37 The Literature of Rocket Construction Materials AUGUSTUS WALKER Avco Corp., Research and Advanced Development Division, Wilmington, Mass. 1
A review of the literature of rocket construction materials is complicated by a number of factors. Among these are the relative newness of the field, the variety, novelty, and complexity of the materials currently used in the various portions of a rocket, and the fact that a significant portion of the literature is classified or proprietary in nature. Within the limitations imposed by this situation, the literature review considers materials according to the region of the rocket in which they are used, types of materials, types of rockets, and technical problems encountered. The literature is available as periodicals, abstracts and indexing services, books and symposia volumes, and bibliographies.
A
review of the literature of rocket construction materials is complicated by a number of factors. T h e discipline itself is not clearly defined, a n d the material problems relating to rockets are distributed over a wide a n d varied body of literature. Thus, one finds articles i n periodicals devoted to rockets a n d missiles, aerospace, material science, metallurgy, ceramics, a n d plastics. I n a d d i tion, a vast proportion of the literature is contained i n government or industry reports, many of w h i c h require a "need to k n o w " even if they are not classified or proprietary. Although the field is relatively new, the intense interest i n aerospace problems has stimulated the production of a vast quantity of literature much of w h i c h is topical i n nature, and there is a noteworthy lack of serious general reviews. It is a great help i n locating literature sources if the searcher is aware of some of the general materials problems i n the rocket field. This allows h i m to confine his search to sources covering the proper k i n d of materials. It is especially important to realize that the environmental conditions to w h i c h rocket materials of construction are exposed r u n a gamut w h i c h extends from the 1
Present adress: Director of Research, Polymer C o r p , Reading, Pa. 616
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cryogenic temperatures of l i q u i d oxygen, nitrogen, and hydrogen to temperatures of from 5000-8000°F. w h i c h exist i n the rocket throat. In addition, from a structural point of view, there are problems of vibration, noise, buffeting, fluttering, internal pressures, longitudinal thrust owing to the high acceleration and uneven heating caused both by aerodynamic friction and exhaust products. Furthermore, the materials employed must be resistant to the attack of extremely corrosive liquids and gases, light i n weight, and of h i g h reliability. The portion of the structure exposed to the atmosphere must be able to w i t h stand high-temperature oxidation, and since the rocket may be designed for lengthy voyages i n space, all components must be resistant to the effects of the space vacuum and radiation as well. Liquid- and Solid-Propellant
Rockets
There is a general difference between liquid-propellant rockets and solidpropellant rockets w h i c h is relevant to identifying and classifying material problems. L i q u i d Propellant. The liquid-propellant rocket is designed around the fuel and oxidizer tanks i n w h i c h the fuel and oxidizer (which may be either highly corrosive or cryogenic) are stored and fed to the turbo pump for delivery to the combustion chamber. This system involves considerable complex machinery, pumps, valves, p i p i n g , etc., a l l of which must be highly reliable. In general, the materials of construction for this type of rocket are high strength-to-density ratio metals such as magnesium, aluminum, titanium, and steel. Since the l i q u i d rocket chamber is generally cooled by the circulation of propellant i n the walls, it need not be made of an extremely refractory material, but strength, thermal conductivity, and vibration resistance are important. Solid Propellant. The solid-propellant rocket is basically less complex since it is composed primarily of the solid fuel, the external case, and the rocket nozzle and exit cone. Solid-propellant rockets generally have a considerably higher acceleration than l i q u i d systems; hence the thrust loads are higher, and the aerodynamic heating of the external skin may be quite severe. In addition, the solid system generates considerable pressure i n the case so that high-strength materials are necessary. Since it is essential that the propellant remain intact and free from cracks during use, the system must be designed w i t h a great deal of stiffness to eliminate bending. Finally, no cooling system is available for the rocket nozzle; hence recourse must be had to refractory or ablative materials. Thus, while the materials technology for liquid-propellant systems is based largely on metals, the materials technology for solid-propellant systems is frequently based on high-strength-to-weight composites w h i c h include (as w e l l as metals) systems such as filament-wound plastics (for the casing) and either ceramics, refractory metals, or ablative plastics for the rocket nozzle. T y p i c a l materials applications for solid and l i q u i d rockets are indicated diagrammatically i n Figures 1 and 2. The problem of nuclear and related rockets is complicated by the requirement that many of the materials must withstand the effects of nuclear radiation as well.
618
Figure 1.
LITERATURE
Représentative
OF CHEMICAL
materials in solid rocket construction
TECHNOLOGY
(not to scale)
Future technological developments w i l l complicate this somewhat oversimplified picture. Current work on " h y b r i d " systems, part solid and part l i q u i d w i t h problems and advantages of both systems, are an example, as is new work on expandable exit cones, partially liquid-cooled solids, and consumable cases. In reviewing the literature, the term "rocket construction materials" has been taken to include all portions of the rocket, such as the case, fuel tanks, pumps, p i p i n g , insulation, nozzles, seals, lubricants, gaskets, and adhesives. Propellants are covered i n another article i n this book. Furthermore, the materials problems associated w i t h the electronics and guidance and control portions of the system have been touched only indirectly. General Abstracts and Indexes Unclassified Literature. F o r the reader who is a nonparticipant i n government contracts and has no "need to know," the best source is a combination of the International Aerospace Abstracts, w h i c h is published by the Technical Information Service of the American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics,
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and the Scientific and Technical Aerospace Reports (STAR), w h i c h is p u b lished by the Office of Scientific and Technical Information of the National Aeronautics and Space Administration ( N A S A ) . These two abstract services are coordinated; each is published twice a month so that one comes out each week. The International Aerospace Abstracts covers books, periodicals, and other published media. The Scientific and Technical Aerospace Reports covers scientific and technical reports of N A S A and its contractors, scientific and technical reports of government agencies, universities, and research organizations throughout the w o r l d , and scientific and technical articles prepared b y the Scientific and Technical Information Facility operated for N A S A by D o c u m e n tation Inc. N A S A is also the source for publications of the Advisory Group for Aeronautical Research and Development ( A G A R D ) . This group was initiated i n 1951 and became an official agency of the Standing Group of the N o r t h Atlantic Treaty Organization ( N A T O ) i n 1954. T h e technical activity of A G A R D is conducted by panels of experts appointed from among the member nations. T h e approach is fundamental and the panels publish reports, manuals, and handbooks w h i c h are not only valuable
FUEL TANKS; 6AI, 4V TITANIUM (WITH TEFLON)
GOLD PLATED 302 STAINLESS STEEL RADIATION BAFFLE
COMPOSITE TUBE; 6061 ALUMINUM AND 321 STAINLESS STEEL
SOLID ROCKET "STRAP ON" BOOSTER
REGENERATIVELY COOLED NICKLE NOZZLE
COLUMBIUM EXPANSION CONE
Figure 2.
Representative materials in liquid rocket construction
620
LITERATURE
OF CHEMICAL TECHNOLOGY
i n themselves, but provide information on technical developments i n some areas outside the U . S . T h e "structures and materials" panel of A G A R D was established i n 1955. A m o n g its functions are research and development problems of new structural materials, the application of modern methods of analysis to structure, aeroelastic analysis, and recently, composite materials and refractory metals programs. D u r i n g its existence, the p a n e l has published handbooks on aluminum, steel, magnesium, nickel, and titanium; other handbooks on high-temperature alloys are i n preparation. T h e A G A R D Technical Information Office has compiled an AGARD Index w h i c h contains titles and abstracts of all A G A R D papers (published and unpublished) presented at A G A R D meetings from 1952-1962. A G A R D also publishes the AGARD Information Bulletin w h i c h provides a monthly listing of A G A R D organization and technical report information. A G A R D reports w h i c h have not been published may be obtained from N A S A . The Clearinghouse for Federal Scientific and Technical Information of the U . S . Department of Commerce provides extremely broad technical literaturesearching services w h i c h cover all unclassified government research reports, patents, technical translations, and Atomic Energy Commission material. It w i l l provide either a current periodic "awareness" bibliography, or a "retrospective" bibliography. The Clearinghouse has an information center w h i c h publishes U . S . government research reports (some 2000 new reports each m o n t h ) , technical reports and newsletters, and selected bibliographies such as " H i g h T e m perature Metallurgy and Heat Resistant A l l o y s " and " H i g h Temperature Research." A person w i t h unclassified interests may also apply to the various Department of Defense information centers such as the Defense Metals Information Center at the Battelle M e m o r i a l Institute. This center collects and disseminates information on titanium, magnesium, beryllium, refractory alloys, high-strength alloys for elevated temperatures, surface corrosion, oxidation-resistant coatings, and thermal protection systems. T h e center is primarily oriented towards metals; however, it includes information on ceramic and organic materials where they are used as protective coatings, or as components of thermal protection systems. The center publishes outstanding reviews and state-of-the-art reports i n its field. Other Department of Defense information centers have recently been established to provide sources of specialized information. As of August 1964, those relevant to rocket construction materials are listed as follows: Chemical Propellant Information Agency, A p p l i e d Physics Laboratory, The Johns H o p kins University; Binary Constitution Information Service, I.I.T. Research Institute; Ceramics & Graphite Technical Evaluation Section, Research & T e c h nology D i v i s i o n , Wright-Patterson A i r Force Base; Electrical and Electronic Properties of Materials, Hughes Aircraft Company; Mechanical Properties of Materials, Belfour Engineering Company; Plastics Technical Evaluation Center ( P L A S T E C ) , Picatinny Arsenal; Radiation Effects Information Center, Battelle Memorial Institute; Thermophysical Properties Research Center, Purdue U n i versity; Centralizing Activity for Shock, Vibration and Associated Environment, U . S. N a v a l Research Laboratory; Nondestructive Testing Information Service,
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Watertown Arsenal. Addresses are listed i n the bibliography. O n l y unclassified information w i l l be supplied to those without clearance and a need to know. The Engineering Index is a monthly bulletin published b y Engineering Index Inc. w h i c h provides brief abstracts or articles of engineering importance. Information relevant to rocket construction materials may be found under headings such as Rocket-Engine Materials, Aircraft Materials, Refractory Materials, Aerodynamics, Missiles and Rockets, etc. The bulletin also lists specific materials and alloys such as, for example, titanium, beryllium, ceramics, etc. Applied Mechanics Review, published monthly by the American Society of Mechanical Engineers, is a critical review of the w o r l d literature i n applied mechanics and related engineering sciences. It provides a good source for references of rocket construction materials under such headings as, Prime Movers and Propulsion Devices, Mechanics of Solids, H i g h and L o w Temperatures, and Astronautics and Aeronautics. As a supplement, the Air University Library Index to Military Periodicals, reviews 66 English language military and aerodynamic periodicals w h i c h are not indexed i n readily available commercial indexing services. Headings are similar to those for the Applied Mechanics Review. A m o n g other sources w h i c h should be briefly mentioned are the indexing services of the Pacific Aerospace Library, the Monthly Catalog of the United States Government Publications, the Index and Publications of the American Society for Testing and Materials, the Applied Science and Technology Index, the Battelle Technical Review, the JPL Astronautics Information Abstracts (discontinued as of August 1963, material w i l l be covered i n STAR and International Aerospace Abstracts), The BHtish Technology Index, and Environmental Effects on Materials and Equipment (Section B ) published monthly by the Prevention of Deterioration Center, National Academy of Sciences-National Research C o u n c i l . Other general sources are covered i n the bibliography. Classified Literature. F o r the individual w i t h a need to know and who can complete the requirements for a facility clearance and the field of interest register at the Defense Documentation Center ( D D C ) , this source provides b y far the best access to both classified and unclassified literature. D D C publishes the Technical Abstract Bulletin (TAB) w h i c h is issued twice a month and lists a l l new reports i n the D D C collection. TAB replaces the former Air Technical Index and Technical Information Pilot. D D C also publishes a Bibliography of Bibliographies, and a number of special bibliographies w h i c h are pertinent to rocket construction materials. A m o n g these should be mentioned the unclassified bibliography on booster rockets, as w e l l as classified bibliographies on Compatibility of Rocket Fuels with Alloys and Plastics (Confidential), Filament Wound Rocket Cases and Pressure Vessels (Confidential), Aerospace Structures, Design and Analysis (Secret), Refractory Coatings for Metals and Alloys (Unclassified), Reinforced Phstics and Nonmetallics for Rocket Cases, Noses, Etc. (Confidential). In addition, specialized bibliographies exist for seals, high-temperature lubricants, glass resin bonding, and fiber glass laminates (see bibliography).
622
LITERATURE
OF CHEMICAL TECHNOLOGY
In addition to D D C , individuals w i t h clearance have access to a l l needed information i n the various Department of Defense information centers described above and listed i n the bibliography. Prior to July 1963, the D D C was referred to as the A r m e d Services T e c h nical Information Agency ( A S T I A ) . Current Periodicals. There are some 35,000, plus or minus 1 0 % , scientific and technical journals i n the w o r l d , and some 6200 i n the U . S . , not including patents and proprietary literature. A surprisingly large fraction of these contain information on rocket construction materials. A m o n g the more productive sources are: Missiles and Rockets, Aviation Week and Space Technology, Matenab in Design Engineering, Astronautics and Aeronautics (replaces Astronautics, the Journal of Aerospace Sciences, and the short-lived sequence to these, Astronautics and Aerospace Engineering), AIAA Journal, Journal of Spacecraft and Rockets, Interavia, Royal Aeronautical Society Journal, Astronautics and Aeronautics, American Ceramic Society Bulletin, Space/Aeronautics, Astronautic Acta, British Interplanetary Society Journal, Industrial and Engineering Chemistry, Materials, Research 6- Standards, Chemical Abstracts, Journal of Metals, Journal of Applied Polymer Science, Revue Française d'Astronautique, Raketentechnick und Raumfahrtforschung, and Cryogenics. Also worthy of note are the various state-of-the-art reports on structures and materials w h i c h are included i n publications such as Astronautics, Applied Mechanics Review, and Materials in Design Engineering. Technical Meetings and Symposia. Most of the journals and periodicals interested i n rocket construction materials or other phases of rocketry publish advance notice of technical meetings and symposia of interest. In addition, the Special Libraries Association publishes an alphabetical listing of scientific, technical, and engineering organizations and universities that are sponsoring national and international meetings, symposia, and colloquia. T h e Special Libraries Assoication publishes Scientific Meetings three times a year; appearing i n January, w i t h supplements i n M a y and September. T h e collections of papers and symposia w h i c h are often published as a result of these meetings are an important source of information i n the field. A number of these are listed i n the bibliography under "Books and Symposia." Books. There are few books w h i c h are completely devoted to the general problems of materials of construction for rockets. T y p i c a l are, "Materials for Rockets and Missiles," by R. G . Frank & W i l l i a m Zimmerman, published by M a c m i l l a n i n 1959, w h i c h , although out of date, provides tabular information on metals for the design engineer, and "Materials for Missiles and Spacecraft," edited by E . R. Parker and published by M c G r a w - H i l l i n 1963. T h e latter is based on a series of lectures sponsored by the University of California and provides a broad look at a number of problems w h i c h concern the materials engineer interested i n rockets. In addition are the "Handbook of Astronautical Engineering," edited by H . Koelle and "Space Technology," by H . S. Seifert. Other sources w h i c h should be mentioned are "Advances i n Cryogenic E n g i neering," Vols. 1 through 13, "Advances i n Astronautical Sciences," published b y the Plenum Press, "Progress i n Astronautics & Aeronautics" (originally "Progress i n Astronautics & Rocketry," edited by Bollinger et al., and the
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623
A G A R D Handbooks. I n addition to the books oriented towards aerospace, the literature may be approached through a number of books on the physics or engineering of materials. Examples are, "Introduction to Solids," b y Azaroff, and "Structure of Metals: A M o d e r n Conception," by Raynor et al. A number of other books and symposia are listed i n the bibliography. Bibliography. I n compiling the bibliography, an attempt has been made to include references from a wide variety of sources i n both the published literature, government sources, and, where possible, proprietary reports. It is not exhaustive; the bibliographies and indexes listed w i l l provide further refer ences. N o attempt has been made to evaluate critically the sources i n the bibliography. V e r y little foreign material has been included since ( w i t h the exception of the Soviet U n i o n ) the rocket construction programs outside the U . S . are still at a stage i n w h i c h the primary reliance is on literature generated i n this country. Acknowledgment T h e author wishes to acknowledge the expert assistance and help provided by J . Crisp, P . Mulloney, and M . Rahilly of the A v c o R A D Research L i b r a r y , and he is grateful above a l l for the assistance of T . Reed who assumed responsi bility for the major portion of the bibliography a n d without whose help this paper could not have been written. Figure 2 is based on information supplied by the M a r t i n C o .
BIBLIOGRAPHY Periodicals Aerospace, Accident & Maintenance Review (Formerly Aircraft Accident&Mainte nance Review), Superintendent of Documents, U. S. Government Printing Office, Washington, D. C. 20402, monthly. Aerospace Engineering, published by the Institute of Aerospace Sciences. (Discon tinued Jan. 1963. See Astronautics&Aerospace Engineering.) Institute of the Aero space Sciences, Inc., 2 E. 64th St., New York, Ν. Y., monthly. AIAA Journal (replaces ARS Journal, Journal of Aerospace Sciences, and IAS Jour nal), American Institute of Astronautics and Aeronautics, 20th and Northampton St., Easton, Pa. Aircraft Production, Iliffe Production Publications Ltd., Dorset House, Stamford St., London SE1, England, monthly. American Ceramic Society Bulletin, American Ceramic Society, 4055 North High St., Columbus, Ohio, monthly. American Society for Testing and Materials, Proceedings, ASTM, 1916 Race St., Philadelphia, Pa. 19103, annual. Applied Optics, Optical Society of America, 1155 Sixteenth St., N. W., Washington, D. C. 20036, bimonthly. ARS Journal (Formerly Jet Propulsion), American Rocket Society, 500 Fifth Ave., New York, Ν. Y. 10036, monthly. (Discontinued Dec. 1963; see AIAA Journal.) ASTM Bulletin (Discontinued Dec. 1960) (Superseded by Materials Research and Standards), ASTM. Astronautics, American Rocket Society, 500 Fifth Ave., New York, Ν. Y. 10036 (Dis continued Jan. 1963), monthly. See Astronautics and Aerospace Engineering.
624
LITERATURE OF CHEMICAL TECHNOLOGY
Astronautics and Aeronautics, American Institute of Astronautics and Aeronautics (AIAA). Astronautics and Aerospace Engineering, American Institute of Astronautics, and Aeronautics (Discontinued Dec. 1963; see Astronautics and Aeronautics). Australian Institute of Metals Journal, Ed. Bd., 23 MacKillop St., Melbourne C1, Australia. Aviation Week and Space Technology, McGraw-Hill Publishing Co., 330 West 42nd St., New York, Ν. Y. 10036, weekly. British Ceramic Society Transactions, Federation House, Stoke-on-Trent, Staffs, Eng land, monthly. British Interplanetary Society Journal, British Interplanetary Society, 12 Bessborough Gardens, London, SW1, England, bimonthly. Canadian Aeronautical Journal, Canadian Aeronautical Institute, 77 Metcalfe St., Ottawa 4, Canada, monthly. Corrosion, Secy., National Association of Corrosion Engineers, 1061 M & M Bldg., Houston, Texas 77002, monthly. Crucible Titanium Review, Crucible Steel Company of America, 4 Gateway Center, Pittsburgh, Pa. 15222, quarterly. Cryogenics (International Journal of Low Temperature Engineering and Research), Heywood and Co., Crury Lane, London WC2, England (Plenum Press), quarterly. IAS Journal, Institute of Aerospace Sciences (Discontinued Dec. 1963; see AIAA Journal). Interavia; world review of aviation and astronautics with Electronics Supplement, Interavia, S.A., 6 Corraterie, Geneva, Switzerland, monthly. Industrial&Engineering Chemistry, American Chemical Society, 1155 Sixteenth St., N.W., Washington, D. C. 20036, monthly. Insulation, Lake Publishing Corp., Box 270, 311 East Park Ave., Libertyville, Ill., monthly. Iron Age, Chilton Co., Inc., 56th and Chestnut Streets, Philadelphia, Pa., weekly. Journal of the American Ceramic Society, American Ceramic Society, monthly. Journal of Applied Physics (Formerly Physics), American Institute of Physics, 335 East 45th St., New York, Ν. Y. 10017, monthly. Journal of Applied Polymer Science, Interscience Publ., Inc., 605 Third Ave., New York, Ν. Y. 10016, bimonthly. Journal of Engineering for Industry, American Society for Mechanical Engineering, 29 West 39th St., New York, Ν. Y. 10018, quarterly. Journal of Metals, American Institute of Mining, Metallurgical & Petroleum Engineers, Inc., 29 West 39th St., New York, Ν. Y. 10018, monthly. Journal of Missile Defense Research, Institute for Defense Analyses. 400 Army-Navy Dr., Arlington, Va. (secret, classified journal). Journal of Spacecraft and Rockets, AIAA, 1290 Avenue of Americas, New York, Ν. Y. Lubrication Engineering, American Society of Lubrication Engineers, 5 North Wabash Ave., Chicago,Ill.60602, monthly. Materials in Design Engineering, Reinhold Pub. Corp., 430 Park Ave., New York, Ν. Y. 10022, monthly. Materials Research and Standards, American Society for Testing and Materials, monthly. Metallurgia, The British Journal of Metals, incorporating The Metallurgical Engineer, Kennedy Press, Ltd., 31 King St., West, Manchester 3, England, monthly. Metals Engineering Quarterly, American Society for Metals, Metals Park, Novelty, Ohio, quarterly. Metals Progress, American Society for Metals, monthly. Missiles and Rockets, American Aviation Publications, Inc., 1001 Vermont Ave., N.W., Washington, D. C. 20005, weekly. Modern Metals, Modern Metals Pub. Co., 435 North Michigan Ave., Chicago, Ill. 60611, monthly. Modern Plastics (Formerly Plastic Products), Modern Plastics Inc., 575 Madison Ave., New York, Ν. Y. 70022, monthly. Nucleonics, McGraw-Hill Book Co., Inc., 330 West 42nd St., New York, Ν. Y. 10036, monthly. Physics Today, American Institute of Physics, monthly. Plastics Design and Processing, Lake Publishing Corp., monthly.
37. WALKER Rocket Construction Materials 625
Plastics Technology, Plastics Tech. Publication Corp., 630 Third Ave., New York, Ν. Y. 10017, monthly. Raketentechnik and Raumfahrtforschung, Deutsche Gesellschaft fur Raketentechnik und Raumfahrt, Neuenstrasse 19, Stuttgart-Zuftenhausen, West Germany, quarterly. Reinforced Plastics (London), Craftsman Publications, 25 Ebury St., London SW1, England, monthly. Revue Francaise d'Astronautique, Societe Francais d'Astronautique, 40 rue de Seine, Paris 6, France, bimonthly. Royal Aeronautical Society Journal, Royal Aeronautical Society, 4 Hamilton Place, London,W1,England, monthly. SAE Journal, Society of Automotive Engineers, Inc., 485 Lexington Ave., New York, Ν. Y. 10017, monthly. Sound, American Institute of Physics, bimonthly. S.P.E. Journal, Society of Plastics Engineers, Inc., 65 Prospect St., Stamford, Conn., monthly. Space/Aeronautics, Conover-Mast Publications, Inc., 205 E. 42nd St., New York, Ν. Y., monthly. Space Science Reviews, Reidel Pub. Co., Dordrecht, Netherlands, quarterly. Steel, Penton Publishing Co., Penton Bldg., Cleveland, Ohio 44113, weekly. Welding Design and Fabrication (Formerly Industry and Welding), Industrial Publishing Group, 1240 Ontario St., Cleveland, Ohio 44103, monthly. Welding Journal, American Welding Society, 345 East 47th St., New York, Ν. Y. 10017, monthly. Western Aviation, Western Aviation, 101 South Coronado St., Los Angeles, Calif. 90057, monthly. Western Machinery&Steel World, 681 Market St., San Francisco, Calif. 94105. Abstracts, Indexes and Information Services Acta Metalurgica, Pergamon Press, Inc., 122 East 55th St., New York, Ν. Y. 10022, monthly. Astronautica Acta, Journal of the International Astronautical Federation, SpringerVerlag, 5 Muelker Bastter, Vienna 1, Austria, 4 times a yr. Astronautics Information: Open Literature Survey, Jet Propulsion Laboratory, Cali fornia Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California, monthly (Discontinued as of July 1962). Battelle Technical Review, Battelle Memorial Institute, 505 King Ave., Columbus, Ohio 43201, monthly. Chemical Abstracts, American Chemical Society, 1155 Sixteenth St., N.W., Washing ton, D. C. 20036, weekly. Year Section 1912 24. Explosives 1915 24. Explosives & Explosions 1961 24. Propellants, Explosives & Explosions 1962 51. Propellants & Explosives 1965 28. Propellants & Explosives 1967 50. Propellants & Explosives "AGARD Index" to AGARD Papers from 1952-1962; AGARD Publications Distribu tion Center, National Aeronautics and Space Administration, 400 Maryland Ave., Washington, D. C. 20546. AGARD Information Bulletin, AGARD Publications Distribution Center, National Aeronautics and Space Administration, 400 Maryland Ave., Washington, D. C. 20546. "Air University Library Index to Military Periodicals," Air University Library, Max well Air Force Base, Ala. Applied Mechanics Reviews, The American Society of Mechanical Engineers, United Engineering Center, New York, Ν. Y. 10017, monthly. Applied Science and Technology Index, H. W. Wilson Co., 950 University Ave., New York, Ν. Y. 10052.
626
LITERATURE OF CHEMICAL TECHNOLOGY
Armed Services Technical Information Agency (ASTIA), operated by Air Res. & Dev. Command, USAF for the Department of Defense, Arlington Hall Station, Arlington, Va. 22212 (Note: replaced by Defense Documentation Center, which see). "Astronautics Information Abstract" (Jet Propulsion Laboratory), discontinued as of August, 1963. Material covered in STAR and International Aerospace Abstracts. "Atomic Energy Commission Research Reports," U. S. Department of Commerce, Clearinghouse for Federal Scientific and Technical Information, 5285 Port Royal Rd., Springfield, Va. 22151. "ASTM Index to Standards," American Society for Testing and Materials, 1916 Race St., Philadelphia, Pa. 19103, annual. British Technology Index, The Library Association, Chaucer House, Malet Place, London, WC1, England, monthly. Defense Documentation Center, Cameron Station (Bldg. 5) 5010 Duke St., Alexan dria, Va. (Note: replaces ASTIA as of July 1963). Department of Defense Information Center, Binary Constitution Information Service, I.I.T. Research Institute, 10 West 35th St., Chicago, Ill. Department of Defense Information Center, Centralizing Activity for Shock, Vibration and Associated Environment, U. S. Naval Research Laboratory (Code 4020), Washington, D. C. Department of Defense Information Center, Ceramics & Graphite Technical Evalua tion Section, Research & Technology Division, Wright-Patterson Air Force Base, Ohio. Department of Defense Information Center, Chemical Propellant Information Agency, Applied Physics Laboratory, The Johns Hopkins University, 8621 Georgia Ave., Silver Spring, Md. Department of Defense Information Center, Defense Metals Information Center, Battelle Memorial Institute, 505 King Ave., Columbus, Ohio. Department of Defense Information Center, Electrical and Electronic Properties of Materials, Hughes Aircraft Co., Florence Ave. & Teale Street, Culver City, Calif. Department of Defense Information Center, Mechanical Properties of Materials, Belfour Engineering Co., Suttons Bay, Mich. Department of Defense Information Center, Nondestructive Testing Information Service, Watertown Arsenal, Watertown, Mass. Department of Defense Information Center, Plastics Technical Evaluation Center (PLASTEC), Picatinny Arsenal, Dover, N. J. Department of Defense Information Center, Radiation Effects Information Center, Battelle Memorial Institute, 505 King Ave., Columbus, Ohio. Department of Defense Information Center, Thermophysical Properties Research Center, Purdue University, Research Park, 2595 Yeagor Rd., Lafayette, Ind. The Engineering Index, Engineering Index, Inc., 345 E. 47th St., New York, Ν. Y. 10017, monthly. Environmental Effects on Materials and Equipment Abstracts, Section Β (Extreme Environments), published monthly by Prevention of Deterioration Center, Division of Chem. and Chem. Tech.: National Academy of Sciences-National Research Council, 2101 Constitution Ave., Washington, D. C. 20418. International Aerospace Abstracts, prepared and published by the Technical Informa tion Service, American Institute of Aeronautics & Astronautics, Inc., under NASA Contract No. NASr-130, Phillipsburg, N. J. Editorial Offices and subscription information: 750 Third Ave., New York, Ν. Y. 10017, bimonthly. Monthly Catalog of United States Government Publications, Superintendent of Docu ments, U. S. Government Printing Office, Washington, D. C. 20402, monthly. National Referral Center for Science & Technology, Library of Congress, Washington, D. C. 20540. "Pacific Aerospace Library Uniterm Index to Periodicals," American Institute of Aero nautics and Astronautics, 7660 Beverly Blvd., Los Angeles, Calif. 90036, 1944-1964. Scientific and Technical Aerospace Reports (STAR), U. S. Government, National Aeronautics and Space Administration, Office of Scientific and Technical Informa tion, Code AFSS-A, Washington, D. C., bimonthly. 1962—Successor to NASA Technical Publications Announcements. Technical Abstract Bulletin, Defense Documentation Center for Scientific and Tech nical Information, Operated by the USAF, published by the Defense Documentation Center, Cameron Station (Bldg. 5), 5010 Duke St., Alexandria, Va., semimonthly.
37. WALKER Rocket Construction Materials 627
Materials Research Abstracts, Charles D. Thibault, Ed., Science & Technology Div., Library of Congress, Washington, D. C. "Materials," U.S. Library of Congress, Science and Technology Div., Materials Research Abstracts of Air Force Materials R & D, TA 403 U5825. "Materials," Defense Documentation Center, Cameron Station, Va. (May 1963), secret, 144 p. "Semiannual Materials Review," Army (Chemical Research & Development) Labs., Army Chemical Center, Md. "Technical Documentary Reports on Ablative Materials Research," Air Force Mate rials Lab., Research & Technology Div., AFSC, USAF, Wright-Patterson AFB, Ohio 45433. U. S. Government Research and Development Reports, Clearinghouse for Federal Scientific & Technical Information, 5285 Port Royal Rd., Springfield, Va. 22151. m
Bibliographies "Aeronautical & Space Serial Publications: A World List," Library of Congress, Ref erence Dept., Science & Technology ( 1962) (out of print). "Aerospace Structures, Design and Analysis," Secret Bibliography, 1959-May 1962. ARB-10,053. Bartlett, E. P., "Thermal Protection of Rocket-Motor Structures," Aerospace Eng. V.22, p. 86-99, Bibliography (Jan. 1963). Baskey, R. H., "Fiber Reinforcement of Metallic and Nonmetallic Composites. Phase I. State of Art and Bibliography of Fiber Metallurgy," Clevite Corp., Cleveland, Ohio, Feb. 1962. Interim Technical Engineering Report, 2 Oct. '61-16 Jan. '62 (ASD TR 7-924, Vol. I), February 1962 (Contract Afss (657) 7139, Project 7-924. AD 274379. "Beryllium: An Annotated Bibliography," July-September 1962, Supplement II, April 1963, Lockheed Missiles and Space Company, Sunnyvale, Calif., 140 ref. 59 p. SB-62-22. "Bibliography of Air Force Flight Test Center Technical Publications and Presenta tions," Air Force Flight Test Center, Edwards AFB, Calif., 1952-1962, 109 p., AD 297997. "Bibliography of Bibliographies," (Unclassified Title): A Report Bibliography pre pared by ASTIA, Reprint February 1963, unclassified, AD281900. "Booster Rockets: A Report Bibliography by ASTIA," Unclassified, 22 Oct. 1962. ARB-13219. "Compatibility of Rocket Fuels with Alloys and Plastics," Confidential Bibliography, 1959-April 1962. ARB 10033. "Composite Materials: An Annotated Bibliography," Lockheed Missile & Space Co., Sunnyvale, Calif., Feb. 1963, SB-62-58. Crisp, John, "Selected References on Rocket Nozzle and Construction Materials: An Annotated Bibliography," Avco Corporation, Research and Advanced Development Division, Wilmington, Mass., 1963. "Dry Lubrication and Solid Film Lubricants," Unclassified Bibliography, 1953-September 1962. ARB 11995. "Filament Wound Rocket Cases and Pressure Vessels," Confidential Bibliography, 1957-April 1, 1962. ARB 10034. "Glass-Resin Bonding in Fiberglass Laminates and Filament Wound Structures," Unclassified Bibliography, 1953-September 1962. ARB 11785. "High Temperature Lubricants," Unclasified Bibliography, 1953-August 1962. ARB11192. Landrock, A. H., "Effects of the Space Environment on Plastics: A Summary with Annotated Bibliography," Plastics Technical Evaluation Center, Picatinny Arsenal, Dover, N. J., Plastec Rept. 12 (July 1962). Levi, David W., "Literature Survey on Thermal Degradation, Thermal Oxidation, and Thermal Analysis of High Polymers," Plastics Technical Eval. Center (PLASTEC), Picatinny Arsenal, Dover, unclassified report, PLASTEC Note 7, June 1963, 149 p. "Lubricants-High Temperature Research," unclassified bibliography, 1959-May, 1962. ARB-10213. Lyem, Α., "Annual Materials Review" (1956), Army Chemical (R&D) Labs, Army Chemical Center, Md., 123 ref.
628 LITERATURE OF CHEMICAL TECHNOLOGY
Matigian, M., "A Bibliography of Reports on Sandwich Construction for Ordnance Design and Engineers," April 1962. ASTIA 276962. "Refractory Coatings for Metals and Alloys," unclassified Bibliography, 1959-June, 1962. ARB 10661. "Reinforced Plastics and Nonmetallics for Rockets Cases, Noses, Etc.," confidential bibliography, 1957-June 1962. ARB 10769. Rolston, J. Α., "Literature Survey on Filament-Wound Composite Structures," Direc torate of Materials and Processes, Aeronautical Systems Division, Wright-Patterson Air Force Base, Ohio, Sept. 1961, 24 pp. ASD TR 61215. "Seals-Compatibility with Liquid Rocket Propellants Including IRFMA," unclassified bibliography, 1959-May, 1962. "Seals for Spacecraft," unclassified Bibliography, 1959-May 1962. ARB 10085. OTS Selective Bibliographies
"Beryllium," June 1960, 362 refs. SB-413. "Ceramics and Refractories," July 1959, 569 refs. CTR-373. "Cermets," August 1962, 170 refs. SB-504. "Ceramics" (Supplement to CTR-373), August 1962, 532 refs. SB-503. "Coatings, Fire and Heat Resistant ( Non.Ceramic )," Oct. 1955, 41 refs., CTR-316. "Coatings, Metal," May 1960, 441 refs., SB-409. "Columbium and Tantalum," June 1960, 237 refs., SB-414. "Fiber Glass and Glass Laminates," November 1958, 206 refs., CTR-292. "Fiber Glass and Glass Laminates," Supplement to CTR-292, September 1961, 120 refs., SB-479. "Foamed, Cellular and Sandwich Materials," January 1956, 115 refs., CTR-318. "Heat-Resistant Alloys and High Temperature Metallurgy," February 1961, 674 refs., SB-452. "High Temperature Metallurgy and Heat Resistant Alloys," 1950 to Feb. 1961, 6 refs., SB-452. "High Temperature Research (Ceramics, Gases, Lubricants, Plastics, Electrical and Electronic Equipment, Etc.)," 1950 to February 1961, 473 refs., SB-453. "Low Temperature Research on Materials," February 1961, 316 refs., SB-451. "Molybdenum and Tungsten," June 1960, 390 refs., SB-415. "Nickel," May 1961, 456 refs., SB-465. "Plastic Laminates (Non-Glass Fiber Type)," April 1956, 61 refs., CTR-320. "Plastics-Polymer Research," October 1951, 504 refs., SB-400. "Propellants," Feb. 1958, 146 refs., CTR-338. "Refractories and Ceramics," July 1959, 569 refs., CTR-373. "Titanium: Part I; Metals and Alloys," July 1958, 433 refs., CTR-349. "Titanium: Part II: Carbides and Compounds," July 1958, 210 refs., CTR-350. "Zirconium" (Supplement to CTR-344), May 1961, 362 refs., SB-464. Available from the Clearinghouse for Federal Scientific and Technical Information, 5285 Port Royal Rd., Springfield, Va. 22151. Books and Symposia Abraham, Lewis H., "Structural Design of Missiles and Spacecraft," McGraw-Hill Book Company, Inc., New York, 1962. "Advances in Astronautical Sciences," Vols. 1-8, Plenum Press Inc., New York (now published by Western Periodicals Co., North Hollywood, Calif.). "Advances in Cryogenic Engineering," Vols. 1-13, Plenum Press Inc., New York, 1960-1968. Aerospace Materials and Processing Engineers, Proceedings of the National Sym posium on Ceramics and Composites, Coatings and Solid Bodies, Held in Dayton, Ohio, Nov. 14-15, 1961. AGARD, "Materials Research in the NATO Nations" (Proceedings of a NATO Symposium organized by the Structures and Materials Panel of AGARD), The Macmillan Co., New York, 1963. AGARD, "Materials Properties Handbook," Vol. I. Aluminum, the Technical Depart ment, The Royal Aeronautical Society, 4 Hamilton Place, London Wl, England. AGARD, "Materials Properties Handbook," Vol. II. Steels, the Technical Department, The Royal Aeronautical Society.
37. WALKER Rocket Construction Materials
629
AGARD, "Materials Properties Handbook," Vol. III. Magnesium, Nickel, Titanium, the Technical Department, The Royal Aeronautical Society. Altman, D., and others, "Liquid Propellant Rockets," Princeton, N. J. 1960. "Applications of Plastics Materials in Aerospace," Chemical Engineering Progress Symposium Series, Vol. 59, American Institute of Chemical Engineers, New York, 1963. Azaroff, Leonid V., "Introduction to Solids," McGraw-Hill Book Co., Inc., New York, 1960. Barrere, Marcel, and others, "Rocket Propulsion," American Elsevier, 1959. Berkner, L. V., ed., "Rockets and Satellites," Pergamon Press, Inc., New York, 1958. Besserer, C. W., "Missile Engineering Handbook," D. Van Nostrand Co., Inc., Prince ton, 1958. Bollinger, Loren E., Goldsmith, Martin, and Lemmon, Jr., Alexis W., eds., "Liquid Rockets and Propellants," Vol. II of Progress in Astronautics and Aeronautics, Academic Press, Inc., New York, 1960. Bonney, Ε. Α., and others, "Aerodynamics, Propulsion, Structures and Design Prac tice," D. Van Nostrand Co., Inc., 1956. Brooks, H., Ed., "Advances in Materials Research in the NATO Nations," Material Science Symposium, Pergamon Press, Inc., 1962. Bussard, R. W., and DeLauer, R. C., "Nuclear Rocket Propulsion," McGraw-Hill Book Co., Inc., 1958. Campbell, Ivor, "High Temperature Technology," 2nd edition, Wiley & Sons, Inc., New York, In Press. Carton, D. S., ed., "Rocket Propulsion Technology: Proceedings from the First Rocket Propulsion Symposium," Held in Cranfield, England, 1961, Plenum Press. Chalmers, Bruce, ed., "Progress in Materials Science," Vol. 1-10, Pergamon Press. Charlesby, Α., "Atomic Radiation and Polymers," Pergamon Press, 1960. Clauss, Francis J., ed., "Surface Effects on Spacecraft Materials," Wiley & Sons, 1960. "Composite Materials and Composite Structures," Proceedings of the Sixth Sagamore Ordnance Materials Research Conference, Racquette Lake, New York, August 18-21, 1959, Report No. MET 661-601 (Contract DA 30069-ORD-2566). AD 233158. "Conference on Behavior of Plastics in Advanced Flight Vehicle Environments," Wright Air Development Center, Materials Laboratory, WADD TR 60-101, Sep tember 1960, AD 247100L. Corliss, Williams, "Propulsion Systems for Space Flight," McGraw-Hill, 1960. Corliss, William R., and Harvey, Douglas G., "Radioisotopic Power Generation," Prentice-Hall, Inc., Englewood Cliffs, N. J., 1964. Dorn, John E., "Mechanical Behaviour of Materials at Elevated Temperatures," McGraw-Hill, 1961. Dow, Richard B., "Fundamentals of Advanced Missiles," Wiley & Sons, 1958. Foa, Joseph V., "Elements of Flight Propulsion," Wiley & Sons, 1960. Frank, Robert G., and Zimmerman, William, "Materials for Rockets and Missiles," Macmillan, 1959. Fridman, Y. B., ed., "Strength and Strain in Nonuniform Temperature Fields," Con sultants Bureau Enterprises, Inc., New York, in prep. Goddard, Robert H., "Rocket Development," ed. by Esther C. Goddard and G. E. Pendray, Prentice-Hall, 1961. Goldsmith, Alexander, and others, "Handbook of Thermophysical Properties of Solid Materials," 5 Vols., Macmillan, 1961. Gonser, B. W., ed., "Modern Materials: Advances in Development Application," Vol. IV, Academic Press, in preparation. See also Hausner, Η. E. Harwood, J. J., and others, "Effects of Radiation on Materials," Reinhold Publishing Corp., New York, 1958. Hausner, H. E., ed., "Modern Materials: Advances in Development and Application," V. I, 1958; V. II, 1960; V.III,1963; Academic Press. See also Gonser, B. W. Haviland, R. P., "Handbook of Satellites and Space Vehicles," D. Van Nostrand, in prep. Hehemann, R. F., and Ault, Mervin, ed., "High Temperature Materials," Wiley & Sons, 1959. Herrick, John and Eric Burgess, eds., "Rocket Encyclopedia Illustrated," Aero Pub lishers, Inc., Los Angeles, 1959.
630
LITERATURE OF CHEMICAL TECHNOLOGY
"High Temperature Materials" (Metallurgical Society Conferences, Vol. 18), American Institute of Mining, Metallurgical & Petroleum Engineers, Wiley & Sons, in prep. Hobbs, Marvin, "Fundamentals of Rockets, Missiles, and Spacecraft," Hayden Book Co., New York, 1962. Hoff, N. J., ed., "High Temperature Effects in Aircraft Structures," Pergamon, 1959 (AGARD). Huggett, C., and others, "Solid Propulsion Rockets," Princeton University Press, Princeton, N. J., 1960. Johnson, Victor J., ed., "Properties of Materials at Low Temperatures," Pergamon, 1961. Kingery, W. D., "Property Measurement at High Temperatures," Wiley, 1959. Koelle, H., ed., "Handbook of Astronautical Engineering," McGraw-Hill, New York. "Liquid Propellants Handbook," Battelle Memorial Institute, 505 King Ave., Colum bus 1, Ohio. "Low Temperature Oxidation," 2 Vols., Gordon & Breach, Science Publishers, Inc., New York, 1965. "Mash,"ed.,"Materials Science and Technology for Advanced Applications," Ameri can Society of Metals, Golden Gate Chapter, Prentice-Hall, 1962. Melek-Pashayev, Ν. I., "Liquid Propellant Engines," Pergamon Press, 1962. Miner, D. F., and Seastone, J. B., "Handbook of Engineering Materials," Wiley & Sons, 1964. Moffatt, William G., and others, "Structure and Properties of Materials," Vol. I. Structure, Wiley & Sons, in prep. Newell, Homer E., Jr., "High Altitude Rocket Research," Academic Press, 1953. Parker, Earl R.,ed.,"Materials for Missiles and Spacecraft," McGraw-Hill, 1963. Pedersen, Erik S., "Nuclear Energy in Space," Prentice-Hall, 1964. "Plastics for Flight Vehicles, Part I: Reinforced Plastics," A Handbook of properties compiled by Forest Products Laboratory. Prakkon, Sarah L., ed., "Subject Guide to Books in Print," R. R. Bowker Co., New York. Raynor, G. V., et al., "Structure of Metals: A Modern Conception," Gordon & Breach, New York, 1959. "Refractory Metals and Alloys," American Institute of Mining, Metal and Petroleum Engineers, Vol. II, 1961; Vol. 17, 1963; Wiley & Sons. Ring, Elliot,ed.,"Rocket Propellant and Pressurization Systems," Prentice-Hall, 1963. "Rocket and Missiles Technology," American Institute of Chemical Engineers, New York. Rosato, D. V., and Grove, C. S., "Filament Winding: Development, Manufacture, Application and Design," Wiley & Sons, 1964. Samsonov, G. V., "High Temperature Materials Properties Index," Plenum Press Handbooks of High Temperature Materials No. 2, Plenum Press, 1964. Shaffer, Peter T. B., "High Temperature Materials-Materials Index," Plenum Press, 1964. Scarlett, C. A., ed., "International Symposium on High Temperature Technology," (Stanford Research Institute), McGraw-Hill, 1960. Schwartz, H.,ed.,"Conference on Behavior of Plastics in Advanced Flight Vehicle Environments," WADD TR 60-101, September 1960, AD 247100L. Seifert, H. S., "Space Technology," Wiley & Sons, 1959. Simkin, D. J., "Applications of Plastic Materials in Aerospace," No. American Avia tion Co., Downey, California, Chemical Engineering Progress Symposium Series, Vol. 59, New York, American Institute of Chemical Engineers, 1963. Simmad, M. T., Zumwalt, L. R., ed., "Materials and Fuels for High Temperature Nuclear Applications," M.I.T. Press, Cambridge, Mass, in prep. "Space Radiation Effects on Materials," American Society for Testing and Materials, Committee E-10 on Radiation Effects, 1916 Race St., Philadelphia 3, Pa., 1962. Stuhlinger, Ernst, "Ion Propulsion for Space Flight," McGraw-Hill, in prep. Summerfield, Martin, ed., "Progress in Astronautics and Rocketry," 15 volumes, Academic. Sutton, G. P., "Rocket Propulsion Elements," 3rd edition, Wiley & Sons, 1963. "Symposium on Processing Materials for Re-entry Structures," Sessions II and III, May 1960, AD 241597.
37. WALKER Rocket Construction Materials 631
"Symposium on Thermal Radiation of Solids," March 4-6, 1964, San Francisco, California, Sponsored by the National Aeronautics and Space Administration, National Bureau of Standards, and the Applied Systems Division of the U. S. Air Force. Thompson, G. V. E., and Gatland, K. W., editors, "Materials in Space Technology," Iliffe Books, Dorset House, Stamford St., London SE1, England, 1963. Thring, M. W., "Nuclear Propulsion," Butterworth & Co., Ltd., London, 1960. Tipton, C. R., Jr., ed., Atomic Energy Agency, "Reactor Handbook," Vol. I. Materials, Wiley & Sons, 1960. "Tooling for Aircraft and Missile Manufacture," prepared under the supervision of National Technical Publications Comm., American Society of Tool and Mfg. Engi neers, McGraw-Hill, 1964. Touloukian, Y. S., "Retrieval Guide to Thermophysical Properties Research Litera ture," 3 vols., McGraw-Hill, 1961. de Veubeke, Fraijis, ed., "Matrix Methods of Structural Analysis, Pergamon, 1964. Weis, Volker, and Sessler, John, eds., "Aerospace Structural Metals Handbook," 2 vols., Vol. I Ferrous Alloys; Vol. II Non-Ferrous Alloys, Syracuse University Press, Syracuse, Ν. Y., 1963. Wimpress, R. N., "Internal Ballistics of Solid-Fuel Rockets," McGraw-Hill, 1950. Zucrow, M. J., "Aircraft and Missile Propulsion," Wiley & Sons, New York, 1958. U.S.Patent Classes and Subclasses Rocket Aeronautics Airplane sustentation and propulsion Airship sustentation and propulsion Propulsion Propulsion airplane sustained Sustentation Launchers Motors Propulsion Aircraft Composition for Self sustaining Explosive projectiles Marine Pyrotechnic
Class
Subclass
244 244 244 244 244 89 60
12 29 74 15 23 1.7 200+
244
74
149 102 115 102
49 11+ 34+
Received April 24, 1964. Presented on the symposium, "Searching the Literature of a Number of Specialized Fields," sponsored by the Division of Chemical Literature at the 145th Meeting of the American Chemical Society at New York, Sept.
