THE JOURMAL OF INDUSTRIAL AND En’GINEERING CHEMISTRY
Mar., 1922
217 r.!
T A B L E 4-EFFECT
O F P A R A F F I N W A X ON S P E C I F I C
Kind of oil used . . A Kind of wax used. 2 Amount of wax Per cent 0 0.8665 2 0.8654 5 0.8639 10 0,8618 15 0.8591 0.8550 20 25
50
0.8519
0.8398
B’ 1
C 2
0.8634 0,8529 0.8514 0.8498 0.8478
0.8805
*
0.8448 0.8423
0.8304
0.8800 0.8772 0,8746 0.8702 0.8654 0.8628 0.8453
GRAVITY
E
2
0,8933 0,8922 0,8888 0,8838 0.8805 0.8765 0.8718
0.8519
the original oil. The fact that the graphs are all straight lines shows that there is no change of total volume when the paraffin wax is dissolved in the oil. In this respect paraffin wax behaves like any liquid mineral oil. SUMMARY l-When paraffin wax is added to mineral lubricating oils it decreases the viscosity of the more viscous oils, but not of the less viscous ones. 2-Paraffin wax in solution in mineral lubricating oils acts
like a thinlv fluid oil. so far as its effect on the viscositv is concerned. 3-The addition of paraffin wax to mineral lubricating oils raises the freening point according to a definite relationship, dependent solely on the amount of paraffin wax present. 4--8 quick and easy way of determining the amount of paraffin wax in waxy oils, to a sufficiently accurate degree for all practical purposes. is pointed out. ?-Paraffin wax lowers the specific gravity of mineral lubricating oils. The graph showing this relationship is a straight line. Hence there is no change of total volume on dissolving paraffin wax in mineral lubricating oils. ACKNOWLEDGMENT Part of the work herein recorded was done in the laboratory of the Canfield Oil Co., at Cleveland, Ohio, aiid part was done in the laboratory of the Empire Refineries, Inc., a t Okmulgee, Okla. The writer’s thanks are here expressed to the respective managers of these companies for permission to publish these data.
Manufacture of Chemically Pure Dextrose’ By Chr. E. G. Porst and Nicholas V. S.Mumford C O R N PRODUCTS
REFINING CO., EDGEWAT~R, NEW J ~ R S E Y
The following paper describes the deoelopment of the process by which chemically pure dextrose is now manufactured on a commercial scale for medical use.
P to a short time ago, chemically pure dextrose was used only for laboratory purposes and in small amounts. Several years ago, however, several physicians, individually, began to see possibilities in the use of chemically pure dextrose for medical purposes, and this laboratory was requested to furnish what, a t that time, was a fairly large amount. THEEARLIER METHODS
U
The method used at first was essentially that described by R. F. Jackson,2 in which alcohol was used as a washing medium and as a precipitant for dextrins. By this means a 99.9 per cent dextrose was obtained from “Cerelose,”* but the use of large quantities of alcohol made the method too expensive for practical use. A method suggested by Mr. C. S. Hudson of the Bureau of Chemistry, involving the use of glacial acetic acid in the ratio of one part of acid to one part of a 70 to 75 per cent solution of dextrose, was tested out. There was, howerer, danger of some acid being left in the final product, and since the cost of production was also high the method was abandoned in the experimental stage. The method which was successfully used for two years or more involved solution of Cerelose in water to a density of about 63” Brix, treatment of this solution a t 70’ to 80” C. with from 0 . 5 to 1.0 per cent of “Eponite,” filtration through a glazed stoneware Buchner funnel, crystallization
in lO-gal., glazed stoneware crocks, and centrifuging. On re-solution and retreatment with Eponite a sugar was obtained which gave no test for dextrins and contained less than 0 . 1 per cent ash. A third recrystallization was usually made t o insure the complete removal of dextrins, but it was not possible to reduce the ash content much below 0 05 per cent. When, however, it became necessary to turn out C. P. dextrose at the rate of 200 lbs. per week. this process was not practicable. Sufficient Eponite could not be obtained and the capacity of the Buchner funnel was not great enough to handle the solutions. Furthermore, the number of crystallizations, which were the time-consuming factor, must be reduced.
IMPROVED AND ~IMPLIFIED METHOD
For the decolorizing, two small boneblack filters, connected in tandem, were connected with a barrel which would give a 5-ft. head. These filters were filled with activated boneblack and the solutions were run by gravity through both of them. Except when the liquors had been excessively overheated in making them up, this treatment gave a clear, water-white solution for crystallization. When the solutions were not clear or white, the liquor was passed through the filters over fresh boneblack a second time before it was allowed to crystallize. In order to reduce the number of crystallizations, the Cerelose was mixed for half an hour in a kneading machine with enough water to give a mixture which could be handled in the centrifugal. No definite ratio of water to Cerelose was adopted, becauge the amount of water necessary varied 1 Presented before the Division of Sugar Chemistry and Technology considerably, depending on how long the Cerelose had aged a t the 62nd Meeting of the American Chemical Society, New York, N. Y., before being pressed and on how much pressure had been September 6 to 10, 1921. used. This treatment served to remove some of the color 2 Bur. Standards, Sci. Paper 293. a “Cerelose” is a corn sugar, made by allowing a highly converted corn and also a considerable proportion of the impurities, the sirup to crystallize, cutting the resulting mass into slabs, pressing out the purity being raised to 99.0 per cent. mother liquor (“Hydrol”), and drying the pulverized cake. The sugar This magma was spun RS dry as possible and the sugar thus obtained is a light yellowish brown, granular substance of about 96 per cent purity. obtained was melted with enough water to give a solution
