Literature of the Abrasive Industry - ACS Publications - American

7 Literature of the Abrasive Industry G . R.

FINLAY

and G . R. W A T S O N

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Norton C o . Research Laboratories, C h i p p a w a , Ontario, Canada

The

literature

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T

he modern abrasive industry is concerned with the manufacture and processing of abrasive materials for grinding, cutting, and polishing. The major materials used are aluminum oxide ( 7 ) , silicon carbide (3) and diamond (4). A l l of these are now made artificially, although natural diamonds are still an important factor. These items along with some naturally occurring abrasives are used i n grinding wheels, as coated abrasives, or i n loose form for tumbling or lapping. Metal-clad or coated diamonds have recently improved diamond wheels to a marked degree. Wheels made from metal-clad diamonds have been particularly effective i n grinding carbide tools w i t h steel shanks. There have been also remarkable improvements in the hub materials for diamond wheels, such as fiber-filled Bakelite resin, and i n diamond form tools, the single-layer diamond form wheel, and diamond abrasive belts.

History The first metal objects made by man were sharpened and polished with sand or other natural abrasives, either loose or i n the form of stones. Indeed, it is probable that some of the stone implements were also polished or shaped w i t h sand or with other stone materials. Pliny records the use of emery i n the first century A . D . D o w n through the centuries sand and sandstone have been used for polishing and sharpening, culminating in the use of the familiar grindstone for sharpening axes and other cutting tools. 112 In Literature of Chemical Technology; Smith, Julian F.; Advances in Chemistry; American Chemical Society: Washington, DC, 1968.


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The modern history of abrasives begins with attempts to bond natural emery w i t h glue to other materials so that it might be applied to rotating machinery. About 100 years ago some silicate or water-glass bonded wheels were made. These were soon followed by wheels made w i t h vitrified or clay bonds. Other bonding materials w h i c h gradually came into use were cement, rubber, shellac, sodium silicate, magnesium oxychloride, and phenolic resins. The development of artificial abrasives, such as silicon carbide and fused aluminum oxide, greatly improved quality and reproducibility ( 3 , 2 0 ) . Sandpaper, initially made w i t h glue, and emery cloth, also bonded w i t h glue, have been augmented more recently for coated abrasives w i t h other bonds based on plastics and with a wide variety of backings and fillers. F l i n t , garnet, silicon carbide, and aluminum oxide have been the usual abrasives i n this service and have recently been joined by diamond. General

Literature

Abstracts concerning abrasives may be found i n Chemical Abstracts, Ceramic Abstracts, and the Industrial Diamond Review. In Ceramic Abstracts these are concentrated mainly i n the abrasive section, but i n Chemical Abstracts the references may w e l l be scattered throughout many sections. The Grinding W h e e l Institute and the Abrasive Grain Association are responsible for much of the general literature i n this field and may be considered to represent the whole industry on the N o r t h American continent. A historical record is provided by " T h e Saga of the Abrasives Industry." This volume was prepared by M u r i e l F . Collie and published by the Grinding W h e e l Institute i n 1951. Similarly, information on coated abrasives is available i n "Coated Abrasives, M o d e r n T o o l of Industry." D a t a on the abrasive uses of diamonds are offered by Engelhard Hanovia, Inc. and by the D i a m o n d Research Laboratory i n Johannesburg. Information on specific topics and various types of grinding is provided i n the trade literature of the various abrasive companies; a list of these companies is included i n the bibliography. Books. There is no general treatise covering the field of abrasives. The best summaries are provided on an annual basis by the Minerals Yearbooks of the U n i t e d States and Canada, respectively. Both of these contain information on the industry which lags about two years behind the date. There are good individual books on grinding wheels (such as L e w i s ' b o o k ) , on coated abrasives, on diamonds, and on bauxite, w h i c h is included here since it is the raw material for producing aluminous abrasives. Periodicals and Journals. The major journal i n this field is Grinding and Finishing. It has been i n publication since 1954 and contains a number of important articles i n the field. Industrial Diamond Review is devoted to articles on the use of diamonds and a broad summary on abstracts and trade literature covering the whole field of abrasives. Grits and Grinds is a trade journal w h i c h has been published by the Norton C o . since 1909. Its major contribution is i n the field of techniques for grinding operations.

In Literature of Chemical Technology; Smith, Julian F.; Advances in Chemistry; American Chemical Society: Washington, DC, 1968.

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Patents. The patent literature of the abrasive industry is quite voluminous considering its brief span i n time. Patents may cover abrasive materials (11,21), bonds, designs, and techniques of fabricating wheels or coated abrasives. Nearly a l l relevant patents are abstracted i n Industrial Diamond Review or Ceramic Abstracts.


Other

Literature

Reports and suggestions on grinding wheel safety are available through the Grinding W h e e l Institute or from individual manufacturers. Analytical methods for abrasives are fully described i n Scott's "Standard Methods of Chemical Analysis" under the appropriate material. (Methods for analysis are also described in the chapter on "Abrasives" i n the " E n c y clopaedia of Industrial C h e m i c a l Analysis" published i n 1966 by Interscience.) Control methods used by individual manufacturers are usually kept as trade secrets. The unit processes involved i n dealing with abrasives are periodically described i n the open literature. There have been recent articles on crushing and comminution i n a number of journals ( 9 ) . Screening of abrasive grain is a special art and is frequently done w i t h silk or nylon screens. Standards for sizing of abrasive grain have been set up by the U . S. Department of Commerce. The furnacing procedures used in the industry have been reviewed by M c M u l l e n (17) and U p p e r (28). Sandmeyer and M i l l e r describe associated technology (22) (see also references 8 , 2 9 , 3 0 ) . The geographical concentration of the crude abrasive industry i n the Niagara Frontier area is reviewed by F i n l a y and U p p e r ( 9 ) . The petrology of aluminous abrasives has been considered by Baumann (1) and by Schrewelius (23). The crystallography and manufacture of silicon carbide have been considered (24,25). D a t a on hardness of abrasive materials is cited by Thibault and Nyquist (26) and by Schrewelius (23). A standard system for marking grinding wheels has been established by the industry i n the U n i t e d States and Canada. Detailed information on the system and its interpretation may be obtained either from the individual manufacturers or from the Grinding W h e e l Institute. A romanticized account of the origin and growth of the Norton Co. is given by Tymeson. This history of the largest company i n the industry provides background information not available elsewhere. The close relationship of the abrasive industry to the steel and automotive industries has been reviewed by Forchheimer (10). Large grinding wheels are used i n the pulp and paper industry to produce ground wood pulp. Recent Technology

Advances

The major recent advances may be listed as: (1) man-made diamonds, (2) sintered abrasives, (3) alumina-zirconia abrasives, (4) micro-crystalline abrasives, (5) abrasive machining, and, (6) electrolytic grinding. The appli-



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cation of synthetic diamonds to grinding wheels has been rapid (2,12,31). Reviews by Bovenkerk and b y K a y may be helpful. Recently, Carborundum Co., Norton Co., and Universal Grinding W h e e l Co. have marketed snagging wheels made from sintered bauxite or alumina materials ( 5 ) . A typical material i n this field is described b y U e l t z (27). Still another new snagging abrasive depends on zirconia additions to fused alumina i n amounts ranging from 10 to 5 0 % zirconia b y weight. Such compositions are now produced b y Norton, Carborundum, Exolon, and G e n eral Abrasives. Relevant patents are b y Marshall and Roschuk (11,12) a n d Cutt (6). Micro-crystalline abrasives, so called, are extremely fine-grained materials produced b y fusion a n d chill-casting of various aluminous materials. T h e product may be cast either as small ingots or as slabs to induce the fine crystalline structure. I n general this material is most useful i n the fields of snagging and tumbling abrasives, but little information has yet been published. The new concept of abrasive machining, whereby metal is removed rapidly using grinding wheels rather than b y conventional machining methods involving tool bits, has been adequately described b y M o w r y and Smith (18). T h e n e w types of abrasives described above have helped to expand the application of grinding wheels to heavy stock removal. A n e w technique of grinding called electrolytic grinding is gradually finding application particularly on cemented carbide tools (tungsten carbide, etc.). I n this process, electrically conductive grinding wheels are used along w i t h an electrolytic metal removal process. The combination of mechanical abrasion with electrolytic solution of the anodic work-piece is said to produce better surface at a lower cost. Reinhardt and G r u n w a l d is an illustrative reference (19). Further advances i n electrolytic grinding have also been made. These apply i n particular to work on cemented carbides. Literature

Cited

(1) (2) (3) (4) (5) (6)

Baumann, H. N., Bull. Am. Ceram. Soc. 35, 387 (1956). Bovenkerk, H. P., U . S. Patent 2,992,900 (July 18, 1961). Butler, G. M., J. Electrochem. Soc. 104, 640 (1957). Chandler, Henry P., U. S. Bur. Mines, Publ. 8200 (1964). Cowan, J. G., Haywood, S. A., British Patent 944,936 (Dec. 18, 1963). Cutt, J. C., French Patent 1,332,975 (June 10, (1963); Ind. Diamond Abstr. 24, 161 (June 1964). (7) Eardley-Wilmot, V. L., Can. Dept. Mines, Mines Branch, No. 673, 675, 677 (1927); Rept. No. 699 (1929). (8) Finlay, G. R., Chem. Can. 14 (2) 25 (1952). (9) Finlay, G. R., Upper, J. A., Trans. Electrochem. Soc. 100, 61c (1953). (10) Forchheimer, Otto, Grinding Finishing 4 (8) 26 (1958). (11) Funke, V. G., Usol'tseva, L. P., Kalitin, P. P., USSR Patent 130,681 (Aug. 5, 1960); Chem. Abstr. 55, 4915g (1961). (12) Hatt, H. T., U . S. Patents 2,947,608, 2,947,610 (Aug. 2, 1960). (13) Karpinski, J. M., Tervo, R. O., Trans. AIME 224, 126 (1964). (14) Marshall, D. W., U. S. Patent 3,141,747 (July 21, 1964). (15) Marshall, D. W., Roschuk, S. J., U. S. Patent 3,181,939 (May 4, 1965). (16) Marshall, D. W., Roschuk, S. J., British Patent 956,178 (April 22, 1964). (17) McMullen, J. C., Trans. Electrochem. Soc. 104, 462 (1957).


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(18) (19) (20) (21) (22) (23) (24) (25) (26) (27) (28) (29)

Mowry, W. W., Smith, R. L., Grits Grinds 53 (3) 3 (1962). Reinhart, H., Grunwald, W., Ind. Diamond Rev. 23 (1) 19 (1963). Ridgway, R. R., Chem. Eng. News 21 (11) 858 (1943). Robie, N. P., U. S. Patent 2,877,104 (March 10, 1959). Sandmeyer, K. H., Miller, W. A., Trans. Elec. Steel Conf. AIME 17, 257 (1959). Schrewelius, N. G., J. Am. Ceram. Soc. 31, 170 (1948). Schroll, F., U. S. Patent 2,913,313 (Nov. 17, 1959). Thibault, N. W., Am. Mineralogist 29, 249, 327 (1944). Thibault, N. W., Nyquist, H. L., Ind. Diamond Rev. 7 (7) 198 (1947). Ueltz, H. F. G., U. S. Patent 3,097,243 (Feb. 26, 1963). Upper, J. A., J. Chem. Ed. 26, 676 (1948). Vukolov, E. A., Negovskii, A. G., Jordan, A. E., Malishev, V. I., Mashnitskii, A. A., Klyashtornov, I. A., Raiz, A. B., Polonskii, S. M., Prom. Energet. 15 (10) 16 (1960). (30) Winter, J. K., Cowan, J. G., Strasser, E. L., "Abrasive Manufacture in Germany," B105 Final Rept. No. 1406, May 1946, H. M . S. O., London. PB Report No. 80577, Clearinghouse for Federal Scientific and Technical Information, Springfield, Va. (31) Wentorf, R. H., U. S. Patent 2,996,763 (Aug. 22, 1961). BIBLIOGRAPHY

Books and Reports "Bauxite," Materials Survey, U . S. Department of the Interior, Bureau of Mines, Washington, D . C , 1953. "Chemical Analysis of Silicon Carbide," Exolon Co., Report for the Abrasive Grain Association, Feb. 26, 1947. "Coated Abrasives, Modern Tool of Industry," McGraw-Hill Book Co., Inc., New York, 1958, 426 pp. Collie, M . F . , "The Saga of the Abrasive Industry," The Grinding Wheel Institute and the Abrasive Grain Association, Greendale, Mass., 1951, 386 pp. Crooks, Sir William, "Diamonds," Harper & Brothers, London, 1909. Fox, Cyril S., "Bauxite and Aluminous Laterite," 2nd ed., The Technical Press, London, 1932. "Grinding-Wheels-Machines-Methods," 2nd ed., Norton Co., Worcester, Mass., 1926. "Industrial Diamond," Industrial Diamond Association of America, Inc., New York, 1964, 72 pp. Kistler, S. S., "The German Abrasive Industry," F I A T Report No. 370, October 1950, U . S. Government Printing Office, Washington, D . C. Lewis, K. B., "The Grinding Wheel," rev. ed. by W . F . Schleicher, The Grinding Wheel Institute, Cleveland, Ohio, 1959. Moissan, M . H Steinheil, G., " L e Four Electrique," Paris, 1897. Owen, H . B., "Bauxite in Australia," Department of National Development, Bulletin No. 24, Government Printing Office, Canberra, Australia, 1954. Parche, C , "Facts About Fused Alumina," rev. ed., Carborundum Co., Niagara Falls, N . Y., 1954. "The Story of Diamonds," 3rd ed., Gemological Institute of America, Los Angeles, 1946. Tymeson, M . M . , "The Norton Story," Norton Co., Worcester, Mass., 1953. "World Survey of Abrasive Products," U . S. Department of Commerce and Defense Services Administration, U . S. Government Printing Office, Washington, D . C , 1963. t(

t(

Encyclopedias,

Handbooks,

and Annuals

"American Standard Specifications for Shapes and Sizes of Diamond Grinding Wheels, Hand Hones and Mounted Wheels," Grinding Wheel Institute, American Standard B74.3-1916, 40 pp. Branner, J . C , "Arkansas Geological Survey," Vol. 1, Annual Report, 1889. Woodruff Printing Co., Little Rock, Ark. (1890).



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"Encyclopedia of Industrial Chemical Analysis," F. D. Snell, C. L . Hilton, eds., 6 vols., Interscience Publishers, New York, 1966. Hampel, C. A., ed., The Encyclopedia of Electrochemistry," pp. 28-31, Reinhold Publishing Corp., New York, 1964. Kirk, R. E., Othmer, D. F., eds., "Encyclopedia of Chemical Technology," 1st ed., 1947, Vol. 1, p. 1, Vol. 2, p. 854, 2nd e d , 1963, Vol. 1, p. 22, Vol. 4, pp. 114, 283, 294. Interscience Publishers, Inc., New York. "Jahrbuch der Schleif- und Poliertechnik und der Oberflachen," Essen Haus der Technik, G m b H Essen, W. Germany. "Minerals Yearbook," U . S. Department of Interior, Washington, D. C , annual. Ross, J . S , "Canadian Minerals Yearbook," Canadian Department of Mines and Technical Surveys, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada, annual. "Scott's Standard Methods of Chemical Analysis," 6th e d , 3 vols, D. Van Nostrand C o , Princeton, N . J , 1962. "Ullmann's Enzyklopedie der Technischen Chemie," 3rd e d . Vol. 6, pp. 237-242, Urban Schwarzenberg, Berlin, 1956. Bibliographies Chadwick, U . R. M , "Bibliography on the Production and Properties of Silicon Carbide," U K E A T R F Information Series 295 ( R ) , H . M . Stationery Office, London, 1963, 73 pp. Merz, Kenneth, "Bibliography of Silicon Carbide," Carborundum C o , Niagara Falls, N . Y , 1958, 1959. U . S. Department of Commerce, Clearinghouse for Federal Scientific and Technical Information, 5285 Port Royal R d , Springfield, Va. 22151, Selective Bibliographies: "Abrasives, Grinding, and Polishing Materials," Sept. 1955, 63 refs, CTR-309. "Industrial Diamonds," Dec. 1962, 120 refs, SB-512. Periodicals Abrasive Methods, American Society for Abrasive Methods, 330 S. Wells S t , C h i cago, 111. 60606, monthly. American Ceramic Society Bulletin, American Ceramic Society, 4055 North High S t , Columbus, Ohio 43214, monthly. Ceramic Abstracts (sections 1, 4, 13), published with the Journal of the American Ceramic Society, which see. Chemical Abstracts, American Chemical Society, 1155 Sixteenth S t , N . W , Washington, D. C. 20036, weekly. Year 1912

1961

1962

4. 8. 9. 19. 20. 4. 8. 9. 13. 19. 20. 29. 16. 17. 18. 19. 20. 21. 22. 45.

Section Electrochemistry Mineralogical & Geological Chemistry Metallurgy & Metallography Glass & Ceramics Cement & Other Building Materials Electrochemistry Mineralogical & Geological Chemistry Metallurgy Chemical Industry & Miscellaneous Industrial Products Glass, Clay Products, Refractories, & Enameled Metals Cement, Concrete, & Other Building Materials Leather & Glue Cement & Concrete Products Ceramics Mineralogical & Geological Chemistry Extractive Metallurgy Ferrous Metals & Alloys Nonferrous Metals & Alloys Electrochemistry Leather & Glue


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Year 1965

Section 15. Electrochemistry 18. Extractive Metallurgy 19. Ferrous Metals & Alloys 20. Nonferrous Metals & Alloys 21. Ceramics 22. Cement & Concrete Products 25. Mineralogical & Geological Chemistry 55. Leather & Related Materials 1967 41. Leather & Related Materials 53. Mineralogical & Geological Chemistry 54. Extractive Metallurgy 55. Ferrous Metals & Alloys 56. Nonferrous Metals & Alloys 57. Ceramics 58. Cement & Concrete Products 77. Electrochemistry Grinding and Finishing, Hitchcock Publishing C o , Geneva R d , Wheaton, 111, monthly. Grits and Grinds, Norton C o , 3 New Bond S t , Worcester, Mass. 01606, monthly. Industrial Diamond Abstracts (Sections B - W ) , published with Industrial Diamond Review, which see. Industrial Diamond Review (including Industrial Diamond Abstracts), Industrial Diamond Information Bureau, Arundel House, Kirby S t , London E C 1 , monthly. Journal of the American Ceramic Society (including Ceramic Abstracts), American Ceramic Society, monthly. Journal of the Electrochemical Society (combining the Journal and Transactions), The Electrochemical Society, 1860 Broadway, New York 10023, monthly. Woodworking Industry, Trade Chronicles L t d , Mercury House, 109-119 Waterloo R d , London SE1, monthly. Selected

Articles

"Abrasive Grain in Bonded Abrasive Products," Grinding Finishing, Part 1, 9, (6) 37 (1963); Part 2, 9, (7) 37 (1963). "Abrasives Slash Cutting Costs," Iron Age, 188 (15) 165 (1961). "44 A L U N D U M Abrasive," Blast Furnace Steel Plants, 44 (10), 1130 (1956). Anthes, L . B , "Synthetic Abrasives Industry in Canada," Can. Mining Met. Bull. 55 (601) 332 (1962). As, T , Ito, T , Oyama, T , "Fundamental Studies on the Vitrified Grinding Wheel," (in English), Memoirs Inst. Sci. Ind. Res. Osaka Univ. 20, 81 (1963); 21, 121 (1964). Barata, C , "The Production and Properties of Synthetic Corundum," Ind. Diamond Rev. 17 (201) 147, 152 (1957). Baumgold, C , "Diamond Abrasives," Ind. Diamond Rev. 23 (276) 272 (1963). Beaudin, L . J , "Abrasives, Natural and Synthetic," Am. Ceram. Soc. Bull. 39 (4) 227 (1960). Bovenkerk, H . P , "Preparation of Diamond," Nature 184 (4693) 1094 (1959). Bramlette, M . N , I.C. No. 8, Arkansas Geological Survey, Little Rock (1936) 68 pp. Branner, J . C , Am. Geologist 7, 181 (1891). Bray, D. K , "Why Does Abrasive Cut?" Grinding Finishing 8 (8) 33 (1962). Buchner, S , "Manufacture of Abrasive Materials and Grinding Wheels," Keram. Z. 8 (8) 383 (1956). Bundy, F. P , Hall, H . T , Strong, H . M , Wentorf, R. H , "Synthesis of Diamond," Nature 176, 51 (1955). Buttner, A , "Diamond Tool Developments at the Hanover Machine Tool Exhibition 1964," Ind. Diamond Rev. 24 (289) 302 (1964). Coes, L . L . Jr., "Knowledge of the Scientific Principles of Grinding is Basis of Recent Progress in Abrasives," Ind. Eng. Chem. 47, 2493 (1955). "Diamond Abrasive Belts," Machinery N.Y. 73 (4) 126 (1966).



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Dwyer, Jr., J . J , "Diamond Grinding Today," Am. Machinery 110 (22) 122-124 (1966). "Diamond Sparks Grinding Technology," Iron Age 199 (13) 68 (1967). Filonenko, N . E , Borovkova, L . A , "Investigation of Electrocorundum in Reflected Light," Ogneupory 17 (3) 124 (1952). Filonenko, N . E , "Application of the Petrographic Method of Analysis on the Electric Furnace Melting of Corundum," Zavodskaya Lab. 11, 1138 (1945). Filonenko, N . E., Lavrov, I. V , "The Microstructure of Electrocorundum," Ogneupory 25, 359 (1960) (in Russian); Chem. Abstr. 54, 25664d (1960). Filonenko, N . E , "Note on Alumina Spinel," Dokl. Akad Nauk, SSSR 115, (3) 583 (1957) (in Russian). "Formed Diamond Grinding Wheels," British Patent 1,048,880, Naradi Narodni Podnik Praha, Czechoslovakia. Funabashi, W , "Study on Abrasives," Nagoya Kogyo Gijutsu Shikensho Hokoku 1 (2) 31 (1952). Gormly, M . W , "What You Should Know About Wheel Manufacturing," Grinding Finishing 5 (5) 30 (1959); 5 (6) 41 (1959). Gormly, M . W , "Technical Aspects of Vitrified Grinding Wheel Manufacture," Am. Ceram. Soc. Bull. 37 (2) 77 (1958); 37 (3) 144 (1958); 37 (4) 189 (1958); 37 (5) 210 (1958). Gregor, J . R , "Effects of Materials on Snagging Grinding Wheel Performance," Grinding Finishing 4 (10) 28 (1959). Haggett, J . E , "The Economics of Abrasive Machining," Grinding Finishing, Part I, 10 (10) 28 (1964); Part II, 10 (11) 40 (1964). Hirschfeld, M , "Methods and Equipment for the Removal of Material by Means of Electrical Energy," Feinwerktechnik 67 (9) 341 (1963) (in German). Horibe, T , Kuwabara, S , "Relation Between Discoloration and Lattice Contraction of Heat-treated Brown Electrocorundum Abrasives," Nagoya Kogyo Gijutsu Shikensho Hokoku 14 (2) 63 (1965); Ceram. Abstr. June, p. 167g; A u g , p. 223j (1965). Houchins, H . A , "The Manufacture of Vitrified Grinding Wheels," Ceram. Age 69 (1) 12 (1957). Hughes, F , Notter, A , "Evaluation of the Electrolytic Grinding Process," Ind. Diamond Rev. 25, 476 (1965). Jacobs, C. W. F , "What's the Status of Zirconium Type Abrasives?" Grinding Finishing 5 (5) 41 (1959). Johnson, Stanley L , "Coated Abrasives as a Stock Removal Tool," Grinding Finishing 11 (3) 26 (1965). Kapernaros, E. L , Ratterman, E , " H i g h Efficiency Approach to Diamond Carbide Grinding," Part 1, "Wet Surface Grinding," Grinding Finishing 9 (8) 26 (1963); Part 2, "Dry Tool and Cutter Grinding," 9 (9) 36 (1963); Part 3, "Cost Analysis of Wet Surface and Dry Cutter Grinding," 9 (10) 32 (1963). Kay, S , Warren, E. F , "Man-made Diamonds vs. Natural Diamond Powders," Grinding Finishing 5 (8) 35 (1959). Kingery, W . D , Sidhwa, A. P , Wash, A , "Structure and Properties of Vitrified Bonded Abrasives," Am. Ceram. Soc. Bull. 42 (5) 297 (1963). Knapp, D. H , Viens, J . A , "Abrasive Machining with Belts," Grinding Finishing 11 (7) 26 (1965). Krabacher, E . J , "Factors Influencing the Performance of Grinding Wheels," Trans. A.S.M.E. 81, 187 (August 1959). Krabacker, E. J,Haggerty, W . A , Allison, C. R , Paris, M . F , "Electrolytic Methods of Machining," International Research on Production Engineering, Trans. A.S.M.E. 88, 232-241 (1966). Reviewed in Metal Progr. 89 (5) 172, 175 (1966). McKee, R. L , "Standard Marking System," Grinding Finishing 7 (2-6) (2) 30, (3) 3 8 , ( 4 ) 2 2 , ( 5 ) 5 4 , ( 6 ) 36 (1961). McKee, Richard L , "Deburring with Coated Abrasives," Grinding Finishing 10 (3) 41 (1964). "Mesh Abrasive Cloths Grow in Favor for Polishing Metals," Am. Metal Market, 62 (153) 10 (1955). Moser, M , "The Manufacturing Conditions of Grinding Tools (Wheels)," Periodica Polytechnica, Chem. Eng. 8 (2) 1.33 (1964). Patch, J . B , "Heat Treating Fused Alumina Abrasive Grain," Ceramic Age 79 (11) 38 (1963). t(



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"Physical and Chemical Properties of Abrasive Grain," Grinding Finishing Part 1, 9 (3) 34 (1963); Part 2, 9 (4) 34 (1963). Prikhod'ko, N , "Recent Russian Advances in the Production of Abrasives," Grinding Finishing 2 (8) 21 (1956). Pugh, H . L . D , Lees, J , "Ultra-high Pressure Research—The Synthesis of Diamond," National Engineering Laboratory Report No. 9, E . Kilbride, Glasgow, 1961, 36 pp. Reinhardt, H , Grunwald, W , "Electrolytic Stock Removal of Sintered Carbide With Diamond Grinding Wheels," Ind. Diamond Rev. 23 (1) 19, 45 (1963). "Rodlike Abrasive Shapes Better Wheel Performance," Steel 151 (18) 39 (1962). Russell, A. S , Lewis, J . E , "Abrasive Characteristics of Alumina Particles," Ind. Eng. Chem. 46 (6) 1305 (1954). Ryshkewitch, E , "Cutting Tools of Sintered Alumina," Ber. deut. Keram. Ges. 34 (1) 3 (1957). Schneider, A , "Ceramic Abrasive Wheels for Industry," Tonind.-Ztg. Keram. Rundschau 85 (18) 417 (1961). Shubnikov, V . et al., "Physical Properties of Synthetic Corundum—A Symposium," Trudy Inst. Krist. Akad. Nauk. SSSR No. 8, 356 pp. (1953). Spencer, L . F , "Abrasive Sheets and Belts," Metal Ind. (London) 94 (12) 223 (1959). Smith, L . I , "Increased Productivity through the Use of Armored Diamond," Proceedings of the Industrial Diamond Conference, Oxford, 1966. Tarasov, L . P , "Grinding Fundamentals," Intern. Res. Production Eng., Proc. Conf. Pittsburg, Sept. 1963, pp. 196-200; reprinted in Grinding Finishing 10 (8) 26, 60 (1964). "Use of Abrasive Grain in the Manufacture of Coated Abrasive Products," Grinding Finishing Part 1,^9 (7) 33 (1963); Part 2, 9 (12) 30 (1963). Valyashko, E. G , "Color of Corundum and Methods for its Investigation," Trudy Inst. Krist. Akad. Nauk, SSSR No. 8, 111 (1953). Vorce, L , "Abrasive Belt Polishing," Steel 137 (10) 86 (1955). Wilkinson, A. W , "Production of Synthetic Abrasives," Canadian Metals 17 (11) 47, 50 (1954). m

Patent Classes and

Subclasses

Alumina Abrasive materials, compositions, Dry methods (of production) Wet methods (of production) In refractory compositions

Class/Subclass and tool making processes

Silicon Carbide Abrasive materials, compositions, and tool making processes In ceramic compositions Diamond Abrasive materials, compositions, and tool making processes Diamond tools for stone working Synthesis Tool Making Boring Bit * +

means a n d a l l indented

Leading

Manufacturers

51/293+ * 23/141 23/142 106/62 106/65 106/55+ 23/208 51/293+ 106/44 51/293+ 125/39 23/209.1 76/101 175/329

subclasses.

as Sources of Abrasive

Literature

Industrial advertising literature is available from the following companies: American Abrasive C o , Inc., 100 Union S t , Westfield, Mass. Armour Abrasives C o , 16123 Armour S t , Alliance, Ohio Armour Alliance Industries, Adhesive Division and Coated Abrasives Division, 16123 Armour St., N . E. Alliance, Ohio Frank Bancroft C o , Inc., 23841 Kean A v e , Dearborn, Mich.



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Bay State Abrasives C o , 15 Union S t , Westboro, Mass. Behr-Manning C o , Howe S t , Troy, N . Y. Brown and Sharpe Manufacturing C o , 250 Promenade, Providence, R. I. Carborundum C o , Niagara Falls, N . Y. Carborundum C o , Refractories Division, Dept. T. R. 62R, Perth Amboy, N . J . Chicago Wheel and Mfg. C o , Dept. T R , 1101 W . Monroe S t , Chicago, 111. Cincinnati Milling Machines C o , 4701 Marbury A v e , Cincinnati, Ohio Colonial Abrasive Products C o , Union H i l l R d , Conshohocken, Pa. Engelhard Hanovia, Inc., Industrial Diamond Division, 113 Astor S t , Newark, N . J . Electro Refractories & Abrasives C o r p , 213 Vars B l d g , Buffalo, N . Y. Engis Equipment C o , 431 S. Dearborn S t , Chicago, 111. The Exolon C o , 950 E . Niagara S t , Tonawanda, N . Y. Gardner Machine C o , State Line, Beloit, Wise. General Abrasive C o , Inc., 2100 College A v e , Niagara Falls, N . Y. Heald Machine C o , 10 New Bond S t , Worcester, Mass. Macklin C o , 2917 Wildwood R d , Jackson, Mich. Mattison Machine Works, 200 Blackhawk Park A v e , Rockford, 111. Micromatic Hone C o r p , Schoolcraft at Greenlawn, Detroit, Mich. Mid-West Abrasive C o , Owosso, Mich. Minnesota Mining & Mfg. C o , 2501 Hudson R d , St. Paul, Minn. Norton C o , 50 New Bond S t , Worcester, Mass. Pangborn C o r p , 10 Pangborn Blvd., Hagerstown, M d . Peninsular Grinding Wheel C o , 729 Meldrum A v e , Detroit, Mich. Precision Diamond Tool C o , Lake and Bluff Sts, Elgin, 111. Rampe Mfg. C o , 14918 Woodworth A v e , Cleveland, Ohio Setco Industries Inc., 5890 Hillside A v e , Cincinnati, Ohio 45233 The Sheffield C o r p , Springfield and Thomas Sts, Dayton, Ohio Simonds Abrasive C o , 5510 Tacony S t , Philadelphia, Pa. Speedlap C o r p , 3634 W . Oakton S t , Skokie, 111. Sterling Grinding Wheel C o , 58 Wall, Tiffin, Ohio The Thompson Grinder C o , 1534 W . Main, Springfield, Ohio Ty-sa-man Machine C o , 998 White A v e , Knoxville, Tenn. Wallace Supplies Mfg. C o , 1308 Diversey Parkway, Chicago, 111. R E C E I V E D May 20, 1965. Updated 1967.


Literature of the Abrasive Industry - ACS Publications - American

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