Literature of Industrial Electrochemistry of Nonmetals and Electro

2 Literature of Industrial Electrochemistry of

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Nonmetals and Electro-Organic Chemistry J. B. H A G L I N D O l i n Mathieson Chemical Corp., N e w H a v e n , C o n n .

The electrolysis of nonmetallic substances provides an important industrial including

source for several

chlorine,

Electro-organic

caustic

chemistry

new phase of development.

soda,

inorganic

and

materials

sodium

is experiencing

an

chlorate. accelerated

For these two areas of electro-

-chemistry, a selected bibliography has been compiled, which emphasizes commercial

developments

materials and surveys electro-organic

for the nonmetallic chemistry.

Reference

works, abstracting services, journals, advances and annual surveys,

monographs

and reviews,

and patents

are

the

types of literature covered.

T

he area of electrochemical literature covered here includes the industrial electrochemistry of nonmetallic substances—e.g., halogens, their acids a n d salts, hydrogen peroxide, hydrogen and oxygen, a n d electro-organic chemistry. The nonmetallic substances are among the most important group economically, while electro-organic chemistry is i n a state of active development, a n d contributions to its literature are increasing rapidly. The production of chlorine and sodium hydroxide is b y far the most important electrolytic process commercially for nonmetallic substances. I n 1965, 6.44 million tons of chlorine and 6.72 million tons of sodium hydroxide were produced. O f these totals, 9 9 % of the chlorine a n d over 9 0 % of the sodium hydroxide were obtained b y electrolysis of salt. T w o types of cells are used: diaphragm cells (Hooker, D i a m o n d A l k a l i , a n d D o w are important types) a n d mercury cells ( O l i n , Solvay, D e N o r a , U h d e , and B A S F - K r e b s are primary examples). Sodium chlorate, perchlorates (primarily sodium), fluorine, and hydrogen peroxide are other electrolytically produced chemicals of commercial significance. In this country, little hydrogen or oxygen is produced electrolytically. M a c M u l l i n (4) has listed the economically successful processes i n electroorganic chemistry as being dialdehyde starch, p-aminophenol b y reducing 24 In Literature of Chemical Technology; Smith, J.; Advances in Chemistry; American Chemical Society: Washington, DC, 1968.


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nitrobenzene, pinacone analogs, adiponitrile from acrylonitrile, N , N - d i m e t h y l aminoethyltetrachloroisoindoline (ecolid), melamine, and aliphatic fluorine compounds. In addition, details of Nalco Chemical Co.'s electrolytic process for tetraethyl lead and tetramethyl lead have been published ( I ) . W h i l e electrochemistry may be considered as a conjunction of physical chemistry and electrical engineering, these latter fields w i l l not be specifically covered here. Publications cited are primarily those issued since 1940. Brief listings of books and journals prior to this period have appeared i n the literature guides of Crane, Patterson, and Man* (3) and Soule (6). C h o u has reviewed the electrochemical literature of C h i n a and Japan ( 2 ) . Several publications primarily concerned w i t h theoretical electrochemistry have been included, although those on commercial or industrial developments are stressed. Literature sources are discussed under the following categories: reference works, abstracting services, journals, advances series and annual surveys, monographs and reviews, and patents. Citations to the publications mentioned and additional sources w i l l be found i n the bibliography at the end of this chapter. Reference

Works

M e l l o r s and Gmelin's texts, the two major reference works i n inorganic chemistry, are important sources for extensive compilations of literature references on the electrochemistry of nonmetallic materials. Mellor's Supplement II, Part I (1956), includes electrolytic preparation of chlorine, chlorates, perchlorates, and fluorine, while M e l l o r s Volume II, Supplement II (1961) includes the preparation of sodium hydroxide. Gmelin's recent volumes on oxygen (System 3 ) , fluorine (System 5 ) , and sodium (System 21) review the literature through 1949, 1950, and 1960, respectively. T h e most extensive reference work i n electrochemistry is the " H a n d b u c h der Technischen Elektrochemie." The first three volumes (in six parts), edited by V . Englehardt, were published between 1931 and 1934. Volume 4, edited by G . Eger, was issued i n 1956. Parts 1 and 2 of volume 2 cover inorganic and organic electrochemistry respectively. The "Encyclopedia of Electrochemistry," edited by C . A . H a m p e l , is a one-volume publication which provides short, authoritative articles on a l l phases of electrochemistry. Topics of interest include chlorine, hydrochloric acid, chlorates and perchlorates, fluorine, hydrogen peroxide and peroxygen chemicals, water electrolysis, electro-organic chemistry, adiponitrile, fluorocarbons, glucose, and the Kolbe synthesis. Kirk-Othmer's and Ullmann's encyclopedias are also good sources for surveys on the electrolytic production of nonmetallic materials. Abstracting

Services

Chemical Abstracts, Chemische Zentralblatt, and the chemical section of Referativnyi Zhurnal cover articles, books, and patents on electrochemistry.

In Literature of Chemical Technology; Smith, J.; Advances in Chemistry; American Chemical Society: Washington, DC, 1968.

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A l l three of these major abstracting services have separate sections for electrochemical publications. Chemical Abstracts includes articles and patents i n its section on electrochemistry (currently N o . 7 7 ) . Chemisches Zentralblatt i n cludes only articles i n the electrochemistry section and locates patents i n the " a p p l i e d " half of the journal w i t h the industrial inorganic, electrotechnique, and various organic sections being most pertinent to the interests of this paper. The Russian abstract journal has an electrochemistry section for articles and an electrochemical technology section where patents are cited. Other sources of abstracts are Electroanalytical Abstracts, Science Abstracts, Section B (electrical engineering); Journal of the Electrochemical Society of Japan; Bulletin Signaletique du Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique. Current Chemical Papers, while not an abstract journal, contains a section on electrochemistry w h i c h lists current journal articles. Articles included are primarily theoretical in nature and are located i n one of the following categories: reviews, electrolyte processes, electrode processes, and electrolytic cells. Government-sponsored research is abstracted in Technical Abstract Bulletin (TAB), Nuclear Science Abstracts, and U.S. Government Research Reports. In TAB, sections 7 (chemistry), 9 (electronics and electrical equipment) are the most pertinent. Nuclear Science Abstracts includes the important Atomic Energy Commission work, particularly i n fluorine production. U.S. Government Research Reports and its predecessors, Bibliography of Technical Reports and Bibliography of Scientific and Industrial Reports are valuable for coverage of German developments during W o r l d W a r II and more recently for nonmilitary oriented government research. Doctoral theses of interest are included i n Dissertation Abstracts. These are also referenced i n Chemical Abstracts. A comprehensive list of U . S . and foreign abstracting services i n the electrical and electronic fields has been published by M i l e k ( 5 ) . Journals The number of journals published w h i c h are primarily devoted to electrochemistry are few, but many additional journals include material of interest to the industrial electrochemist. T w o publications of the Electrochemical Society, the Journal and Electrochemical Technology, rank high i n importance i n coverage of applied electrochemistry. The Journal, formerly the Transactions of the American Electrochemical Society, has been issued since 1902, and until the 1950's a large percentage of its articles were i n the applied field. Since then it has emphasized theoretical contributions. In addition to the articles included, mention should be made of the abstracts published i n the Journal for papers presented at national meetings of the Electrochemical Society. These abstracts are available i n two forms: as published i n the Journal (about 75 words) and as extended abstracts ( 5 0 0 1000 words) available from the Society's divisions. The Industrial Electrolytic and Electro-organic Divisional programs particularly cover the subject of interest to this paper. Cumulative indexes to the Journal have been issued.


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Electrochemical Technology, first published i n 1963, reports commercially important developments formerly covered by the Journal. Denki-Kagaku, the Journal of the Electrochemical Society of Japan, was first published i n 1933 and first included English excerpts of its papers i n 1956. In 1958 the Overseas Edition began providing extensive abstracts i n English of papers published i n Japanese. Since 1961 the overseas edition, now entitled Journal of the Electrochemical Society of Japan, has included original manuscripts i n English i n addition to the abstracts. These publications are an important source of Japanese work i n both theoretical and applied electrochemistry. Electrochimica Acta was first issued i n 1959 as an outgrowth of the publication of papers presented at the annual conference of the International Committee for Electrochemical Thermodynamics and Kinetics. Published by Pergamon Press, it is a valuable journal with articles appearing i n English, French, or German. A new Russian journal, Elektrokhimiya, began publication i n 1965. Its English translation, Soviet Electrochemistry, is available from the Consultants Bureau. U n t i l recently, Zeitschrift fur Elektrochemie und Angewandte Physikalische Chemie was important to electrochemistry. In 1963 its title was changed to Berichte der Bunsengesellschaft fur Physikalische Chemie, reflecting its principal emphasis on physical chemistry. However, articles on electrochemistry are still included. Other journals w h i c h frequently publish articles of value are listed i n the Bibliography. Advances

and Annual

Surveys

Modern Aspects of Electrochemistry and Advances in Electrochemistry and Electrochemical Engineering are two series of interest to electrochemists. These volumes include authoritative reviews on four or five topics per volume, with the emphasis on theoretical electrochemistry. Modern Aspects is edited by J . O ' M . Bockris, and four volumes have been published to date. P. Delahay and C . W . Tobias are editors of the Advances series, six volumes have been issued so far. A chapter on acids, alkalies, and salts has appeared nearly annually for several years i n Reports on the Progress of Applied Chemistry. This chapter reports developments on chlorine and caustic soda, chlorates, fluorine, and hydrogen peroxide. Also of value are the sections on solutions of electrolytes (annually) and electrode processes (irregularly) appearing i n the Annual Reviews of Physical Chemistry and the section on electrochemistry i n the Annual Reports of the Progress of Chemistry, w h i c h recently has been included about every other year. Monographs

and

Reviews

General. Mantell's monograph, "Electrochemical Engineering," is probably the best known text on electrochemistry i n English. A l l aspects of the



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field are covered, and an extensive discussion of alkali halide electrolysis is given. It is now i n its fourth edition. Earlier editions were entitled "Industrial Electrochemistry." Texts on electrochemical processes, by Billiter and Regner include extensive discussion of European electrochemical cells and practices. A good source of earlier patent literature on industrial electrochemistry, particularly German patents, is R. Mueller's volume, w h i c h provides detailed information on the electrolysis of water. T w o important works on the theoretical aspects of electrode processes are those of Yeager and the Faraday Society. Chlorine and Sodium Hydroxide. The diaphragm and mercury cell processes for chlorine and caustic soda production are covered in detail i n the monograph edited by J . S. Sconce. A l l aspects of electrolyzing sodium chloride from brine treatment to product purification are covered in the chapters by M . S. Kircher (diaphragm cells) and R. B . M a c M u l l i n (mercury cells). H . A . Sommers has presented two extensive surveys on modern cells, w i t h comparative data for operating characteristics and economic factors for both the diaphragm and mercury cells being used industrially at the present time. Technical developments i n power supplies, electrode shapes, hydrogen overvoltage, and the use of the decomposition energy of amalgam are among the subjects covered i n a series of review articles i n Chemie-Ingenieur-Technik. Properties of sodium chloride and its solutions are given i n Kaufmann's monograph, although the electrolytic process is not covered. The major use for both chlorine and sodium hydroxide is to prepare other chemicals. Chlorates and Perchlorates. Sodium and potassium chlorates and perchlorates are commercially produced by electrolysis of aqueous solutions of sodium and potassium chlorides. The sodium salts are industrially the most important. Sodium chlorate is used i n pulp bleaching as a source of chlorine dioxide and as a herbicide. Sodium perchlorate is used as the starting material for producing other perchlorate salts, particularly ammonium perchlorate. J. C . Schumacher has been closely connected w i t h electrolytic perchlorate production developments, and his publications, particularly his monograph, are of value. Fluorine. The need for elemental fluorine to produce uranium hexafluoride for the Atomic Energy Commission spurred fluorine cell development i n the early 1940's. This wartime development is discussed i n a symposium w h i c h appeared i n Industrial and Engineering Chemistry. Another valuable account of the fluorine work done i n connection with the atomic bomb project is given b y Slesser and Schramm. More recent developments i n technology, particularly in Great Britain, are presented in Rudge's book. H y d r o g e n Peroxide, Hydrogen, and Oxygen. In recent years, the electrolytic process for producing hydrogen peroxide has become less important than newer chemical routes i n the U . S . The peroxide process starts w i t h the electrolytic production of persulfuric acid and persulfates (ammonium or potassium) and subsequent hydrolysis to give H 0 . Schumb, Satterfield, and Wentworth's book provides a full account of the chemistry and electrolytic commercial processes being used throughout the w o r l d i n the mid-1950's. A review of important literature sources is also 2

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Chemistry

included. A discussion of hydrogen peroxide manufacture along with an annotated list of patents is given i n Machu's Book. Vetter has published an extensive review on the kinetics of the electrolytic separation of hydrogen and oxygen. The commercial production of H and 0 are of little importance in this country, although their generation and consumption i n fuel cell technology are receiving much attention.


2

2

Electro-Organic Chemistry. Over the years S. Swann, Jr., has reviewed the electrolytic reactions of organic compounds extensively. Particularly useful are the tables of reactions which he has included i n the section i n "Techniques of Organic Chemistry." General reviews of the field are also presented in the monographs by A l l e n , Fichter, and Brockman, and i n chapters of Houben-Weyrs "Methoden der Organischen Chemie." The reaction w h i c h has been studied most extensively is the Kolbe synthesis. This oxidation reaction has been reviewed by Weedon. Popp and Schultz have provided an extensive compilation on electrolytic reduction reactions while Tomilov has reviewed the reduction of acetylenes. The Russian scientific literature is an important source of reviews in this area, as exemplified by the publications of Khomyakov and Tomilov.

Patents The patent literature is a vital source for many technical developments in electrochemistry. In the " M a n u a l of Classification," issued by the U . S . Patent Office, class 204 covers electrolytic products and processes. Most of the patents on electroorganic substances w i l l be found i n this class. Some of the more important subclasses for chemicals discussed i n this paper are listed i n the Bibliography. Literature

Cited

(1) Bott, L . L . , Hydrocarbon Process. Petroleum Refiner 44 (1), 115 (1965). (2) Chou, D. Y. P., J. Chem. Doc. 4, 247 (1964). (3) Crane, E. J . , Patterson, A. M . , Marr, E. B., " A Guide to the Literature of Chemistry," pp. 25, 89-90, 141, Wiley, New York, 1957. (4) MacMullin, R. B., Electrochem. Tech. 2, 106 (1964). (5) Milek, J. T., Am. Documentation 8, 5 (1957). (6) Soule, B. S., "Library Guide for the Chemist," pp. 193-194, McGraw-Hill, New York, 1938.

BIBLIOGRAPHY Handbooks Englehardt, V., Eger, G., eds., "Handbuch der Technischen Electrochemie," Vols. 1-4, Akademie Verlag, Leipzig, Germany, 1931-1956. "Gmelin's Handbuch der Anorganischen Chemie," 8. Aufl. Systems No. 3, 5, and 21, Verlag Chemie GmbH, Weinheim/Bergstr., Germany. Hampel, C. A., ed., "Encyclopedia of Electrochemistry," Reinhold Publishing Corp., New York, 1964.



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LITERATURE OF CHEMICAL TECHNOLOGY

Kirk, R. E., Othmer, D. F., eds., "Encyclopedia of Chemical Technology," Interscience Publishers, Inc., New York: Chlorine and Sodium Hydroxide, 1, 678-704, 748-754, 2nd ed., 1963. Chlorates and Perchlorates, 5, 50-85, 2nd ed., 1964. Fluorine, 9, 506-526, 2nd ed., 1966. Hydrogen, 11, 338-379, 2nd ed., 1966. Hydrogen Peroxide, 11, 391-417, 2nd ed., 1966. Electrochemistry, 7, 784-841, 2nd ed., 1965. Mellor, J. W., "Comprehensive Treatise on Inorganic and Theoretical Chemistry," Suppl. II, Pt. 1, and Vol. II, Suppl. II, Longmans, Green, & Co., London, 1961. "Ullmanns Encyklopaedie der Technischen Chemie," 3. Aufl., Urban & Schwarzenberg, Berlin, Germany: Chlorine and Sodium Hydroxide, 5, 324-376, 1954. Chlorates and Perchlorates, 5, 529-541, 545-547, 1954. Fluorine, 7, 579-583, 1956. Hydrogen Peroxide, 13, 212-223, 1962.

Monographs and Reviews General Billiter, J., "Die Technische Elektrolyse der Nichtmetalle," Springer-Verlag, Berlin, 1954. Creighton, H. J., Koehler, W. A., "Principles and Applications of Electrochemistry," Vol. II, "Applications," 2nd ed., John Wiley and Sons, New York, 1944. Drossbach, P., "Grundriss der Allgemeinen Technischen Elektrochemie," [Electrode Processes," Discussions Faraday Soc. 1947, 1.] Fedot'ev, N. P. et al., "Prikladnaya Elektrokhimiya (Applied Electrochemistry)," Gosudarstvennoe Nauchno-Tekhnichesko Izdatel'stvo Khimicheskoi Literatury, Leningrad. Gaertner, V., "Praktische Elektrochemie," Jugend und Volk, Vienna, 1952. Kroeger, C., "Grundriss der Technischen Chemie," T. III. "Technische Elektrochemie und Metallurgie," Van den Hoick & Reprecht, Göttingen, 1951. Mantell, C. L., "Electrochemical Engineering," 4th ed., McGraw-Hill Book Co., New York, 1960 (earlier editions entitled "Industrial Electrochemistry"). Martin, G., "Industrial and Manufacturing Chemistry" (revised by Wilfred Francis), 6th ed., Part II, "Inorganic," Vol. 1, Philosophical Library, New York, 1955. Milazzo, G., "Electrochemistry—Theoretical Principles and Applications," Elsevier Publishing Co., New York, 1963. Mueller, E., Reuther, H., "Elektrochemisches Praktikum," 8. Aufl., T. Steinkopf, Dresden, 1950. Mueller, R., "Allgemeine und Technische Elektrochemie Nichtmetallischer Stoffe," J. W. Edwards, publisher, Ann Arbor, Mich., 1944. Regner, A., "Electrochemical Processes in Chemical Industries," Constable & Co., London, 1957. Regner, A., "Elektrothermicke Pochody v Anorganickem Prumyslu; Ucebnice pro Studim Chemicko-Technologickeho Inzenyrstvi," Statni Nakl. Technicke Literatury, Prague, 1959. Schmitt, K., "Elektrochemie mit Einfürhrung in die Anorganische Chemie," Fachbuchverlag, Leipzig, 1959. "Soviet Electrochemistry," Proceedings of the 4th Conference on Electrochemistry, 1956. Vol.III,"Applied," transl. by Consultants Bureau Enterprises, Inc., New York, 1961. Stender, V. V., "Prikladnaya Elektrokhimiya (Applied Electrochemistry)," Izdatel, Khar'kov Univ., Khar'kov, 1961. Vetter, K. J., "Electrochemische Kinetik," Springer-Verlag, Berlin, 1961. Winnacker, K., Kuechler, L., "Chemische Technologie," 2. Aufl. Bd.I. "Anorganische Technologie I," Carl Hanser Verlag, Munich, 1958. Yaeger, E., ed., "Transactions of the Symposium on Electrode Processes," John Wiley and Sons, New York, 1961.



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Chlorine and Sodium Hydroxide "Caustic Soda Production Technique," Noyes Development Corp., Pearl River, N. Y., 1962. Papers from seminar held in Bombay, India, in December 1960, and originally published in the Chemical Age of India. "Chlor-Alkali Electrolysis," Chem.-Ing.-Tech., 34, 337-371, 1962. Series of review papers covering technical developments. Genin, L. S., "Elektroliz Rastvorov Povarennoi Soli (Electrolysis of Sodium Chloride Solutions)," Gosudarstvennoe Nauchno-Tekhnicheskoe Isdatel'stvo Khimicheskoi Literatury, Moscow, 1960. Genin, L. S., Kovalev, N. M., "Sovremennoe Proizvodstvo Khlora i Kausticheskoi Sody (Modern Production of Chlorine and Caustic Soda)," Gosudarstvennoe NauchnoTekhnicheskoe Komitet Soveta Ministrov R.S.F.S.R., Gosudarstvennoe NauchnoIssledovatel Inst. Nauchno-Tekhnicheskoe Informatzii, 1960. Hardie, D. W. F., "Electrolytic Manufacture of Chemicals from Salt," Oxford University Press, Oxford, 1959. Hass, K., "Chloralkali-Electrolyse," Chem. Ing. Tech. 27, 234-247 (1955). Kaufmann, D. W., "Sodium Chloride, the Production and Properties of Salt and Brine," Reinhold Publishing Corp., New York, 1960. Pozzoli, S., Uga, R., Bianchi, G., "Apptunti di Chimica Industriale Inorganica," Vol. IV, "Industria Elettrolitica del Cloruro Sodico," Litografia D. Cislaghi, Milan, 1961. Sanders, H. J., Gardiner, W. C., Wood, J. L., "Mercury Cell Chlorine and Caustic," Ind. Eng. Chem. 45, 1824-1835 (1953). Sconce, J. S., ed., "Chlorine, Its Manufacture, Properties, and Uses," Reinhold Publishing Corp., New York, 1962. Sommers, H. A., "Chlorine Caustic Cell Development in Europe and the United States," Chem. Eng. Progr. 53, 409-417, 506-510 (1957). Sommers, H. A., "The Chlor-Alkali Industry," Chem. Eng. Progr. 61 (3), 94-109 (1965). Stender, V. V., "Diafragmy Dlya Elektroliza Vodnykh Rastvorov," Gosudarstvennoe Nauchno-Tekhnicheskoe Isdatel'stvo Khimicheskoi Literatury, Moscow, 1948. Tsukada, H., et al., "Electrolvtic Chlorine and Caustic Soda Industry in Japan," J. Electrochem. Soc. Japan, Overseas Ed., 32, (1) 1-16, (2) 63-72 (1964). Wasilewski, L., et al., "Technologia Chloru i Zwiazkow Chloru," Wydawnictwo Naukowo-Techniczne, Warsaw, 1963. Chlorates and Perchlorates MacMullin, R. B., "Electrochemical Operations at I. G. Farbenindustrie A. G.," Bitterfeld, Office Technical Services Rept., PB-47908 (FIAT final report. 732), 29-41, February 1946. Rajagopal, K., Srirangan, P. B., "Electrolytic Manufacture of Potassium Chlorate," Altech, (University Madras) 7, 21-30 (1957-58). Schumacher, J. C., "Perchlorates, Their Manufacture and Uses," Reinhold Publishing Corp., New York, 1960. Fluorine "Symposium on Fluorine Chemistry," Ind. Eng. Chem. 39, 235-434 (1947). Lanier, S. F., "U. S. Atomic Energy Commission Reports on Elemental Fluorine," A. E. C. Technical Information Service Extension, TID-3507, May 1957. Leech, H. R., "Development of Fluorine Production," Research (London) 5, 108-115 (1952). Leech, H. R., "Laboratory and Technical Production of Fluorine and Its Compounds," Quart. Rev. 3, 22-35 (1949) Office of Technical Services, "Fluorine and Fluorine Compounds," Selective Bibliography 491, February 1962. Rudge, A. J., "The Manufacture and Use of Fluorine and Its Compounds," Oxford Press, Oxford, 1962. Ryss, I. G., "Chemistry of Fluorine and Its Inorganic Compounds," Vol. 1, State Publishing House for Scientific, Technical and Chemical Literature, Moscow, 1956 (in English). U. S. Atomic Energy Commission Technical Information Services, Oak Ridge, Tenn. AEC-tr-3927 (Pt. 1), 1960. Simons, J. H., ed., "Fluorine Chemistry," Vol. 1. Academic Press, New York, 1950. Slesser, C. A., Schramm, S. R., "Preparation, Properties, and Technology of Fluorine and Organic-Fluoro Compounds," McGraw-Hill Book Co., New York, 1951.


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Hydrogen Peroxide, Hydrogen, and Oxygen Bretschger, M . E., Crewson, G. G., Cushing, R. E., "German Hydrogen Peroxide Industry," Office of Technical Services Rept, PB-17331, April 1946, Clearinghouse for Federal Scientific and Technical Information, Springfield, Va. IofFe, V. B., "Osnovy Proizvodstva Vodoroda (Fundamentals in Hydrogen Produc tion )," Gosudarstvennoe Nauchno-Tekhnicheskoe Izdaterstvo, Neftyanoi GomoToplivnoi Promyshlennost, Leningrad, 1960. Kanzaki, K., "Manufacture of Cheap Hydrogen by Electrolysis," Noguchi Kenkyusho Jiho 4, 29-42 (1955). Machu, W., "Das Wasserstoffperoxyd und die Perverbindungen," 2. Aufl., SpringerVerlag, Vienna, 1951. Schmidt, Α. H . H . , "Commercial Scale Electrochemical Production of Hydrogen Peroxide," Chem.-Ing.-Tech. 37, (8) 832-834 (1965). Schumb, W . C., Satterfield, C. N . , Wentworth, R. L . , "Hydrogen Peroxide," Reinhold Publishing Corp., New York, 1955. Velceanu, R., Purdela, D., "Modern Processes of Obtaining Hydrogen Peroxide," Acad. Rep. Populate Romine, Baza Cercetari Steint. Temisoara, Studii Cercetari, Steinte Chim., 9, 161-173 ( 1962 ). Vetter, K. J . , "Kinetics of the Electrolytic Separation of Hydrogen and Oxygen," Angew. Chem. 73, 277-290 (1961). Woldenberg, M . , White, L . M . , "Production of Concentrated Hydrogen Peroxide So lutions," Office Technical Services Rept., PB-197, May 1945, Clearinghouse for Federal Scientific and Technical Information, Springfield, Va. Wood, W. S., "Hydrogen Peroxide," Lectures, Monograph and Report Series No. 2. Royal Institute of Chemistry, London, 1954. Electro-Organic Chemistry Allen, M . J., "Organic Electrode Processes," Reinhold Publishing Corp., New York, 1958. Brockman, C. J., "Electro-Organic Chemistry," John Wiley and Sons, New York, 1926. Burdon, J . , Tatlow, J . C., "Electrochemical Process for the Synthesis of FluoroOrganic Compounds," Advan. in Fluorine Chem. 1, 129-165 ( 1960). Dvorak, F., "Electrolytic Fluorination of Organic Compounds in Non-aqueous Hydro gen Fluoride," Chem. Listy 59, (6) 698-716 ( 1965). Fichter, F., "Organische Elektrochemie," 2. Aufl., Steinkopf, Dresden, 1951. Izgaryshev, Ν. Α., Fioshin, M . Ya., "Advances of Electrosyntheses in Organic Chem istry," Usp. Khim. 25, 486-516 ( 1956). Khomyakov, V . G., Fioshin, M . Ya., "Electrochemical Methods of Hydroxylamine Syntheses," Khim. Prom. 1958, 335-340. Khomyakov, V . G., Fioshin, M . Ya., Kruglikov, S. S., "Electrochemical Synthesis of Organic Substances," Khim. Νauk. Prom. 3, 432-438 (1958). Khomyakov, V . G., Tomilov, A. P., "Examples of Possible Use of the Electrolysis of Organic Compounds in Industry," Khim. Prom. 1959, 566-573. Knunyants, I. L . , Gambaryan, N . P., "The Reaction of Hydrodimerization," Usp. Khim. 23, 781-820 (1954). Marlett, Ε. M . , "Electrochemical Svnthesis of Organometallics," Ann. Ν. Y. Acad. Sci. 125 (1), 12-24 (1965). Mueller, F., "Electrochemical Reactions," Houben-Weyl, "Methoden der Organischen Chemie," 4, Aufl. Bd. 4, T l . 2. S. 457-503, 1955. Odo, K., "Organic Electrochemistry," Denki Kagaku 24, 673-675 ( 1956). Popp, F. D., Schultz, H . P., "Electrolvtic Reduction of Organic Compounds," Chem. Rev. 62 (1), 19-40 (1962). Stackelberg, M . V., "Electrochemical Potential of Organic Compounds," HoubenWeyl, "Methoden der Organischen Chemie," 4, Aufl. Bd. 3, T l . 2. S. 255-294, 1955. Stender, V. V., "Electrolysis of Aqueous Solutions," Khim. Nalk. Prom 3, 418-423 (1958). Svadkovskaya, G. E., Voitkevich, S. Α., "Electrolvtic Condensation of Carboxylic Acids," Usp. Khim. 29, 364-403 (1959). Swann, S., Jr., "Bibliography of Electro-Organic Chemistry," Univ. Illinois Bull. 45, No. 69, Circular series No. 50 (1948).


2. HAGLIND Electrochemistry and Electro-Organic Chemistry

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Swann, S., Jr., "Bibliography of Electro-Organic Reactions in Chemical Abstracts 55, 1961," Electrochem. Tech. 1, 308-311 (1963). Swann, S., Jr., "Electrolytic Reactions" in "Techniques of Organic Chemistry," A. Weissberger, ed., Vol. 2, pp. 385-523, Interscience Publishers, Inc., New York, 1956. Tomilov, A. P., "Electrolytic Reduction of Acetylenic Bonds," Usp. Khim. 31, 1217-1230 (1962). Tomilov, A. P., Fioshin, M. Ya., "Reactions of Free Radicals in Electrolysis of Organic Compounds," Usp. Khim. 32, 60-92 (1963). Weedon, B. C. L., "The Kolbe Electrolytic Synthesis," Advan. Org. Chem. 1, 1-34 (1960). Weedon, B. C. L., "Anodic Syntheses with Carboxylic Acids," Quart. Rev. 6, 380-398 (1962). Abstracting and Indexing Services Bulletin Signaletique, Centre de Documentation du Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (C.N.R.S.), 15 quai Anatole-France, Paris 7, France, Sections 7, 8, 9, monthly. Chemical Abstracts, American Chemical Society, 1155 Sixteenth St., N. W., Washington, D. C. 20036, weekly. before 1962: Section 4. Electrochemistry from 1962-1967 Section 15. Electrochemistry from 1967 on Section 77. Electrochemistry Chemisches Zentralblatt, Akademie-Verlag, GmbH, Leipziger Str. 3-4, Berlin W8, Germany, weekly. Current Chemical Papers, Chemical Society, Burlington House, Piccadilly, London Wl, England, monthly. Dissertation Abstracts, 313 North First St., Ann Arbor, Mich., monthly. Electroanalytical Abstracts, Birkhauser Verlag, Elisabethenstr. 19, Box 34, Basel 10, Switzerland, bimonthly. Journal of the Electrochemical Society of Japan, Overseas Edition (abstracts of papers which appeared in Denki Kagaku), Electrochemical Society of Japan, 3, 1-chome Yurakucho, Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo, Japan, quarterly. Nuclear Science Abstracts, U. S. Atomic Energy Commission, Division of Technical Information Services Extension, P. O. Box 62, Oak Ridge, Tenn., semimonthly. Referativnyi Zhurnal: Khimiya, Izdatel'stvo Akademii Nauk SSSR, Shubinskii Per. D. 10, Moscow G-99, USSR, semimonthly. Electrical Engineering Abstracts (Science Abstracts—Section B), Institution of Electrical Engineers, Savoy Place, London WC2, England, monthly. Technical Abstract Bulletin (TAB), Armed Services Technical Information Agency (ASTIA), Arlington Hall Station, Arlington, Va., semimonthly. U. S. Government Research Reports, Clearinghouse for Federal Scientific and Technical Information, 5285 Port Royal Rd., Springfield, Va. 22151, semimonthly. Journals Acta Chemica Scandinavica, Munksgaard, 47 Prags Blvd., Copenhagen 5, Denmark, 10 per yr. Berichte der Bunsengesellschaft für Physikalische Chemie, Verlag Chemie GmbH, Weinheim/Bergstr., Germany, 10 per yr. Chemical Engineering, McGraw-Hill Book Co., 330 West 42nd St., New York, N. Y. 10036, biweekly. Chemical Engineering Progress, American Institute of Chemical Engineers, 345 East 47th St, New York, N. Y. 10017, monthly. Chemie-Igenieur-Technik, Verlag Chemie GmbH, monthly. Chimica e l'Industria, Societa per Azioni Editrice di Chimica, Piazzale R. Morandi 2, Milan, Italy, monthly. Denki Kagaku (Journal of the Electrochemical Society of Japan), The Society, 3, 1-chome, Yura kucho, Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo, Japan, quarterly. Electrochemical Technology, Electrochemical Society, Inc., 30 East 42nd St, New York, N. Y. 10017, monthly. Electrochimica Acta, Pergamon Press, 122 East 55th St, New York, N. Y. 10022, monthly.



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LITERATURE OF CHEMICAL TECHNOLOGY

Elektrokhimiya (Soviet Electrochemistry), Consultants Bureau Enterprises, Inc., 227 West 17th St, New York, N. Y. 10017, monthly. Industrial and Engineering Chemistry, American Chemical Society, 1155 Sixteenth St, N. W, Washington, D. C. 20036, monthly. Kogyo Kagaku Zasshi (Journal of the Chemical Society of Japan, Industrial Chemical Section), Secretary, Chemical Society of Japan, No. 5, 1-chome, Surugadai Kanda, Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo, Japan, monthly. Journal of Electroanalytical Chemistry, Elsevier Publishing Co., Box 211, Amsterdam, Netherlands, monthly. Journal of the Electrochemical Society, Electrochemical Society, Inc. (N.Y.), monthly. Journal of the Electrochemical Society of India, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore 12, India, quarterly. Journal of Physical Chemistry, American Chemical Society, monthly. Khimicheskaya Promyshlennost, Khimiya, N. Krasnoselskaya 37, Moscow B-66, USSR, monthly. Przemysl Chemiczny, Zurawia 6/12, Warsaw, Poland, monthly. Transactions of the Faraday Society, The Aberdeen University, 6 Upper Kirkgate, Aberdeen, Scotland, monthly. Zeitschrift für Physikalische Chemie, Akademische Verlagsgesellschaft Cronstettenstr. 6a, Frankfurt am Main, Germany, irregular. Zhurnal Fizicheskoi Khimii, Kuznetzkii Most 9/10, Moscow k-31, USSR, monthly. Zhurnal Prikladnoi Khimii, Nauka Mendeleyevskaya Kiniiya 1, Leningrad V-164, USSR, monthly. Annuals Annual Reports of the Progress of Chemistry, The Chemical Society, London, 1904 on. Annual Reviews of Physical Chemistry, Annual Reviews, Inc., Palo Alto, Calif., 1950 on. Bockris, J. O'M.,ed.,Modern Aspects of Electrochemistry, Academic Press, New York, Vol. 1-4, 1954 on. Delahay, P., Tobias, C. W, eds. Advances in Electrochemistry and Electrochemical Engineering, Interscience Publishing Co., Vol. 1-6, 1961 on. Reports on the Progress of Applied Chemistry, Society of Chemical Industry, London, 1916 on. Patents Class 204, Chemistry, Electrical, and Wave Energy Processes and Products 1 Electrolysis 59 Synthesis From aqueous bath 72 Organic compounds 73 Hydrogenation 78 Oxidation Inorganic compounds 82 Per-compound 83 Peroxides 84 Hydrogen peroxide 86 Metallic salts 94 Halogen containing 95 Oxyhalogen 128 Non-metallic elements 129 Hydrogen or oxygen Material treatment 131 Organic materials 193 Apparatus 194 Electrolytic 242 Cells 250 Liquid electrode 252 Diaphragm type Received June 30, 1964. Updated 1968.


Literature of Industrial Electrochemistry of Nonmetals and Electro

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