Preface
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MATERIALS
RESEARCH A N D DEVELOPMENT
for nonlinear optical
applications has rapidly progressed since the mid-1980s to the point where several systems are available commercially. A wide variety of materials—including inorganic and organic crystals, polymers, semiconductors, composites, and metal-based systems—possess nonlinear optical properties. No material system has proven to be the "silicon" of nonlinear optics, for each material has properties that are advantageous for certain applications but also properties that are disadvantageous for other applications. Thus considerable research is still needed to develop materials that can meet the critical requirements of devices used in information processing, optical frequency conversion, integrated optics, and telecommunications. Our goal in organizing the symposium upon which this book is based was to expose the chemistry community to the critical role that chemistry can and must play in nonlinear optical research. In addition, we hoped to bring together those researchers who synthesize and characterize materials from the variety of systems mentioned above, with those who build devices. Previous symposia were typically confined to only a few of these materials, resulting in minimal interaction between those working with different material classes. If we were successful, those chemists, physicists, and engineers who attended the symposium now have a greater appreciation for the opportunities that lie ahead in understanding and developing nonlinear optical materials. We put together this book to provide a permanent record of the talks presented at the symposium and to expose a wider audience to the chemistry in nonlinear optics. This monograph begins with a discussion of polarizability and hyperpolarizability from the view of a chemist. Having this background, we move into tutorial chapters dealing with the fundamental structures and properties of second- and third-order nonlinear optical materials, measurement and characterization of these systems, theoretical considerations, application of these systems to devices, and overviews of the current state of affairs in both organic and inorganic nonlinear optical materials. The remainder of the book is loosely organized into seven sections:
xv In Materials for Nonlinear Optics; Marder, S., et al.; ACS Symposium Series; American Chemical Society: Washington, DC, 1991.
• progress toward understanding the structure-property relationships on the second-order microscopic susceptibility (/?), • preparation and characterization of poled polymers, • organic and inorganic crystals, • novel approaches to orientation of the molecular units, • composite materials,
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• molecular and supramolecular metal-based systems, and • o and 7r delocalized third-order nonlinear optical materials. The breadth of participation in the symposium is due in great part to the support from a number of organizations. Their assistance allowed scientistsfromAsia, Europe, and North America to present and discuss their work. We thank the Divisions of Inorganic and Organic Chemistry of the American Chemical Society, the Air Force Office of Scientific Research, the Petroleum Research Fund, AT&T Bell Laboratories, E. I. du Pont de Nemours and Company, and Eastman Kodak Company for generousfinancialsupport. In particular we acknowledge the Office of Naval Research and the Strategic Defense Initiative Organization/Innovative Science and Technology Office forfinancialsupport both for the preparation of this book and for the symposium. We are truly indebted to the numerous authors for their timely effort and to the referees for their critical evaluation of the manuscripts. Special thanks go to Tessa Kaganoff for her diligent coordination of both the symposium abstracts and the chapters contained in this volume. Also, the guidance and patience of Robin Giroux and her colleagues at the ACS Books Department have been essential in the publication of this book. SETH R. M A R D E R
Jet Propulsion Laboratory California Institute of Technology Pasadena, CA 91109 J O H N E. S O H N
AT&T Bell Laboratories Princeton, NJ 08540 G A L E N D . STUCKY
University of California Santa Barbara, CA 93106 November 6, 1990 xvi In Materials for Nonlinear Optics; Marder, S., et al.; ACS Symposium Series; American Chemical Society: Washington, DC, 1991.
