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Measurement Challenges in Atmospheric Chemistry
Newman; Measurement Challenges in Atmospheric Chemistry Advances in Chemistry; American Chemical Society: Washington, DC, 1993.
Newman; Measurement Challenges in Atmospheric Chemistry Advances in Chemistry; American Chemical Society: Washington, DC, 1993.
ADVANCES IN CHEMISTRY SERIES 232
Measurement Challenges in Atmospheric Chemistry Leonard Newman, EDITOR
Brookhaven National Laboratory
Developed from a symposium sponsored by the Division of Analytical Chemistry of the American Chemical Society
American Chemical Society, Washington, DC 1993
Newman; Measurement Challenges in Atmospheric Chemistry Advances in Chemistry; American Chemical Society: Washington, DC, 1993.
Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Measurement challenges in atmospheric chemistry / Leonard Newman, editor. p. cm.—(Advances in chemistry series, ISSN 0065-2393; 232) "Developed from a symposium sponsored by the Division of Analytical Chemistry at the 199th National Meeting of the American Chemical Society, Boston, Massachusetts, April 22-27, 1990." Includes bibliographical references and indexes. ISBN 0-8412-2470-6 1. Atmospheric chemistry—Technique. surement.
2. Aerosols—Mea-
I. Newman, Leonard. II. American Chemical Society. Division of Analytical Chemistry. III. American Chemical Society. Meeting (199th: 1990: Boston, Mass.) IV. Series. QC879.6.M4 1993 551.5'11—dc20
92-38528 CIP
The paper used in this publication meets the minimum requirements of American National Standard for Information Sciences—Permanence of Paper for Printed Library Materials, ANSI Z39.48-1984. Copyright © 1993 American Chemical Society All Rights Reserved. The appearance of the code at the bottom of the first page of each chapter in this volume indicates the copyright owner's consent that reprographic copies of the chapter may be made for personal or internal use or for the personal or internal use of specific clients. This consent is given on the condition, however, that the copier pay the stated per-copy fee through the Copyright Clearance Center, Inc., 27 Congress Street, Salem, M A 01970, for copying beyond that permitted by Sections 107 or 108 of the U.S. Copyright Law. This consent does not extend to copying or transmission by any means—graphic or electronic—for any other purpose, such as for general distribution, for advertising or promotional purposes, for creating a new collective work, for resale, or for information storage and retrieval systems. The copying fee for each chapter is indicated in the code at the bottom of the first page of the chapter. The citation of trade names and/or names of manufacturers in this publication is not to be construed as an endorsement or as approval by ACS of the commercial products or services referenced herein; nor should the mere reference herein to any drawing, specification, chemical process, or other data be regarded as a license or as a conveyance of any right or permission to the holder, reader, or any other person or corporation, to manufacture, reproduce, use, or sell any patented invention or copyrighted work that may in any way be related thereto. Registered names, trademarks, etc., used in this publication, even without specific indication thereof, are not to be considered unprotected by law. PRINTED IN T H E U N I T E D STATES O F AMERICA
Newman; Measurement Challenges in Atmospheric Chemistry Advances in Chemistry; American Chemical Society: Washington, DC, 1993.
1993 Advisory Board Advances in Chemistry Series
M . Joan Comstock, Series Editor V. Dean Adams Tennessee Technological University
Bonnie Lawlor Institute for Scientific Information
Robert J. Alaimo Procter & Gamble Pharmaceuticals, Inc.
Douglas R. Lloyd The University of Texas at Austin
Mark Arnold University of Iowa David Baker University of Tennessee Arindam Bose Pfizer Central Research Robert F. Brady, Jr. Naval Research Laboratory Margaret A . Cavanaugh National Science Foundation Dennis W. Hess Lehigh University Hiroshi Ito I B M Almaden Research Center
Robert McGorrin Kraft General Foods Julius J. Menn Plant Sciences Institute, U . S . Department of Agriculture Vincent Pecoraro University of Michigan Marshall Phillips Delmont Laboratories George W. Roberts North Carolina State University A. Truman Schwartz Macalaster College
Madeleine M . Joullie University of Pennsylvania
John R. Shapley University of Illinois at Urbana—Champaign
Gretchen S. Kohl Dow-Corning Corporation
Peter Willett University of Sheffield (England)
Newman; Measurement Challenges in Atmospheric Chemistry Advances in Chemistry; American Chemical Society: Washington, DC, 1993.
FOREWORD The
A D V A N C E S I N C H E M I S T R Y S E R I E S was
f o u n d e d i n 1949
b y the
American
C h e m i c a l Society as an outlet for symposia a n d collections of data i n special areas of topical interest that c o u l d not b e a c c o m m o d a t e d i n the Society's journals. It provides a m e d i u m for symposia that w o u l d o t h e r w i s e be fragm e n t e d because t h e i r papers w o u l d b e d i s t r i b u t e d a m o n g several journals or not p u b l i s h e d at a l l . Papers are r e v i e w e d critically a c c o r d i n g to A C S e d i t o r i a l standards a n d receive the careful attention a n d processing characteristic of A C S p u b l i c a tions. V o l u m e s i n the A D V A N C E S I N C H E M I S T R Y S E R I E S m a i n t a i n the i n t e g r i t y of the s y m p o s i a o n w h i c h they are based; h o w e v e r , v e r b a t i m r e p r o d u c t i o n s of p r e v i o u s l y p u b l i s h e d papers are not accepted. Papers may i n c l u d e reports of research as w e l l as r e v i e w s , because symposia m a y e m b r a c e b o t h types of presentation.
Newman; Measurement Challenges in Atmospheric Chemistry Advances in Chemistry; American Chemical Society: Washington, DC, 1993.
A B O U T THE E D I T O R L E O N A R D N E W M A N r e c e i v e d his B . S . f r o m t h e
P o l y t e c h n i c Institute o f B r o o k l y n (now c a l l e d Polytechnic University) a n d his P h . D . from the Massachusetts Institute o f T e c h n o l o g y , b o t h i n c h e m i s t r y . H e is a senior scientist at B r o o k h a v e n N a t i o n a l L a b o r a t o r y a n d is h e a d o f the E n v i r o n m e n t a l C h e m i s t r y D i v i s i o n . H e has b e e n at B r o o k h a v e n for 3 5 years, d u r i n g w h i c h t i m e h e spent a year at t h e R o y a l Institute of T e c h n o l o g y in S w e d e n as a v i s i t i n g scientist. H e is also a n adjunct professor o f e n v i r o n m e n t a l m e d i c i n e at the N e w York U n i v e r s i t y M e d i c a l C e n t e r a n d an adjunct professor i n t h e S c h o o l o f E a r t h a n d E n v i r o n m e n t a l Sciences at the G e o r g i a Institute o f T e c h n o l o g y . H e has p u b l i s h e d m o r e than 80 t e c h n i c a l papers a n d g i v e n a c o m p a r a b l e n u m b e r o f presentations at meetings a n d symposia. H i s early w o r k was d i r e c t e d t o w a r d t h e d e v e l o p m e n t o f spectrophotometric t e c h n i q u e s for m e a s u r i n g c o m p l e x ions i n aqueous solution. H e s u b s e q u e n t l y s t u d i e d i n t e r actions a n d c o m p l e x formation i n organic m e d i a , w i t h an emphasis o n u n d e r s t a n d i n g the synergistic eiFects that influence t h e extraction o f metals from aqueous m e d i a . I n connection w i t h the d e v e l o p m e n t o f n e w n u c l e a r fuel elements a n d reactor concepts, h e s t u d i e d interactions o f metals w i t h fused salts a n d d e v e l o p e d techniques for m e a s u r i n g oxygen a n d c a r b o n i n liquid sodium. In m o r e recent years, he has b e e n i n v o l v e d w i t h s t u d y i n g a t m o s p h e r i c processes to d e v e l o p an u n d e r s t a n d i n g o f t h e transformations that l e a d to a c i d d e p o s i t i o n a n d t h e formation o f ozone. H e has d i r e c t e d m u c h attention t o w a r d t h e d e v e l o p m e n t of m e a s u r e m e n t t e c h n i q u e s , especially those n e e d e d for o b t a i n i n g information o n sulfur a n d n i t r o g e n c h e m i s t r y . H e has taken a special interest i n m e a s u r e m e n t t e c h n i q u e s u s e d aboard a i r c r a f t — w h i c h have taken o n a p a r t i c u l a r i m p o r t a n c e a n d have b e e n u s e d to study interactions i n a n d about c l o u d s — i n i t i a l l y for u n d e r s t a n d i n g t h e formation of a c i d r a i n a n d n o w for addressing questions o f the i m p o r t a n c e o f clouds i n global c l i m a t e change. H e was one of the organizers o f the s y m p o s i u m o n g a s - l i q u i d c h e m i s t r y of natural waters h e l d at B r o o k h a v e n a n d t h e e d i t o r o f t h e p r o c e e d i n g s , w h i c h appeared i n 1984. H e has l e d a n u m b e r o f scientific groups to a n d
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has b e e n a frequent l e c t u r e r i n C h i n a . I n 1989, he was one of the organizers of the International C o n f e r e n c e on G l o b a l a n d R e g i o n a l E n v i r o n m e n t a l A t m o s p h e r i c C h e m i s t r y h e l d i n B e i j i n g , C h i n a , a n d he c o m p i l e d a n d e d i t e d the proceedings.
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