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Mass Spectrometry Imaging Analysis of Location of Procymidone in Cucumber Samples Shu Taira, Motomi Tokai, Daisaku Kaneko, Hajime Katano, and Yasuko Kawamura-Konishi J. Agric. Food Chem., Just Accepted Manuscript • DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.5b00957 • Publication Date (Web): 06 May 2015 Downloaded from http://pubs.acs.org on May 13, 2015
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Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry
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Mass Spectrometry Imaging Analysis of Location of Procymidone in Cucumber
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Samples
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Shu Taira†, Motomi Tokai‡, Daisaku Kaneko§, Hajime Katano† and Yasuko Kawamura-Konishi‡* † Department of Bioscience, Fukui Prefectural University, Eiheiji, Fukui 910-1195, Japan ‡ Department of Food Science, Ishikawa Prefectural University, 1-308, Suematsu, Nonoichi-shi,Ishikawa-ken, 921-8836, Japan § Kyushu Institute of Technology, 1-1 Sensui, Tobata, Kitakyushu, Fukuoka 804-0015, Japan
*Corresponding author:
[email protected], +81-76-227-7454
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Abstract
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The localization of procymidone fungicide residue in cucumbers was investigated by
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mass spectrometry imaging (MSI). Cucumbers were grown, harvested, and then divided
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into two groups that were either sprayed or not sprayed with procymidone. We
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quantitatively determined the content of procymidone in the cucumbers by
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chromatographic techniques. Subsequently, we imaged the spatial distribution of
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procymidone by MSI. Procymidone reached the central part of the cucumbers following
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spraying compared with the control.
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Keywords: procymidone, cucumber, mass spectrometry imaging, fungicide residue
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Introduction
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The use of pesticide under government restrictions is required to increase yields and
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quality of crops such as fruit, vegetables, wheat, and rice. The dicarboximide family of
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fungicides includes vinclozolin, iprodione, and procymidone. Procymidone is often
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used during the summer cultivation of cucumbers to prevent mold growth.
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Cucumbers are an important vegetable with in high demand in the world market. The
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intake of minerals, ascorbic acid, and fluid from cucumber consumption is high.
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Products are scientifically tested for safety to avoid improper application of
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procymidone and undesirable procymidone residue in commercial cucumber products.
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Because procymidone is toxic to microorganisms, the pesticide residue is not degraded
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as a xenobiotic and is retained in plant tissues. Procymidone is metabolized by humans
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and shows low toxicity in mammals.1,2) Most countries have established maximum
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procymidone residue limits for agricultural products.
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Quantitative chromatographic methods are often used to evaluate target molecules.
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Gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) and high-performance liquid
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chromatography (HPLC) are used to separate, detect, and identify pesticide residues and
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nutritional compounds.3)
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Of particular concern is whether the pesticide diffuses into cucumbers after spraying.
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To solve this problem, visual information is more useful than chromatographic data and
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provides an anatomical distribution of the pesticide inside cucumber. To determine
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target molecules visually in a single measurement, direct analysis of the target molecule
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in a sample has been performed by mass spectrometry imaging (MSI).4) Previous
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studies have revealed the localization of capsaicin in Capsicum annuum fruits5) and
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tocopherol in rice6) and its disposition after intake.7)
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In this study, we analyzed the dynamics of the penetration of procymidone residue in
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cucumbers by chromatography and MSI. To analyze and image procymidone,
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nano-particle assisted laser desorption/ionization (Nano-PALDI) MSI was adopted
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because it is enables the ionization of small molecules such as pesticide residues with
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no background signal in the low mass region (
