Materials Used in Chemical Engineering Operations

ment which is to be used for large-scale operations. It is a well-known fact that differences in conditions of operation frequently cause extreme diff...
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Materials Used in Chemical Engineering Operations B. E. ROETHELIAND H. 0. FOR REST,^ Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Mass.

T

H E rapid increase in the number of chemical substances produced by the tremendous expansion of chemical industry in the past few decades has necessitated extensive studies of the corrosion-resistant properties of materials of construction. Many of these investigations have been extremely costly to individual concerns, and their results are classed with some of their most treasured possessions. Many data have, however, been communicated to the world a t large and are undoubtedly of considerable value, but they generally have been obtained in laboratory investigations and are oftentimes misleading to the designer of equipment which is to be used for large-scale operations. It is a well-known fact that differences in conditions of operation frequently cause extreme differences in rates of corrosion. Discussions of these conditions can be found in any reputable dissertation on the theories of corrosion and will not be enumerated here. However, an improper regard for such variations very frequently leads to the choice of a material which is utterly unsuited for the conditions encountered. For this reason, it has been deemed advisable to appeal to the various industries themselves in a n endeavor to obtain information regarding the materials in use a t the present time for such of the unit operations as are involved in the handling of the corrosive substances. The tables which follow are the summarized answers to a questionnaire regarding the materials used for handling specific chemicals. Unquestionably the recommendation of some of the materials listed may seem inadvisable, but ap1 Present address, M. W. Kellogg Company, 225 Broadway, New York, N . Y.

MATERIALS USEDIN SPECIFIC

SPECIFIC CHEMICAL Mixed acid

IXORGANIC MATERIALS

ACIDS Hydrochloric

CHEVICilL I N D U S T R I E S

MATERIALS OF CONSTRUCTION

EQUIPMENT

CHIMICAL

parently the manufacturers seem satisfied with their choice, else they would not be using the materials named. However, where any reasonable doubt exists, the inexperienced designer can, and the experienced one will resort to an investigation as to the possibility of the use of the material in question. It is with this precaution in mind that the following tables are being submitted. The substances listed are classified under two headings: (1) inorganic chemicals and (2) organic chemicals. The field of inorganic chemistry has been more completely covered than that of organic chemistry. However, the latter, in general, offers fewer difficult problems than the former, and very frequently in homologous series one material may be suitable for the whole series. Very frequently, however, a slight impurity content markedly affects the corrodibility of a substance; so when a choice is made, it is advisable to consider not only the limiting conditions defined in the tables, but also the factor of purity. Furthermore, for certain purposes a definite degree of contamination is not undesirable, whereas for others this feature is of considerable importance. Therefore, in applying the information conveyed in the tables, which has been gleaned from all possible sources, considerable care must be exercised in the ultimate choice of material and should be based upon preliminary investigations only. In short, the materials listed in the tables should not necessarily be accepted as the perfect ones for application to the problems a t hand, but should serve only as a guide in the choice of materials for preliminary investigations with a view to satisfying the desired conditions.

Agitators Evaporators Fans Filters

Hard rubber-covered steel Silica, glass Rubber-lined (below 150' F.) Stoneware rubber-lined wood frames (for acid belo; 20%) Cast iron Furnace pots Silica Gas pipe Hard rubber, glass, silica. tile. Piping mhhpr-lined .- - - -.. . steel Fused silica stonenare Packing (towers) Pumps and air lifts Rubber-lineh steel, hard rubber stoneware (for concentraied acid); acid bronze, aluminum bronze and phosDhor bronze (for hilute acid) Reactors Tile. brick. stone .. . Silica Stills Rubber-lined steel (below 150" Storage F.) glass wood (for acid belbw 204, below 212O.F.); for higher concentrations, pitch or asphalt coating M?-,f,metal (for acid below Pickling tanks

EQUIPMENT Nitrators Piping Pumps

Nitric (from nitrate)

Storage Condensers Piping

MATERIALS OF CONSTRUCTION Steel, 14% Si, iron, 18-8 Cr-Ni steel stoneware enameled iron,'lead (for diiute acid) Steel iron 14% Si iron (for H k 0 4 bhow 20,%), 28% Cr iron. 18-8 Cr-Ni steel Steel, iron, 14% Si iron (for concentrated acid), bronze (for dilute acid) Steel, iron, acid brick 14% Si iron, fused silica, glass, stoneware 147 Si iron (for all concentradons), 15-.10% Cr steel, 18-8 Cr-Ni steel (for all concentra-

Packing (toaers) Pumps

~

Reactors Stills Storage

lU701

Hydrofluoric May be shipped in iron drums previously treated with H ~ F It o form resistant aoale

Piping Pumps Stills Storage

NOTE: Alloy of,Fe, ,20: Mo, 20. Ni 60 IS highly res i d a n t ' t o 'ho: and cold. Other alloys-1. e., Co-,crW-good b u t expensive. Tantalum extremely resistant, but expensive Lead rubber-lined, Bakelite LeadLlined,. rubber-lined Lead cast iron Lead'(for technical acid), wax (for c. P. acid) NOTE: Only material, totally resistant and in use is wax.

Kitric (by oxidation

1018

of

Evaporators

14Y0 Si iron

Piping

14% Si iron, l5-30% Cr steel, 18-8 Cr-Xi steel, glass 14% ceramics Si iron 15% Cr steel,

"3)

Pumps

(for dilute 18-8 Cr-Ni'steel, acid),iron-nickel phosphor bronze (for dilute acidnon-oxidizing)

I N D U S T R 1.4 L A N D E N G I N E E R I N G C H E M I S T R Y

September, 1932

1019

MATERIALS USEDIN CHEMICAL INDUSTRIES (Continued) SPECIFIC

CHEMICAL Nitrio (by oxidation of "I), cont'd

EQCIPMENT Reactors Storage

Nitrous Phosphoric

Piping Pumps Digesters Evaporators Filters Piping Pumps Stills

Sulfuric (chamber)

Chambers Concentrators Digesters

MATERIALS OF COKITRUPTION Aluminum (to be used only if acid is free from C1-, Br-, I-, or HI SO^) Aluminum below 20 and above 40%, 18-8 Cr-Ni steel, glass, stoneware, steel ( 5 % H:SO4 should be present) Lead, stoneware 18-8 Cr-Xi steel Acid-proof brick Cast lead, acid-proof brick, stoneware Lead Lead, rubber-lined steel (for acjd below 70%;,,below 150' k.

.)

Lead-lined. 18-8 Cr-Ni steel, rubber-lined 14% Si iron NOTE: 18-8-3 Cr-Ni-Mo steel is quite resistant to cold, as is 14% Si iron t o nure acid up'-to 50%. C h d e acid containing H2F2 or fluorides is apt i o attack it. Lead (for arid below 75% and a t low temps.) Fused silica, 14% Si iron Lead-lined, acid-proof bricklined, copper (for dilute acid) Hard lead (for acid below ~

Filters Pickling tanks ( 6 % acid) Piping

Pu1nps

Storage

75%)

.4cid-proof brick, woqd, monel .4cid-;;oof metal, stone, lead-lined, aluminum bronze, concrete Lead (for acid below 75%'0), monel metal (for acid below 10'7 below 392' F.), iron (fo:Lcid above go%), steel (for acid above go%), 14% Si iron (for all concentrations) rubber-lined (for acid below'50%, below 150' F ) Lead-lined (for acid below 75%). iron (for acid 90$IS%), monel metal (for acid below lo%, below 392O.F.1, aluminum bronze (for dilute acid below 7 5 % ) . rubberlined (for acid below 50%, below 150' F.), hard rubber (for arid below SOY0,150' F.) Lead (for acid below 75%), iron or steel (for acid above go%), 14% Si iron, hard rubber (for dilute acid), wood (for dilute acid) NOTE: Alloy Of CU, 94.5; Si 4.5. Mn 1 resists cold a&d hell, And hot below

SPECIFIC CHEMICAL Alums, cont'd

Aluminurn chloride (aqueous) Hydrolyzes in water t o form HCI. and increasingly so a t higher temps. If metals are t o be used, tests on those best suited for HC1 are recommended Aluminum sulfate

Absorbera Packing (towers) Piping Pumps Reactors (contact chambers) Storage

Sulfuric (fuming)

Piping Pumps Reactors Storage

Sulfurous

Absorbers Digesters

Piping Pumps

Storage

SALTS Alums

Digesters Piping

Cast iron (QO-SS%), steel (QO%-oleum) Stoneware, coke Cast iron, steel, wrought iron Iron, steel, 18-8 Cr-Ni steel, 14% Si iron, nickel iron Cast iron Steel (for acid above 90%) NOTE: Iron steel etc. not good for abid bel&< 9d%. Steel, wrought iron, 14% Si iron Steel, wrought imn 14% Si iron, 18-8 C r - h i steel, nickel iron Steel, wrought iron, 14% Si iron Steel NOTE: Cast iron is subject to cracking. Stoneware (below 212' F.) Lead-lined, 18-8-3 Cr-Ni-Mo steel, 18-8 Cr-Ni steel, acidproof brick-lined (steel-sheJl), stoneware (generally resistant,) Lead lead-lined rubber-lined l8lS Cr-Ni atkel, stoneware! Hard lead, aluminum bronze, lead bronze, earthenware, rubber-lined, 18-8 Cr-Ni steel Wood (asphalted) (for dilute acid), lead, rubber-lined steel, stoneware Lead, rubber-lined steel Lead, lead-lined, brass, rubberIl"d

Pumps

Lead-lined, iron, nickel iron, 14% Si iron, lead bronze, rubber-lined, bronze-fitted

Piping Pumps Storage

Digesters Evaporators Filters Piping Pumps Storage

Antimony trichloride Lead linings sometimes used for containers when purity is unimportant Ammonium bromide (See also ammonium chloride)

Ammonium chloride

Piping Reactors Storage Piping Pumpa Storage (soln.) (dry) Evaporators Filters Piping

Pumps

Ammonium nitrate

Storage (soh.) (dry) Evaporators Filters Piping Pumps Storage ( s o h . )

Ammonium phosphate (mono)

50%.

Sulfuric (contact)

EQUIPMENT Storage

Ammonium sulfate

Digesters Evaporators Filters Piping Pumps Storage Evaporators Evaporator tubes Filters Piping Pumps

Barium chloride

Calcium chloride

Copper nitrate

Copper aulfate

Storage (dry) Evaporators Filters Piping Pumps Reactors Storage Evaporators Filters Piping Pumps Reactors Storage (soln.) (dry) Pumps

Crystallizers Evaporators Filters Piping Pumpa Reactors Storage

MATERIALS O F CONSTRUCTION Lead-lined, wood, rubber-lined NOTE: Lead for warm material, iron for cold For better corrosion resistance, 18-8 Cr-Ni steels are recommended b y manufacturers Hard rubber-lined. soft rubber-lined, stoneware 14% Si iron Wood, tanks lined with acidproof brick

Lead Lead-lined Cast iron, wood (irnn-free) Lead-lined rubber-lined Lead-lined: iron (for dilute s o h . ) , bronze-fitted, lead bronze, rubber-lined Lead-lined, rubber-lined, wood (for dilute s o h ) NOTE: For concentrations below l o % , 18-8 Cr-Ni steel is recornmended by manufacturers. Hard-rubber, glass. Rtoneware Stoneware, enameled ware Glass, stoneware Cast iron, 18--8Cr-Ni steel (for 20% soln.) 18:8 Cr-Ni steel, iron, nickel iron Glass, rubber-lined, stoneware Wood Cast iron Iron Cast iron, steel, wrought iron, rubber-lined, 18-8 Cr-Ni steel (below 45%, below boiling) Iron, nickel iron, 18--8 Cr-Ni steel Rubber-lined Wood Cast iron Cast iron Cast steel, 18-8 Cr-Xi steel Iron, 18-8 Cr-Ni steel, rubberlined Steel, rubber-lined, 18-8 Cr-Ni steel Acid- roof brick-lined 18-8 &-Ni steel, aluminum Iron (cold) Iron (cold), !4% Si iron hot!, Iron, 14% Si iron, 18-8 &r-hi steel Steel (cold) Lead-lined, aluminum, cast iron, 18-8 Cr-Ni steel Copper Lead, cast iron, bronze, wood (for dilute s o h ) Lead, lead-lined, cast iron, steel, 18-8 Cr-Ni ateel Iron lead-lined nickel iron, brbnze, 18-8 &-Xi steel Wood Steel Iron Steel, iron Cast iron, nickel iron, 18-8 Cr-Si steel Iron Steel Iron, steel Cast irnn, steel Steel, iron Iron, steel, nickel iron, 18-8 Cr-Ni steel

.

Iron.

Steel iron rubber-lined Drurhs (ai;-tight) Copper, 18-8 Cr-Ni steel NOTE: Tests recommended on 14% Cr steel, 18-8 Cr-N steel, copper, bronze, 14Y0 Si Iron. Asphalted concrete Cast lead Lead Copper, lead-lined, rubberlined Bronze, aluminum bronze Wood Rubber-lined wood (crystals) NOTE: Tests'recommended on copper, 14% Cr steel, 18-8 Cr-Xi steel.

1020

I N 11

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E N G I N E E 1%iN G

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1'01.24, No. 9

INDUSTRIAL AND ENGINEERING CHEMISTRY

September, 1932

1021

MATERIALS USEDIN CHEMICAL INDUSTRIES (Continued) SPECIFIC CHEMICAL EQUIPMENT Ferric chloride Piping (See aluminum chloride) Pumps Ferric sulfate Ferrous chloride

Ferrous sulfate

Magnesium chloride

Magnesium sulfate Potassium chloride

Storaze Piping Pumps Storage Filters Piping Pumps Reactors St orage Evaporators Filters Piping Storage Evaporators Pumps Pumps Pumps Storage

Sodium bisulfate

Evaporators Filters Piping Pumps Reactors Storage

Sodium bisulfite (See sulfurous acid:

Sodium carbonate

Sodium cyanide

Sodium chloride (See potassium chlo ride)

Filters Piping Pumps Reactors Storage Evaporators Filters Piping Pumps Reactors St orage Evaporators Filters Piping Pumps Storage Condenser tubes Piping and pumiIS

Tanks Evaporators Crystallizers Evaporators Piping Pumps Storage Sodium dichromate Piping Renders iron or steel Pumps passive when in s o h . Sodium phosphate Mono Evaporators Di Filters Piping Storage Tri Evaporators Filters Piping Pumps Storage Sodium sulfate Crystallizers Sodium fluoride Sodium nitrate

MATERIALS OF CONSTRUCTION Hard rubber wood and pitch and gilsodite, soft rubberlined Hard rubber, soft rubberlined Rubber-lined, steel (dry) Rubber-lined hard rubber Rubber-lined,' hard rubber Rubber-lined, steel (dry) Iron Iron rubber-lined Iron: nickel iron, rubber-lined Iron Rubber-lined, wood (crystals) Cast iron Bronze, iron Iron, rubber-lined Rubber-lined, wood (crystals) Cast iron Hard lead (hot) N o m : Tests recommended on 18-8 Cr-Ni steel. Iron, nickel iron Cast iron, bronze, aluminum bronze, steel Steel, wood (for dilute soln., or dry) NOTE: For alkaline brines, cast iron or sti:el is satisfactory. For acid or neutral brines, 18-8 Cr-Ni steel is recommended. 18-8 Cr-Xi steel Lead Lead, hard rubber, rubberlined, steel (fubed) Lead-lined Lead Steel (fused; wood or leadlined for soln.)

SPECIFIC CHEMICAL Sodium sulfate, cont'd

Sodium silicate

Sodium sulfide

.

Sodium thiosulfate

Sodium xanthate Sulfur Sulfur chloride Sulfuryl chloride Stannic chloride Zinc chloride

Zinc nitrate Iron, steel Iron, steel Iron, steel Iron, steel, nickel iron 18-8 Cr-Ni steel (180-2000' F.) Iron, steel Iron, steel Steel Iron Iron, steel rubber-lined Iron, rubbLr-lined, 18-8 Cr-Ni steel Steel, iron, rubber-lined Admiralty brass Cast iron, copper, monel metal naval bronze, bronze Cement,' enameled iron, wood Iron, steel Steel Steel, iron Steel Iron, nickel iron Steel Copper, steel Bronze Steel Iron Iron Steel

~~

Steel, iron Iron Iron, steel, lead Iron, 1 4 7 Si iron Iron, steef Galvanized iron-, 14% Cr steel, 18-8 C r - i i steel, wood (below 120' F.)

Zinc sulfate

ALKALIES Ammonium hydroxide

Calcium hydroxide

Potassium hydroxide

MATERIALS OF CONSTRUCTION

EQUIPMENT Digesters Evaporators Filters Piping Pumps Tanks Evaporators Piping Pumps Reactors (fusion) Tanks Cooling pans Furnaces Piping

Steel

Steel, iron Steel, iron Steel, iron Iron, silica refractories Steel, iron Steel Acid-proof brick Lead 5 2570, below 212' F , j , s t e J , itoneware Tanks Steel, stoneware Lead (5-25%, below 212' F.) Linines Evaporators Iron, steel Filters Cast iron Piping Steel lead-lined Pumps Cast' iron, hard lead, 18-8 Cr-Ni steel Tanks Lead-lined NOTE: Other materials in use: monel metal, nickel, stoneware. All Iron. steel Piping, pumps, and Cast iron (below 320' F. storage moist), steel (dry) Earthenware, glass, lead, steel Glass, lead Hard rubber (below 150' F j Piping Hard rubber (below 1.50' F.) Pumps Enameled iron Concentrators 94.5-4.5-1.0 Cu-Si-Mn alloy, Evaporators 86-14 bronze, 60-38-2 CuZn-Sn alloy enameled iron Cast iron (hotj Fusion kettles Lead (cold) 86-14 bronze, Piping earthenwaie, copper, rubberlined Stoneware Reactors Stoneware, earthenware, leadStorage lined, rubber-lined Bronze, 18-8 Cr-Ni steel, Pumps aluminum bronze Cast lead Evaporators Lead-lined, rubber-lined Piping Bronze, aluminum bronze, rubPumps ber-lined Digestera Evaporators

Iron, tin, nickel Monel metal, nickel (for pure product), steel Neutralizing tanks Lead, glass, tin, brick-lined wood Piping Iron, steel, nickel or monel metal (for pure product) Pumps Iron, strel, nickel or monel metal (for pure product) Storage Steel, cast iron, lead, glass Tanks (oxidizing Enameled equipment for pure reartions) product Vapor lines (moist) Lead NOTE: Aluminum is satisfactory when no alkali salts are present. Mild steel, bighCr steel, nickel, tantalum, monel metal. aluminum bronze, hard iubber below 125" F., and Cr plating have been found satisfactory. Piping Wrought Cast iron iron, steel Pumps Iron, steel Storage Cast iron Valves Cast iron, monel metal (linings) Autoclaves Iron, steel, nickel, monel metal, Evaporators 18-8 Cr-Ni steel Evaporator tubes Copper, iron, monel metal, mckel Steel, cast iron Filters Monel metal Filter cloth Cast iron (low carbon), nickelFusion pots coated cast iron. monel metal Steel, 18-8 Cr-Ni steel Piping Iron, steel, nickel iron, 18-8 Pumps Cr-Ni steel (for c. P. product), monel metal

LEGENDS TO ILLUSTRATIONS (PAGE 1020) MAINSIN CELL ROOM OF ELECTRO BLEACHING GASCOMPANY, NIAGARA FALLS, N. Y. (COUrleSy U . S.Stoneware Co.) TANKS FOR REMOVING IMPURITIES FROM BRINEI N CALCIUM CHLORIDE AND MAGNESIUM CHLORIDE PROCESSES. (2) TREATING (Courtesy Dow Chemical Co.) ACIDCONVERTER ON LEFT; ACIDCOOLERS I N BACKGROUND. (Courtesy Chemical Construction Co.) (3) SULFURIC (1)

CHEMICAL STONEWARE CHLORINE

INDUSTRIAL AND ENGINEERING

1022

CHEMISTRY

Vol. 24, No. 9

MATERIALS USED IN CHEMICAL INDUSTRIES (Continued) SPECIFIC CHEMICAL Potassium hydroxide, cont'd

Sodium hydroxide (See potassium hydroxide)

EQUIPMENT Storage

Digesters Evaporators Evaporator iLubes Filters Piping Pumps Reactors Storage Valves

GASES Ammonia

D r gas Zompressors (for high pressure synthesis) Fans Piping P u m p and valve parts Moist gas Piping Cold gas Compressors Cooling coils Piping Valses Reactors (methanol synthesis) Hot gas Same as hydrogen D r gas eompressors Fans Piping

-

Carbon monoxide

Chlorine

Reactors Storage Valves (liquid) Moist gas Chlorinators Fans Piping Chlorine Hydrogen

Hydrogen sulfide

Valves Cold gas Compressors

MITERIALS O F CONSTRUCTION Steel NOTE: Other satisfactorily resistant materials are: aluminum bronze, Cr steels, 18-8 Cr-Ni steel, tantalum (for di!ute, hot or cold), magnesium, chrome-tungsten steels, cadmium, and hard rubber below 150' F. Iron Iron, nickel, steel, monel metal Iron, steel, monel metal, copper Iron Steel, iron, nickel, monel metal Iron, nickel iron, steel, aluminum bronze (with NaCI) Iron, nickel Iron, steel, concrete, rubberlined Cast iron

Steel, wrought iron, cast iron (2.257 or below), Cr steel, 18-8 8r-Ni steel Iron, nickel iron, steel Wrought iron, steel (hot) Monel metal

SPECIFIC CHEMICAL Hydrogen sulfide, oont'd.

Nitrogen

Oxygen

Lead, aluminum Iron, steel 18-8 Cr-Nj steel 18-8 Cr-Ni steel Forged steel CrV steel (2.5% Cr)

Sulfur dioxide

MATERIALS OF EQUIPMENT CONSTRUCTION Hot gas (below 2000' F.) Piping 18-8 Cr-Ni steel. calorized steel NOTE: Higher resiRtance is claimed for Cr steels than for 14% Cr, Cr-Ni steels, and aluminum. Cold gas Cornpressors 3.5% Ni steel Piping 3.5% Ni steel: CrV steel idiff. aKalyses for low and high temps.), Cr-110 steel (15,000 lb./sq. in.) Valves Special machine steel Reactors 3.5% Ni steel Storage cylinders Nickel steel NOTE: Compression up t o 15,000 lb sq. in., may be done with hydraulic pumps. Hot gas Compressors Cooling coils Piping Valves Reactors Cold gas Compressors Piping Valves Reactors Storage cylinders Hot gas

Dr gas Piping eompressors Fans

Cast (212'iron F.) (cold. hot), steel Cast iron, steel, rubber-lined Iron, steel, stoneware (hot), enameled (cold), rubberlined (below 150' F . ) , 14% Si iron (below 212' F.) Lead Iron or steel cylinders Monel metal, steel Stoneuare, enameled iron, glass, lead-lined Hard rubber-lined (cool), s t oneware Fused s i l i c a , l e a d - l i n e d earthenware, stoneware Stellite

CrV steel (diff. comp. for low and high tem eratures) Carbon steel; &rV steel, GrPiping M o steel (l5,000,1b./sq. in.) Carbon steel; special machine Valves steel (15,000 lb./sq. in.) CrV steel Reactors Storage cylinders Nickel steel NOTE: Compression up t o 15,000 lb./sq. i,n. may be done b y hydraulic pumps. Hot gas CrV steel (SAE 6130, below Compressors 750' F . ) , 18% Cr steel (more than 750' F.) Cooling coils CrV steel Piping CrV steel CrV steel Valves CrV steel Reactors Cold qas Aluminum, 18-8 Cr-Ni steel, Piping calorized iron, aluminum alloys

Moist gas Piping

Iron, steel Wrought iron Bronze Steel Steel NOTE: Higher resistance is claimed for Ni-Cr alloys, Cr-Ni steels Cr steels than for 1 7 7 Cr,'Cr-Ni-Si steels, Cr-Ni-er-Si steels (scaling tests recommended). Steel,, cast irnn (above 350' F.) Cast iron, steel (above 350' F . ) Bronze, aluminum bronze, aluminum-lined Stoneware, !ead (below 350' F , ) , aluminum bronze (beNOTE: low 300'Various F.) high ,Cr-Ni steels are claimed resistant.

Sulfur trioxide

Dry gas Piping

Steel, wrought iron (hot or cold) Pumps Steel Reactors Cast iron, wrought iron Steel Storage tanks Moist gas (See sulfuric acid)

MISCELLANEOUS Black liquor (all conDigesters centrations) Evaporators

Bleach liquor

...

Steel Swedish iron, steel, wrought iron Monel metal, nickel, steel Steel Cast iron Monel metal Cast iron

Evaporator tubes Pipe Pumps Rods Valves Calcium hypochlorite Bleaching tanks Tile, cement, steel, stoneware Hard or soft rubber-lined (beFilters low 150' F.) Piping Lead, cast iron, steel, monel metal, 14y0 Si iron, rubber Cast iron 18-8 Cr-Ni steel, Pumps 14% Siliron, 28% Cr steel, ruhber-lined, earthenware Rods Monel metal Concrete, steel, wood (wet); Storage iron, tin, zinc (dry) Chlorine (aqueous) Rubber, lead Piping Hard rubber Valves Storage tanks Concrete Sodium hypochlorite Hard rubber, glass-lined Pipe

LEGENDS TO ILLUSTRATIONS (PAGE 1023) (4) (5)

(6) (7) (8)

(9)

ENDURO, PERFECTED STAINLESS STEEL,USEDEXTENSIVELY BY MANYLARGE OIL REFINING COMPANIES IN STILL TUBES,AND (Courtesy Republic Steel Co.) OTHERAPPLICATIONS. (Courtesy Dow Chemical Co.) SERIESOF VACUUM FILTERS IN EPSOM SALTPRODUCTION. CONTACT SULFURIC ACID(FROM PUMPTANKSBELOW)TO 52" Bh. STRENGTH FOR PHOSPHATE LEAD-LINED TANKFOR DILUTING Left, ventilating blower for air-cooling sulfur trioxide gases. (Courtesy Chemical Construction Co.) ROCKACIDULATION. FOR 98 PERCENTACID. (Courtesy Chemical Construction Co.) CAST-IRON SULFURIC ACIDCOOLER FRUITAND VEGETABLE JUICE DE~ERATOR AND CONCENTRATOR USING NICKEL AND NICKEL-CLAD STEEL PARTS. (COUrteSy Lukens Steel Co.) WOODAND LEAD-LINED WOODEQUIPMENT IN ALUMPLANT. (Courtesy Dorr Co.)

1024

INDUSTRIAL AND ENGINEERING CHEMISTRY

Vol. 24, No. 9

MATERIALS USEDIN CHEMICAL INDUSTRIES (Continued) SPECIFIC CHEMICAL Bleach liquor. cont'd. Boric acid

EQUIPMENT Valve Storage tanks Evaporators Filters Piping Pumps

Fruit juices

Coils Condensere Evaporators Heaters Pipe Pumps

Storage Valves Latex Milk

All Cooling coils Evaporators Piping Pumps Storage Valves

Sludge acid

Heaters Pipe Pumps Valves

Sulfite liquor

Digesters

MATERIALS OF CONSTRUCTION Hard rubber Concrete Lead lined Hard lead Lead, 14 o Cr steel, 18-8 CrNi steaT 14% Si iron NOTE: For pure product, Cr or Ni steels. Nickel 1 5 7 Cr steel 18-8 Cr-Ni steel l a d Cr-Ni sieel, 15% Cr steel, aluminum 1 5 7 Cr steel, 18-8 Cr-Ni steel, 15$Elate r steel, 18-8 Cr-Ni steel, aluminum, nickel, monel metal brass, copper 18-8 CrlNi steel, 15% Cr iron, aluminum, monel metal, nickel, bronze (for grape juice) Glasa 18-8 Cr-Ni steel, 15% Cr k e e l , enameled steel, tin plate (absence of air) Aluminum, nickel, monel metal, brass, copper Iron 18-8 Cr-Ni steel, tinned iron, tinned copper nickel Tinned copper ;inned iron 18-8 C y N i s&el, tinned copper, tinned iron, 13% Cr iron 18-8 Cr-Ni steel, iron, brass, bronze Tinned iron, tinned copper, 18-8 Cr-Ni steel, nickel glass, enameled-lined Moqel metal, brass, 18-8 CrNi steel NOTE. Aluminum is also claimed resistant and in use to a certain extent. Lead, lead-lined steel, bricklined steel Cast iron, steel 14% Si iron (strong f u m i n i acid). bronze, brass, lead (for diluie acid) Cu-Ni alloys, Cu-A1 alloys, bronze, cast iron (strong) Bronze NOTE: Tests recommended on Cu-Ni-Zn alloys Cr-Ni-Si alloys, Cu-Sn-Si 'alloys, ~ i No-Fe alloys, monel metal. Tile-lined steel, lead-lined steel, 18-8-3 Cr-Ni-Mo steel, 18-8 Cr-Ni steel. 22-12 Cr-Ni

SPECIFIC CHEMICAL Aoetic (below 56%), oont'd

EQUIPM~NT

Pumps

Reaction vessels

Stills Storage

-

P .II

Acetic (glacial)

Condensers Piping

Pumps

Reaction vessels Stills Storage

Benroic acid

Filters Piping Pumps

-

Reactors

Pipe Chloroacetic

Chlorinators

Citric

Evaporators

Pumps Storage Valves

bronze (for hot or cold) Wood (long-leaf yellow pine), 22-12 Cr-Ni steel Bronze, 18-8 Cr-Ni steel

Filters Pipe

ORGANIC MATERIALS

ACIDS Acetic (below 56%)

Concentrators Condensers

Filters Piping

Copper aluminum (for pure rod&) glass-lined 148/ Si ir&, aluminum (not nEod if C1-. Br-. I-. or Formates are' present: least resistant to acid of 2 0 to 4 0 % ) , stoneware, c o p er Wood (for dilute acid),%ronze Aluminum (for pure, product), eo er 14% SI iron hard ruEEer'(be1ow 150' ,F:), soft rubber-lined (for acid below 20%, below 150' F.), alu-

MATERIALS OF CONSTRUCTION minum bronze, 18-8 Cr-Ni steel, monel metal (vinegar pipe) Bronze hard rubber (below 150"' F.), soft rubber-lined (for acid below 2 0 % , below 150' F.), 14% Si iron, 18-8 Cr-Ni steel l 8 + % Cr steel, 1 4 % Si iron, stoneware, glass-lined steel, hard rubber (below 150' F.), enameled steel Copper, porcelain-lined, enameled, cast iron (for acid below 28%) Wood. earthenware. stoneware, glass (for pure product) copper (for crude product) rubber-lined (for acid beldw ZO%, below 150'

F a t t y (propionic, butyric, etc.)

Pumps Reaction tanka Condensers Eggs Piping Pumps

Stills

NOTE: Cr-Ni-Si alloys better than Cr-Ni alloys for, resistance. 18-8-3 Cr-Ni-Mo steel more resistant than 18-8 Cr-Ni steel. Monel metal used extensively a t higher concentrations. Aluminum, copper, enameled iron silver Alumihum, 14% Si iron, hard rubber (below 150' F.) copper, 18-8 Cr-Ni steel: monel metal. aluminum bronze 14% Si iron aluminum hard r u b b e r - l i n e d , 1 8 4 % Cr steel earthenware, 18-8-3 Cr-Gi-Mo steel, aluminum bronze, monel metal 18% Cr steel 1 4 7 Si iron, stoneware, ;lass-fined, aluminum, nickel, copper, lead Aluminum, porcelain-lined copper, fused silica, copper, enameled iron, 14% Si iron Aluminum, glass, slate, leadlined porcelain, earthenware' paraffined wood, enamelkd ware Stoneware 18-8 Cr-Ni steel; hard rubber (below 150' F.), aluminum, nickel (for vapor 480' F.) 18-8 Cr-Ni steel, 18-8-3 Cr-Ni-Mo steel. hard rubber (below 150'' F.) 18-8 Cr-Ni ateel, 18-8-3 Cr-Ni-Mo steel NOTE: Copper recommended to avoid color. Glass, stoneware NOTE: Copper, enameled iron, lead and nickel have been used. Tests on materials for HC1 recommended. Enameled, 18-8 Cr-Ni steel (below 15%, boiling) Bronze, wood, copper Copper aluminum (for dilute acid): rubber-lined 18-8 Cr-Ni steel Wood Aluminum, aluminum bronze, enameled iron, copper Monel Coppermetal 14% Si iron monel metai. 18-8 Cr-Ni stkel Brass (for dilute acid), aluminum aluminum bronze, 14% Si iron, monel metal, 18-8 Cr-Ni steel, stoneware Steel (for dilute acid), enameled iron, cast iron, copper, aluminum

***

LEGENDS TO ILLUSTRATIONS (PAGE1025) WELDED-STEEL TANKLINEDAND HEATING COILSFOR 125 TO 150 POUNDS STEAMPRESSURE COVERED WITH HOMOGENEOUS CHEMICAL LEAD. (Courtesy National Lead Go.) 8000-GALLON TANK CAR BUILT OF NICKEGCLAD STEEL FOR HANDLING CAUSTIC SODA SOLUTION TO KEEPIT FREEFROM IRON AND COPPER. (Courtesy Lukens Sfeel Co.) BUBBLETOWERSECTIONS WITH SEPARATION PLATEBETWEEN EACHSECTION, ALL OF STEEL,LINEDAND COVEREDWITH HOMOGENEOUS CHEMICAL LEAD. Bubble caps are of 6 per cent antimonial lead. Tower in operation 3 years. (Courtesy National Lead Co.) DORRCO CLASSIFIERS FOR REMOVING SALTFROM ELECTROLYTIC CAUSTICSODA SOLUTION.(Courtesy Dorr Co.) PHOSPHORIC ACIDPLANT PRODUCING ACIDOF 22 PERCENTPz05CONCENTRATION. Equipment of wood, lead-lined wood, and hard cast lead; brick linings used for abrasion resistance and steel for strength. (Courtesy Dorr CO.) FRACTIONATING COLUMN FOR FINAL PURIFICATION AND DISTILLATION OF PHENOL. Operation of whole battery is controlled by the man on the platform. (Courksy Dow Chemical Co.)

Spptiwrlrcr, 1932

I N D U S T R I A 1, A Y D E N G I N I?: 15 11 I Y G

C I1 It At 1 S T 1%Y

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c 51 E M I S T H Y

Vol. 24. No. 9

September, 1932

INDUSTRIAL AND ENGINEERING CHEMISTRY

1027

MATERIALS USEDIN CHEMICAL INDUSTRIES (ConcZuuded) SPECIFIC CHEMICAL Formic

Gallic

1%-acid

Lactic

EQUIPMENT General Pumps

Evaporators Fi!ters Piping Pumps Storage Evaporators Filters Piping Pumps Reactors Storage Evaporators Filters Piping Pumps Stills Storage

Maleic

General

Oxalic

Evaporators Pumps

Picric Metallic picrates are explosive.

Phthalic (soln.)

Storage Filters Piping Pumps Reactors Storage Evaporators Filters Piping Pumps StlllS

Salicylic

Stearic

Storage Evaporators Filters Piping Pumps Stills Storaee Filters Piping Pumps Reactors Storage

ALCOHOLS Amyl benzyl, ethyl, Coils eth' lene glycol, g1,yc- Filters erof isoamyl iso- Kettles b u t y 1, i s o iropyl, Piping methyl, propyl Pumps

MATERIALS OF CONSTRUCTION Glass-lined, hard rubber 18-8-3 Cr-Ni-Mo steel, bronze NOTE: Aluminum, used for acetic acid, generally attacked by formic 22.5-81.5-1.25 Ni-Cr-Si-Cu steel considered satisfactorily resistant. Tests recommended on Cr-Ni-Si-Fe alloys and Fe-Si alloys. Lead-lined Wood, lead-lined Lead, copper Bronze Wood Steel, lead-lined Wood Lead, brass, steel, rubber Lead-lined, cast iron, ,bronze, rubber-lined, 1'4% Si iron Iron, wood Wood Copper, enameled steel Wood rubber-lined hard Cop er r u t h & , 18-8 Cr-Ni &eel Bronze Copper, silver Wood, stoneware. copper, enameled steel NOTE: 22.5-8-1.Et-1.25 Ni-CrSi-Cu steel considered satisfactorily resistant. Enameled-steel nc.w in use for making edible products. 14% Si iron, hard rubber, enameled steel, stoneware Copper 18-8 Cr-Xi steel, 14% Si iron (cold) Wood Stoneware Lead. rubber-lined. 18-8 Cr-Ni steel 18-8 Cr-Xi steel Lead-lined Wood Lead, aluminum Wood, aluminum Lead, iron, s t e d (for anhydride) Lead-lined, steel (for anhydride) Copper, cast iron (for anhydride) Wood Lead, copper Aluminum .4luminum, copper, lead Aluminum, bronze, lead-lined Aluminum Wood. lead Iron Iron Iron, steel Iron Steel Copper, nickel Iron monel metal Copber, steel, monel metal Iron steel copper nickel Iron: steel: bronze' 18-8 Cr-Ni S. t. C P.l R . ..

Reactors Stills Storage

Iron steel Copber, steel, iron Steel, copper, wood, tinned iron

SPECIFIC CHEMICAL ALDEHYDES Acetaldehyde, benzaldehyde

Formaldehyde

EQUIPMENT Filters Piping Pumps Reactors Storage Piping Pumps Reactors Stills Storage

AMINES Aniline All BENZENE COMPOUNDS XI1 Chlorobenzene Reactors All Nitrobenzene Monohydric Phenols Condensers Piping Pumps Reactors Stills Storage Benzene, t o 1u e n e , xylene MISCELLANEOCS Carbon bisulfide Carbon tetrachloride Warm, moist CCh hydrolyzes in presence of metals. Chloroform

Ether

Gelatin (solns.)

GI u co s e

Pyridine

MATERIALS OF CONSTRUCTION Iron Iron Iron Iron, hard rubber Iron Iron, steel Bronze, steel, iron, 18-8 Cr-Ni steel Copper, steel Copper Aluminum, copper. steel. glass. wood Iron, steel, 18-8 Cr-Ni steel Iron, steel Stoneware Iron, steel Silver Steel, cast iron, tin, silver, enamel (all) Iron, steel, 18-8 Cr-Ni steel Glass-lined, cast iron (for concentrated) Silver (linings) Enameled steel, glass, steel, cast iron

Resorcinol Reactors

Tinned iron

All

Iron, steel

811 Piping Pumps Stills Storage Piping Pumps Stills Storage Piping Pumps Reactors Stills Storage

Iron, stee Steel, iron Steel Cast iron, steel Steel, iron, galvanized iron Lead Lead-lined Lead, copper Iron Lead, steel, iron (HzSOpfree) Iron, steel, 18-8 Cr-Ni steel Lead Steel, Iron, copper Steel, iron, earthenware, glass, tinned iron Aluminum, copper Cast iron Aluminum Cast iron, aluminum Copper, tin Iron, copper (tubes) Iron Iron, steel, copper Bronze, cast iron Copper, steel, iron, wood Iron, steel

Concentrators Filters Piping Pumps Storage Evaporators Filters Piping Pumps Storage A11

ACKNOWLEDGMENT The authors wish to acknowledge the kind cooperation of the members of the various industries who made this tabulation possible. RECEIVEDMay 20, 1932.

LEGENDS TO ILLUSTRATIONS (PAGE1026) INSTALLATION OF SUBhlERGED BENTUBE SECTIONS FOR CONDENSIWG HYDROCARBON VAPORS. (COUrksy The Griscorn(16) TYPICAL Russell Co.) FOR CEMENT M r L L hfANUF.4CTURED FROM ALLEGHENY 5 ; BY GREENFUELECOXONIZING COUPANY. (Courtesy A&(17) BLOWER

glieny Steel Co.) COIL~ ~ A DBYE JENSENCREAMERY ~ I A C H I X E C o i i P A s Y . coil rotates on axis also of Allegheny metal. (Courtesy (18) SPIRAL Allegheny Sfeel Co.) ~VELDEDSTAINLESS-STEEL PULE'DIGESTER MADEBY B ~ a wKsox COMPANY.(Courtesy Allegheny Steel Co.) (19) ELECTRICALLY COOKERSFABRICATED FROM ALLEGHEXY ~ I E T A L . (Courtesy iillegheny Steel Co.) (20) STAINLESS WELDED TAIVK OF ~ L L E G H E N Y R ~ E T A LCONSTRUCTED BY BL.AW Ksox COMPATY. (Courtesy .Allegheny Steel Co.) (21) ELECTRICALLY