureau of Mines. Prices may be found i n the Oil, Paint and Drug Reporter and, of course, i n the price-lists of the suppliers. Rubber Age and Rubber World publish the prices of rubber-grade blacks i n alternate monthly issues. European prices appear i n the weekly European Chemical News. G o o d secondary sources of economic and industrial information are the loose-leaf " C h e m i c a l Economics Handbook" w h i c h gives statistics i n convenient tabular and graphical form and is updated periodically; the monthly Chemical Market Abstracts; and, for current awareness, the weekly Chemical Horizons. A brief profile of the U . S . carbon black market was published i n the Oil, Paint and Drug Reporter (Sept. 7, 1964) and an up-dated version appears i n " C h e m ical Profiles." Technological

and Scientific

Information

on Carbon

Black

Manufacture

Detailed technological information on carbon black manufacturing processes, equipment, and processing can be found i n patents. A n excellent review of carbon black patents is presented i n " C a r b o n Black Technology—Recent Developments" by R. Powell. The pertinent U . S . Patent Office class and subclasses are listed i n the b i b liography. Some patents on supplementary processing {e.g., collection, pelletization ) are classed according to the type of operation used, but a cross-reference copy w i l l usually be found i n one of the carbon black classes also. In searching carbon black patents outside the U . S . Patent Office, remember that most of the patents on manufacturing and processing of carbon black have been assigned to the following companies: Cabot C o r p . (formerly Godfrey L . Cabot, I n c . ) , Columbian Carbon C o . , Continental Carbon C o . , J . M . H u b e r Corp., Phillips Petroleum Co., S i d Richardson Carbon C o . , Thermatomic C a r b o n C o . , U n i t e d Carbon C o . , and, more recently, Commercial Solvents C o r p . and A s h l a n d O i l and Refining C o . The most important foreign companies to w h i c h carbon black patents are assigned are Deutsche G o l d - u n d Silber-Scheideanstalt, k n o w n as Degussa ( G e r m a n y ) , and Shawinigan Chemicals L t d . ( C a n a d a ) , manufacturers of acetylene black. Shell International Research Maatschappij (Netherlands) and Badische A n i l i n & Sodafabrik (Germany) hold a number of foreign patents, mostly on collection processes. Since i n some foreign countries patent applications are not processed as rigorously as i n the U n i t e d States, foreign patents based on U . S . applications are frequently published several years before the U . S . patent appears. Thus, B e l gian, F r e n c h and, more recently, D u t c h and German patents can sometimes pro-



518

LITERATURE

OF CHEMICAL

TECHNOLOGY

vide the first indication of a new process, device, or product developed i n the U . S . or elsewhere. Derwent Information Service i n L o n d o n publishes several abstract services w h i c h are useful i n keeping currently aware of such patents. M a n y of the actual patents can also be purchased through Derwent. Some aspects of carbon black process technology are covered i n the recent Russian chemical, petroleum, and rubber literature. M u c h of this is now available in English translations. In addition, several papers on the mechanism of carbon formation and other fundamental aspects of carbon black technology have appeared i n the proceedings of the Conferences on Carbon and of the International Symposia on Combustion and i n such periodicals as Carbon, Combustion and Flame, and Fuel. Occasionally information appears i n U . S . Government reports. Theses and dissertations are another source of information. A sampling of foreign theses is listed i n the bibliography. F o r American theses, Dissertation Abstracts is probably the best source. As a guide to the current literature on carbon black technology generally, Cabot C o r p . issues Carbon Black Abstracts, a quarterly abstract bulletin. W h i l e primarily designed for Cabot personnel and customers, it is occasionally made available to others. Other secondary sources (all of which are used i n the compilation of Carbon Black Abstracts) are listed i n the bibliography, under Abstracts and Information Services. Fundamental

Properties

of Carbon

Black

Most of the literature on carbon black, apart from patents, is concerned w i t h the properties and applications of the product. F o r example, the surface characteristics and other fundamental properties of carbon blacks have been studied extensively and have been reported i n the rubber and polymer literature, i n the proceedings of the Conferences on Carbon, i n Carbon, and i n A m e r i can, French, German, British, and Russian journals i n the fields of physical, colloidal, polymer, and general chemistry. The most important are included in the bibliography under Periodicals. A basic review paper on surface chemistry of carbon black i n relation to its reinforcing properties was published by Studebaker i n 1957. A review article by H e c k m a n on the microstructure of carbon black appeared i n 1964. In September 1963, a symposium on physical chemistry of carbon black was held i n France; it included several important papers. Proceedings were published i n Revue Générale du Caoutchouc and also as a separate volume. In July 1964, the Carbon Society of Japan sponsored a Symposium on Carbon i n Tokyo. Other conferences were sponsored by the Société de C h i m i e Physique i n 1960 and by the Society of Chemical Industry, L o n d o n , i n 1957 and 1965. W o r k on the physiological effects of carbon black has been reported i n medical journals such as Archives of Environmental Health. Rubber

Applications

Since the rubber industry is the largest user of carbon black (approximately 9 5 % ), a large proportion of the literature appears i n the scientific and



32.


Carbon

Black

519

trade journals on rubber and other polymers; the most important of these are included i n the bibliography. Kautschuk und Gummi and Revue Générale du Caoutchouc also contain abstract sections w h i c h are useful secondary sources of the foreign journal and patent literature. Incidentally, many articles i n Revue Générale du Caoutchouc have recently appeared i n both F r e n c h and English. The Russian Kauchuk i Rezina is being translated into English, but the English version does not appear for about a year. A large proportion of the articles in Rubber Chemistry and Technology are reprints or translations. Other important sources are the various international conferences and symposia on rubber technology. Secondary sources w h i c h are sometimes helpful i n locating rubber literature are the Annual Reports of the Progress of Rubber Technology and the Bibliography of Rubber Literature; the latter is published biennially, but very late, by the Division of Rubber Chemistry of the American Chemical Society. T h e latest volume at present covers the literature for 1963-64. A more up-to-date version may eventually result from the polymer information retrieval project established experimentally at the Center for Information Systems, University of A k r o n , i n 1965. This Center currently publishes two weekly abstract bulletins, Polymer Literature Abstracts and Polymer Industry News, and maintains a computer-based information retrieval system, from w h i c h subscribers can obtain bibliographies on demand. This system covers only the periodical literature, where as C h e m i c a l Abstracts Service offers similar services based on both patents (Post-P) and journals (Post-J). As a guide to the current as w e l l as the older rubber literature there is RAPRA Abstracts, an excellent abstract journal published b y the Rubber and Plastics Research Association of Great Britain. G o o d review articles appear i n Rubber Reviews, w h i c h is the December issue of Rubber Chemistry and Technology. Several examples are included i n the bibliography under Reviews. There is one recent textbook on rubber reinforcement, edited by Kraus, and chapters on this subject are included i n many books on rubber technology (e.g., the text by N a u n t o n ) . Information on carbon black properties and applications also appears i n technical brochures issued by manufacturers and consumers. Bulletins of the major rubber companies, i n particular, frequently include recipes and properties of rubber composition for specific applications. They are too numerous to be listed i n the bibliography. A good secondary source for specific rubber compositions is the Rubber Formulary, issued as extracted data on coded edgenotched cards. The Rubber Formufory also includes formulations used b y the rubber industry to meet specifications and standards issued b y various organizations. Besides individual companies, the most important of these are the American Society for Testing and Materials and the British Standards Institution. Specifications for a l l types of industries are also issued b y the U . S . G o v ernment. A selection is included i n the bibliography. Non-rubber

Applications

A few articles on carbon black appear i n the trade journals of the ink, paint, and plastics industries and i n the proceedings of conferences such as the F A T I P E C Congress. However, information on carbon black i n these applica-



520

LITERATURE


tions is usually incidental i n articles on some wider aspect. Not m u c h of it is indexed under carbon black i n Chemical Abstracts or elsewhere. In these areas it is especially useful to scan the current trade journals as w e l l as current issues of Chemical Titles, Chemical Abstracts, and RAPRA Abstracts and to i n dex relevant articles for future retrieval from the point of view of the carbon black manufacturer and user. Patents are another source of information on special applications. A comprehensive review of the applications of carbon black outside the rubber industry was originally presented as a sales talk by I. D r o g i n of U n i t e d Carbon C o . and subsequently published (see Reviews). This paper makes no attempt to give a comprehensive survey of the literature of carbon black, w h i c h currently amounts to about 1000 items per year, including patents. Rather, it is a guide to the carbon black literature and suggests how to make a comprehensive search of various aspects of carbon black technology.

BIBLIOGRAPHY Sources of Technical and Scientific Information

Reviews Drogin, I., "Carbon Black as a Pigment—A Survey of the Role of Carbon Black in Non-rubber Industries," Color Eng. 2, 12-32 (March 1964), 172 refs. Heckman, F. Α., "Microstructure of Carbon Black," Rubber Chem. Technol. 37, 12451298 (1964), 92 refs. Hess, W. M., Ford, F. P., "Microscopy of Pigment-Elastomer Systems," Rubber Chem. Technol. 36, 1175-1229 ( 1963), 119 refs. Slaniceanu, R. D., "Carbon Black Technology," Proc. Symp. Alberta Petrochem. Ind., 1962, p. 111-133 (Research Council of Alberta, Contribution 171). Extensive appendices, including a selective bibliography, available from Librarian, Research Council of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada. Smith, W. R., Bean, D. C., "Carbon Black," "Kirk-Othmer Encyclopedia of Chemical Technology," A. Standen, ed., 2nd ed., vol. 4, Wiley (Interscience), New York, 1964, p. 243-282. 94 refs. Stickney, P. B., Falb, R. D., "Carbon Black-Rubber Interactions and Bound Rubber," Rubber Chem. Technol. 37, 1299-1340 (1964), 128 refs. Studebaker, M . L., "The Chemistry of Carbon Black and Reinforcement," Rubber Chem. Technol. 30, 1400-1483 (1957), 146 refs. Books and Chapters Mantell, C. L., "Industrial Carbon and Graphite Handbook," Wiley (Interscience), New York, 1968, 538 pp. Morton, M., ed., "Introduction to Rubber Technology," Reinhold Publishing Corp., New York, 1959. (Chap. 8; "Carbon Black," J. W. Snyder, M. H. Leonard, p. 172212). Naunton, W. J. S., ed., "The Applied Science of Rubber," Arnold, London, 1961. (Chap. 7 on rubber reinforcement: Part 1, Theoretical and basic principles of rein forcement, by A. F. Blanchard, pp. 414-474; Part II, Practice and technology of reinforcement by C. H. Leigh-Dugmore, pp. 475-505). Powell, R., "Carbon Black Technology—Recent Developments," Noyes Development Corp., Park Ridge, N. J., 1968, 242 pp. Kraus, G., ed., "Reinforcement of Elastomers," Interscience, New York, 1965, 611 pp. Ryerson Institute of Technology, "Course in Advanced Rubber Technology," Toronto, Canada, 1961 (Part I includes: Lecture No. 8, Carbon black manufacture and basic properties, by C. W. Sweitzer, pp. 198-221; Lecture No. 9, Properties and performance of carbon black, by Ε. M. Dannenberg, pp. 222-252).


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AL.

Carbon

Black

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Steiner, H., ed., "Introduction to Petroleum Chemicals," Pergamon Press, London, 1961 (Chapter on carbon black, by B. Thorley, pp. 162-194). Groupe Francais d'Etudes des Carbones, "Les Carbones," Masson et Cie., Paris, 1965 (2 vols., includes three chapters on carbon black, by J. B. Donnet). Walker, P. L., ed., "Chemistry and Physics of Carbon," Vol. 1, Arnold, London, 1965, 250 pp. (Monograph series of Recent Advances).


Conference Proceedings American Carbon Committee Conferences on Carbon: 1st, 1953, and 2nd, 1955, Buffalo, Proceedings published by University of Buffalo, 1956; 3rd, Buffalo, 1958, Pergamon Press, 1959; 4th, Buffalo, 1960, Pergamon Press, 1960; 5th, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pa., 1961, Macmillan, vol. 1, 1962; vol. 2, 1963; 6th, Pittsburgh, Pa., 1963, published in Carbon 1 (Oct. 1963). Symposium (International) on Combustion, 8th, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, Calif., 1960, Williams & Wilkins, Baltimore, Md., 1962; 9th, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York, 1962, Academic Press, New York, 1963. Symposium on Physical Chemistry of Carbon Black, Mulhouse, France, Sept. 1963, Proceedings in: Rev. Gen. Caoutchouc 41 (March 1964). F.A.T.I.P.E.C. (Federation d'Associations de Techniciens des Industries des Peintures, Vernis, Emaux et Encres d'Imprimerie de l'Europe Continentale), 6th Congress, Wiesbaden, Germany, 1962; 7th Congress, Vichy, France, 1964, Verlag Chemie, Weinheim, Germany. International Institute of Synthetic Rubber Producers, 5th annual meeting, Tokyo, Japan, 1964. Selected papers published in Revue Generaledu Caoutchouc, 1964. International Rubber Conference, Washington, D. C., 1959, Proceedings, American Chemical Society, Washington, D. C., 1959, 616 pp. International Rubber Conference, Paris, France, 1962, Proceedings,Societed'Editions Technique Continentale, 1963, 370 pp. International Rubber Conference, Brighton, England, 1967, Proceedings, Maclaren, London, 1968. International Synthetic Rubber Symposia, Papers to Third Symposium, London, 1964, published concurrently in Rubber and Plastics Age (London) and Rubber Age (New York). Rubber Technology Conferences, Institution of the Rubber Industry, London: 1st, 1938; 2nd, 1948; 3rd, 1954; 4th, 1962 (pub. 1963). Societe de Chimie Physique, 10th meeting, "Structure of Graphite and Kinetics of its Reactions," Proceedings in: J. Chimie Physique 57, No. 10 (Oct. 1960) and 58, No. 1 (Jan. 1961). Society of Chemical Industry, "Industrial Carbon and Graphite," London, 1957 (Pub. 1958); second conference, London, 1965. Sveriges Gummitekniska Forenings (Swedish Institution of Rubber Technology), "Symposium on Mixing Technique with Special Emphasis on Dispersion," Falsterbo, Sweden, 1964 (SGF Publ. 24). Theses (Foreign) Bouland, J. C., "Electron Microscope Study of Oxidized Carbon Black," Ph.D. Thesis, Strasbourg University, 1964, 86 pp. Davies, T., "The Granulation of Carbon Black," Ph.D. Thesis, Victoria University of Manchester, May 1960, 136 pp. Dworjanyn, O., "Studies on the Abrasion Reinforcement of Carbon Black Blends of Elastomers," M.S. Thesis, University of New South Wales, Australia, 1962, 227 pp. Narasimhan, K. S., "Kinetics of Soot Formation in a Turbulent Combustion System with Methane," Ph.D. Thesis, University of Sheffield, April 1964, 101 pp. Manufacturers' Literature Cabot Corp., 125 High St., Boston, Mass. 02110: Technical Reports, RG-series. Miscellaneous technical bulletins. Columbian Carbon Co., 380 Madison Ave., New York, Ν. Y. 10017: Technical Service Reports.



522

LITERATURE


"Carbon Black for Protective and Decorative Coatings," L. J. Venuto, 1953 (looseleaf). "Columbian Carbons in Natural and Synthetic Rubbers," Vol. 1, 1954; Vol. 2, 1957 (looseleaf). "Columbian Colloidal Carbons for Ink," L. J. Venuto, 1956 (looseleaf). "Columbian Colloidal Carbon Series" (Reprints of published articles). J. M. Huber Corp., 630 Third Ave., New York, Ν. Y. 10017: "Huber Rubber Products Manual," 1958Miscellaneous technical bulletins. Phillips Petroleum Co., Rubber Chemicals Division, 318 Water St., Akron, Ohio 44308: Rubber Chemicals Bulletins (formerly issued as Philblack Bulletins). "Philblack and Philprene Formulary" (looseleaf). United Carbon Co., 410 Park Ave., New York, Ν. Y. 10022: Preliminary application reports. Product data. "Techniques" (Vol. 1, 1964 on). Specifications and Standards American Society for Testing and Materials, "Book of ASTM Standards," Philadelphia, Part 28 of 1967 ed. includes rubber and carbon black, annual. British Standards Institution: BS-284: carbon black for paints (1952). BS-903: Part Β 14: methods of testing vulcanized rubber; determination of car bon black (1964). BS-1714: Part 1: handling carbon black; loading and stowing in ships (1951). BS-1714: Part 2: discharge from ships and inland transportation (1952). 2D-30: Amendment CF 7329: carbon black (for aircraft dope) (Jan. 1941). U.S. Federal Specifications: TT-P-343: pigment, carbon-black, dry (Jan. 1959). TT-P-350a: pigment, lampblack-dry (Sept. 1961). TT-P-381c: pigments-in-oil; tinting colors (Sept. 1955) (includes carbon black and lampblack). U.S. Military Specifications: MIL-C-00306A: carbon black, dry (for use in explosives). MIL-C-11403A: carbon, technical (carbon blacks). U.S. Military Standard: MS-36030: carbon black, dry (for use in explosives). U.S. Signal Corps., SCL-3129:1950, technical requirements for carbon black, military battery grade. Periodicals American Ink Maker, McNair-Dorland Co., 254 West 31st St., New York, Ν. Y. 10001, monthly. Archives of Environmental Health, American Medical Association, 535 North Dear born St., Chicago, Ill. 60610, monthly. Carbon, Pergamon Press, 4401 21st St., Long Island City, Ν. Y. 11101, quarterly. Chemical Engineering, McGraw-Hill Book Co., 330 West 42nd St., New York, Ν. Y. 10036, biweekly. Chemical and Engineering News, American Chemical Society, 1155 Sixteenth St., N.W., Washington, D. C. 20036, weekly. Chemical Week, McGraw-Hill Book Co., 330 West 42nd St., New York, Ν. Y. 10001, weekly. Combustion and Flame, Butterworth & Co., Ltd., 88 Kingsway, London WC2, Eng land, quarterly. Comptes Rendus, Academie des Sciences, Gauthier-Villars Imprimeur-Libraire, Quai des Grandes-Augustins 55, Paris 6e, weekly. Doklady Akademii Nauk SSSR (Proceedings of the Academy of Sciences of the USSR, Chemistry Section), Consultants Bureau Enterprises, Inc., 227 West 17th St., New York, Ν. Y. 10001, bimonthly. European Chemical News, Heywood-Temple Industrial Publications, Ltd., Bowling Green Lane, London EC1, England, weekly. Fuel, Butterworth & Co., Ltd., monthly.



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Hydrocarbon Processing-Petroleum Refiner, Gulf Publishing Co., Box 2608, Houston, Tex. 77001, monthly. Industrial and Engineering Chemistry, American Chemical Society, monthly; Funda mentals, quarterly; Product Research and Development, quarterly. Journal de Chimie Physique et de Physicochimie Biologique, Societe de Chimie Physique, 11 rue Pierre-Curie, Paris 5e, monthly. Journal of Applied Physics, American Institute of Physics, 335 East 45th St., New York, Ν. Y. 10001, monthly. Journal of Applied Polymer Science, Interscience Publishers, 605 Third Ave., New York, Ν. Y. 10001, monthly. Journal of the Chemical Society, Burlington House, Piccadilly, London W1, England, monthly. Journal of the IRI, Rubber and Technical Press, Ltd., 25 Lloyd Baker St., London WC1, England, bimonthly. Journal of the Oil & Colour Chemists' Association, Wax Chandlers' Hall, Gresham St., London EC2, England, monthly. Journal of Physical Chemistry, American Chemical Society, monthly. Journal of Polymer Science, Interscience publishers, monthly. Kauchuk i Rezina (Soviet Rubber Technology), translation available from Rubber and Plastics Research Association of Great Britain, Shawbury, Shrewsbury, Shrop shire, England, monthly. Kautschuk und Gummi-Kunstoffe Asbest, Verlag für Radio-Foto-Kinotechnik, GmbH, 141-167 Eichborndamm, Berlin-Borsigwalde, Germany, monthly. Kolloidnyi Zhurnal (Colloid Journal), Consultants Bureau Enterprises, Inc., monthly. Materials Research and Standards, American Society for Testing and Materials, 1916 Race St., Philadelphia, Pa. 19104, monthly. Modern Plastics, 575 Madison Ave., New York, Ν. Y. 10001, monthly. Nippon Gomu Kyokaishi (Journal of the Society of Rubber Industry; Japan), 6 Shibashimbashi, Minatoku, Tokyo, Japan, monthly. Oil and Gas Journal, Petroleum Publishing Co., 211 South Cheyenne Ave., Tulsa, Okla. 74103, monthly. Oil, Paint and Drug Reporter, Schnell Publishing Co., 100 Church St., New York, Ν. Y. 10007, weekly, Paint and Varnish Production, Powell Magazines, Inc., 855 Avenue of the Americas, New York, Ν. Y. 10001, monthly. Paint Manufacture, Leonard Hill, Ltd., The Tower, Brook Green Rd., Hammersmith, London W6, England, monthly. Petro/Chem Engineer, Petroleum Engineer Publishing Co., Davis Bldg., Box 1589, Dallas, Tex. 75221, monthly. Revue Generaledu Caoutchouc et des Plastiques, 42 Rue Scheffer, Paris 16e, France, monthly. Rubber Age, Palmerton Publishing Co., 101 West 31st St., New York, Ν. Y. 10001, monthly. Rubber and Plastics Age, Rubber and Technical Press, Ltd., Gaywood House, Great Peter St., London SW1, England, monthly. Rubber Chemistry and Technology, Division of Rubber Chemistry, American Chemi cal Society, Prince and Lemon Sts., Lancaster, Pa. 17601, quarterly. Rubber Journal, Maclaren Group, Davis House, 69-77 High St., Croyden, Surrey, England, monthly. Rubber World, Bill Brothers Publishing Corp., 630 Third Ave., New York, Ν. Y. 10001, monthly. SPE (Society of Plastics Engineers) Journal, 65 Prospect St., Stamford, Conn. 06904, monthly. Transactions of the Faraday Society, 6 Gray's Inn Square, London WC1, England, monthly. Transactions and Proceedings of the Institution of the Rubber Industry, name changed to Journal of the IRI, which see. Zhurnal Fizicheskoi Khimii (Russian Journal of Physical Chemistry), translation available from the Chemical Society, Burlington House, Piccadilly, London W1, England, monthly.



524

LITERATURE


Abstracts and Information Services Annual Reports on the Progress of Rubber Technology, Institution of the Rubber Industry, 4 Kensington Palace Gardens, London, England, annual. Bibliography of Rubber Literature, Division of Rubber Chemistry, American Chemical Society, Prince and Lemon Sts., Lancaster, Pa. 17601, biennial. Carbon Black Abstracts, Technical Information Service, Cabot Corp., 38 Memorial Dr., Cambridge, Mass., quarterly (limited distribution; no published indexes). Chemical Abstracts, American Chemical Society, 1155 Sixteenth St., N.W., Wash ington, D. C. 20036, weekly. Year Section 1912 21. Fuels, Gas & Coke 22. Petroleum, Asphalt, Coal Tar, & Wood Products 1915 21. Fuels, Gas, Tar, & Coke 22. Petroleum, Asphalt, & Wood Products 1961 21. Fuels & Coal Products 1962 53. Coal & Coal Derivatives 1963 26. Coal & Coal Derivatives 1967 52. Coal & Coal Derivatives Chemical Titles, American Chemical Society, biweekly (no indexes). Derwent Belgian Patent Reports, published irregularly in two sections, Delayed and Non-delayed, Derwent Information Service, Rochdale House, Theobalds Rd., Lon don WC1, England (no indexes). Dissertation Abstracts, University Microfilms, Inc., 313 North First St., Ann Arbor, Mich., monthly. Fuel Abstracts, published for Department of Scientific and Industrial Research, Fuel Research Station, by Her Majesty's Stationery Office, London, monthly. Polymer Literature Abstracts, Center for Information Systems, University of Akron, Akron, Ohio, weekly. Post-J, Chemical Abstracts Service, Columbus, Ohio biweekly (also on magnetic tape). Post-P, Chemical Abstracts Service, biweekly (also on magnetic tape). RAPRA Abstracts, Rubber and Plastics Research Association of Great Britain, Shawbury, Shrewsbury, Shropshire, England, monthly. Rubber Formulary, abstracts on edge-notched punched cards, issued by the Rubber Formulary, 2811 Adeline St., Oakland, Calif., monthly. U.S. Government Research&Development Reports, published for the Clearinghouse for Federal Scientific and Technical Information (formerly Office of Technical Services) by Superintendent of Documents, Washington, D. C. 20402, semimonthly. Official Gazette, published for the U.S. Patent Office by Superintendent of Documents, weekly. Sources of Economic Information Books "Chemical Economics Handbook," Stanford Research Institute, Menlo Park, Calif., looseleaf. "Chemical Profiles," Profiles," Schnell Publishing Co., Co., New New York, York, Ν. Ν. Y., Y., loose loose leaf. leaf. "Directory of Chemical Producers," Stanford Research Institute, Menlo Park, Calif., looseleaf. "Rubber Red Book," directory of the rubber industry, Rubber Age (Palmerton), New York, annual. "Minerals Yearbook," U.S. Bureau of Mines, Washington, D. C., annual. "Minerals Yearbook," U.S. Bureau of Mines, Washington, D. C., annual. Abstracts and Periodic Data Compilations Abstracts and Periodic DatainCompilations Chemical Horizons, published two parts: North American Report and Overseas Report, Horizons, Chemical Horizons, 274parts: Madison Ave., New York, Ν. Y., weekly (no Chemical published Inc., in two North American Report and Overseas indexes). Report, Chemical Horizons, Inc., 274 Madison Ave., New York, Ν. Y., weekly (no Chemical indexes).Market Abstracts, Chemical Horizons, Inc., monthly. Polymer News, Center for Information weekly. ChemicalIndustry Market Abstracts, Chemical Horizons,Systems, Inc., monthly. Texas Carbon Black Report, R. W. & Co.,Systems, Austin, Tex., monthly. Polymer Industry News, Center for Byram Information weekly. U.S. Bureau of Mines, Mineral Industry Surveys: Carbon Black Texas Carbon Black Report, R. W. Byram & Co., Austin, Tex.,(monthly) monthly. and Carbon Black (annual). U.S. Bureau of Mines, Mineral Industry Surveys: Carbon Black (monthly) and Carbon Black (annual).


32.


Carbon Bhck

525

Patents The following U.S. patent class and subclasses contain information on carbon black. Class: Subclass 23: 209.1-209.9; 259.5-259.9; 314


RECEIVED March 15, 1965. Based on a paper presented before the Division of Chemical Literature at the 124th meeting of the American Chemical Society at Chicago, Sept. 7, 1953. Updated 1968.


Literature of Carbon Black - Advances in Chemistry (ACS Publications)

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