INDUSTRIAL AND ENGINEERING CHEMISTRY
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kerville Chemical Society and the Student of Toronto, Toronto, Canada, June 24 Chapter of the American Institute of and 25,1938. Chemical Engineers. Members of the
AMERICAN PHYSICAL SOCIETY. University AMERICAN PUBLIC HEALTH ASSOCIATION.
AMERICAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY are espe
Kansas City, Mo., October 25 to 28, cially invited to be present. 1938. Annual meeting.
AMERICAN SOCIETY FOR TESTING MA
TERIALS. Chalfonte-Haddon Hall, At lantic City, N. J., June 27 to July 1, 1938. Annual meeting.
American Chemical Society 96TH MEETING.
Milwaukee, Wis., Sep
97TH MEETING.
Baltimore, Md., spring
tember 5 to 9,1938.
of 1939. 98TH MEETING. Boston, Mass., fall of 1939. 99TH MEETING. Cincinnati, Ohio, spring of 1940. FIFTEENTH COLLOID SYMPOSIUM, Division
of Colloid Chemistry. Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Mass, June 9 to 11, 1938.
THIRD ANNUAL SYMPOSIUM, Division of
Physical and Inorganic Chemistry on "Intermolecular Action," Brown Uni versity, Providence, R. I., December 27 to 29, 1938. Local Sections
CINCINNATI.
May 25. Speaker, F. N.
Peters, The Quaker Oats Co. DAYTON. Thomas & Hochwalt Labora tories, May 23. Dinner, 6:30P.M.; meeting, 8 P. M., "Furfural," by F. N. Peters.
KANAWHA VALLEY.
Charleston, W. Va.,
May 27. Speaker, F. N. Peters.
LEXINGTON. May 26. Meeting, 4 P. M.
Speaker, F. N. Peters.
LOUISVILLE.
May 24. Speaker, F. N.
Peters. NEW YORK. Governors Island, June 11. All-day outing with military and sport events. North Jersey and Western Connecticut Sections are invited to par ticipate. VIRGINIA. Richmond, June 10. Business meeting. WESTERN CONNECTICUT. Stamford Yacht
Club, Shippan Point, Stamford, May 23. Dinner, 6:45 P. M. ; meet ing, 8 P. M., "Electrolytic Solutions from the Modern Point of View," by C. A. Kraus.
Other Scientific Societies ALPHA CHI SIGMA FRATERNITY.
Hotel
Jung, New Orleans, La., June 21 to 25, 1938. Fifteenth Biennial Conclave.
AMERICAN ASSOCIATION FOR THE AD VANCEMENT OF SCIENCE. Ottawa,
Canada, June 27 to July 2,1938.
AMERICAN ASSOCIATION OF CEREAL CHEM
ISTS. Netherland Plaza, Cincinnati, Ohio, May 23 to 27, 1938.
AMERICAN ASSOCIATION OF INDUSTRIAL PHYSICIANS AND SURGEONS. Palmer
House, Chicago, I11., June 6 to 9, 1938. Held concurrently with Midwest Con ference on Occupational Diseases.
AMERICAN
CERAMIC
SOCIETY.
Hotel
Stevens, Chicago, I11., April 16,1939.
AMERICAN INSTITUTE OF CHEMICAL E N
GINEERS. Philadelphia, Pa., November 9 to l l , 1938.
AMERICAN LEATHER CHEMISTS ASSOCIA
TION. Bedford Springs Hotel, Bedford Springs, Pa., June 14 to 17, 1938.
AMERICAN PETROLEUM INSTITUTE.
Allis
and Lassen Hotels, Wichita, Kans., May 23 to 25,1938.
C h e m i c a l Congress i n Greece HE First Panhellenic Chemical Con NATIONAL FERTILIZER ASSOCIATION. gress took place in Athens April 10 to 16 Greenbrier Hotel, White Sulphur under the presidency of C. Dosios, hon Springs, W. Va., June 6 to 8, 1938. orary general director o f the General SOCIETY OF CHEMICAL INDUSTRY. Ot Chemical Laboratory of the State. The tawa, Canada, June 20 to 24, 1938. meeting was opened b y H. M. the King of Greece. Many interesting com TECHNICAL ASSOCIATION OF THE PULP AND munications were presented, including PAPER INDUSTRY. Northland Hotel, Green Bay, Wis., September 8 to 10, one on a new isothermic method of calorimetry by George Karagounis and G. 1938. Koumoulos. The method is based on the XIIITH NATIONAL EXPOSITION OF POWER difference in the value o f the dielectric AND MECHANICAL ENGINEERING. Grand Central Palace, New York, Ν. Υ., constant of several substances between the liquid and solid state. This permits the December 5 to 10, 1938. determination of heat capacities of bodies WASHINGTON, D. C , MICROCHEMICAL through a great range o f temperatures. SOCIETY. May 25, 1938. Speaker, W. R. Kirner, Carnegie Institute of Tech A systematic report concerning the agri cultural soils of Greece was presented by nology. the director of the Soil Department of the Ministry of Agriculture, Dr. Papoutsopoulos, and his collaborators. Research Conference i n Chemistry HE Eighth Annual Research Confer C h e m i s t s ' C l u b E l e c t s Officers ence in Chemistry is announced by The Johns Hopkins University to be held ILLIAM CALLAN, president of the at the Henlopen Hotel, Rehoboth Beach, Casein Co. of America, was reelected Del., from June 6 to June 17. The sub president of the Chemists' Club at the an ject for the first week will be Enzymes, nual meeting of members a t the clubhouse, with A. H. Corwin, chairman; the second 52 East 41st St., New York, on May 4. week, Mechanism of Some Organic Reac- Other officers elected were: resident vice tions, F. O. Rice, chairman. As before, president, A. E. Marshall; nonresident the object of the conference is to provide vice president, E. R.. Wéidlein; suburban an opportunity for discussion among a vice president, Robert J. Moore; secregroup of specialists in a particularfieldof tary, Robert T. Baldwin: treasurer, chemistry. Full details, including those Stephen J. White: trustees (3-year term), financial, may be obtained by addressing D. P. Morgan and E . W. Herr. F. 0. Rice, The Johns Hopkins Univer Committee chairmen for the year 1938sity, Baltimore, Md. 39 were appointed as follows: library, Carleton Ellis; employment, J. M. Weiss; welfare, John A. Chew; house, S. W. Jacobs; finance, Frederick Kenney; adAnnual Meeting o f Army missions, Roger W. Hooker. Ordnance Association Nelson Littell was appointed trustee by N INVITATION is extended to the mem the president to serve the term of William Callan, who is ex-officio member of the bers of the AMERICAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY to be present at the 19th annual board. Leo H. Baekeland was elected honorary meeting of the Army Ordnance Associa tion, which will be held at Rock Island member of the club. Formation of "The Chemists' Club Arsenal, Rock Island, I11., on Wednesday, May 25. The meeting will be held in ob Photographers," a croup of 39 members servance of the 75th anniversary of the under the chairmanship of A. E. Marshall, was announced. arsenal's foundation. Reports of committees showed the affairs of the club to be in good condition. The number of members bas increased by Special Libraries A s s o c i a t i o n t o 54 during the past year to a total of 1347, Hold Meeting divided into groups as follows: HE Special Libraries Association is 481 Resident sponsoring a meeting, "Business Profits Nonresident 640 and the Use of Printed Information," on Junior 61 Foreign 27 the evening of June 7 during its 30th Life 55 annual convention at the William Penn Honorary 8 Hotel, Pittsburgh, June 3 to 10. A Sym Suburban 75 posium on Microfilming and Documen TOTAL MEMBERSHIP 1347 tation will take place on June 8. All de tails can be obtained from Virginia L. Garland, 435 Sixth Ave., Pittsburgh, Pa. E l e c t r o c h e m i s t s E l e c t New Officers O p e n H o u s e a t College o f City T THE annual meeting of the Electroof N e w York chemical Society held at .Savannah, Ga., the following new officers were HE students of chemistry and chemical engineering of the City College, Col elected: president, Robert L. Baldwin, lege of the City of New York, will hold National Carbon Co., Inc., Niagara Falls, "Open House" on May 25, 1938, for the N.Y.; vice presidents, A. Kenneth Grapurpose of developing closer relations with ham, Leon R. Westbrook, and S. Skowronprivate employers, technical government ski; managers, R. B . Mears, H. E. Haring, agencies, officials of the municipal govern and L. C. Judson; treasurer, Robert M. ment, and citizens of New York City. Burns; secretary, Colin G. Fink, ColumArrangements are being made by the Bas- bia University, New York, Ν. Υ.
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MAY 20,1938
311
INTERCOLLEGIATE STUDENT CHEMISTS' THIRD ANNUAL CONVENTION AT THE UNIVERSITY OF DELAWARE
Convention of Intercollegiate Student Chemists HE Third Annual Intercollegiate ChemT ists' Convention was held a t the University of Delaware on April 30. This is a
joint meeting of undergraduate chemists' clubs, the first having been held at Haverford, and the second at Lafayette. The convention next year will be held at Ursinus College. F. C. Zeisberg was the principal speaker. At the sessions nine addresses were given by student representatives of as many educational institutions. One hundred and twenty-six delegates were registered.
Southeastern Student Chapters of A. I· Ch. E. Meet ECOND of its kind to be held in the S southeastern states, the recent 2-day regional meeting of student chapters of
the American Institute of Chemical Engineers held at Knoxville, Term., attracted 186 chemical engineering students and faculty from 10 colleges. Acting as host was the University of Tennessee chapter of the institute, and visiting delegates were registered from Alabama Polytechnic Institute, University of Alabama, University of Florida, Georgia School of Technology, University of Louisville, Mississippi State College, North Carolina State College, Virginia Polytechnic Institute, and University of Virginia. On the first day of the meeting, April 11, presentation of student papers was followed by a joint luncheon with the Knoxville Technical Club, at which Harry A. Curtis, chief chemical engineer of the Tennessee Valley Authority, spoke on "Coal." An inspection tour of the American Zinc Co.'s plant at Mascot, Tenn., occupied the afternoon, and was followed by a dinner at the Cherokee Country Club where the group was addressed by Sidney D. Kirkpatrick, on 'Chemical Engineering Comes of Age." In the student paper competition, concluded on the second day, first prize was won by Wallace F. Armstrong and Robert H. Culver of the University of Florida for their paper on "Laboratory Apparatus for the Study of Fluid Flow," and second prize went t o N. W. Muller of Mississippi State College whose subject was "The Catalytic Oxidation of the Vapor Phase of a Commercial Liquid Hydrocarbon Fraction." R. L. Copson, principal chemical engineer of the T. V. A. Fertilizer
Works at Wilson Dam, Ala., was judge of the contest, and the cash prizes were donated by Harry A. Curtis. The meeting was concluded with inspection tours of the T. V. A. Ceramic and Hydraulic Laboratories at Norris, Tenn. Virginia Polytechnic institute at Blacksburg, Va., was selected as the location for the 1939 meeting of the southeastern student chapters of A. I. Ch. E.
Union College Chapter o f Stud e n t Affiliates Sponsors' Chemistry Colloquium HIGHLY successful students' chemistry colloquium, entirely planned and managed by the Union College Chapter of Student Affiliates of the AMERICAN
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CHEMICAL· SOCIETY, was held at Union
College on Friday, April 22, and Saturday, April 23. The ten colleges participating were: Bennington, Colgate, Hart wick. New York State College for Teachers. Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Russell Sage, Smith, Union, Yassar. and Worcester Polytechnic Institute. The attendance was over 80. On Friday there was the choice of a trip through the American Locomotive Co. or a special "House of Magic Demonstration" at the General Electric Co. Later
the group attended the weekly research colloquium a t the General Electric Co. Edward Ellery, dean of the faculty of Union College, welcomed the group at a complimentary dinner in the Hale House Dining Hall of Union College. Following this, Irving Langmuir, honorary fellow in science at Union College, spoke on "Molecular Films." The Saturday morning session, at which scientific papers were resented,was presided over by William . Jacober, Jr., Union '38. A group of round-table discussions was held on Saturday afternoon. E. S. C. Smith, of the Geology Department of Union College, led the group on "Geochemistry"; E. K. Bacon, of the Chemistry Department of Union College, on "Teaching Methods in Chemistry"; and A. W. Davison, of the Chemistry Department of Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, on "Opportunities for Graduates of Chemistry Courses." It was voted that the colloquium should become an annual affair, and the invitation of Colgate University to be host in 1939 was accepted. H. F. Zuhr, Union '39, president of the Union College chapter, was general chairman of the meeting. He was assisted by a committee composed of W. J. Jacober, Jr., Union '38, J. A. Palm, Union '39, A. J. Sederis, Union '40, and R. Hildreth, Union '41.
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STUDENTS W H O P R E S E N T E D PAPERS. Left to right. G. W. Gross. R . P. I. '38: E . D . Homiller. R. P. I. '38; M . W Wilson, Union '38; A. Saotora, Union '38.
THE TWO PRINCIPAL LEADERS BEHIND THE ORGANISATION O F THE FIRST STUDENT CHEMISTRY COLLOQUIUM.
Left, Herbert F . Zuhr. '39. president of union College Chapter off Student Affiliâtes,
AMERICAN CHEMICAL S O -
CIETY, originated the idea and was in charge of arrangements. Right. William J. Jacober, '38 of Bloomfield, N. J., who presided at the sessions.
INDUSTRIAL AND ENGINEERING CHEMISTRY
312
Meeting of Chemical Engineers
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RAINING in chemical engineering vied in interest with catalysis, filtration, distillation, and gaseous absorption in discussions a t the thirtieth semiannual meeting of the American Institute of Chemical Engineers attended by 314 members and guests at the Greenbrier, White Sulphur Springs, W. Va., May 9 to 12. Presentation of the William H . Walker Award to Warren L. McCabe, of the Carnegie Institute of Technology, for his paper on "The Enthalpy—Concentration hart," and of prizes in the student problem contest were features of the meeting. First prize in the student problem contest, this year for the first time called the "A. MacLaren White Award," went to Robert Egbert of the Cooper Union Institute of Technology, New York. This was the third successive first prize to go to Cooper Union. Other prizewinners in this contest were: secona, John V. Hardy, Princeton University; third, Chas. B. Miller, Cooper Union; fourth, Luther C. Peery, Virginia Polytechnic Institute: fifth, Donald C. Graham, Clarkson School of Technology; sixth, Herbert F. Wiegandt, Purdue University. The problem m the 1938 contest involved the design of a lant for making diphenyl from benzene, eighteen solutions were entered in the competition. Papers on the formal program covered a wide range of subjects treated from both practical and theoretical points of view. Development of chemical industry in the Kanawha Valley of West Virginia, of chemical engineering education, and of calcium metaphosphate as a concentrated fertilizer occupied the opening technical session of the meeting. At the second technical session, filtration, catalysis· and gaseous absorption were discussed. Other subjects covered in the group of eighteen formal papers included in the program were: stream pollution, graphical methods of calculating plant control values, cost control in chemical processing, chemical engineering in food industries, hydrocarbon utilization, characteristics of columns, and thermodynamic theory as applied to chemical engineering. Plant visits in connection with the meeting included trips to Covington, Va., and through the Kanawha Valley to Charleston, W. Va. The plant of the West Virginia Pulp and Paper Co., making paper from pine, oak, and poplar woods by the sulfite, sulfate, and soda processes, and that of the Industrial Rayon Co., making bright and delustered viscose yarns were inspected a t Covington, Va. An all-day trip on Thursday, the final day of the meeting, visited hydroelectric plants of the new Kanawha Power Co. at Hawk's Nest and Gauley Bridge, W. Va., en route to Charleston. Plants of the Dickinson Salt Works, Owens-Illinois Glass Co., Libbey-Owens-Ford Co., Pure OU Co. (Cabincreek), and Elk Refining Co. were open to the hundred members and guests taking this trip. Entertainment features of the meeting included a golf tournament, a tap dancing contest and the singing of spirituals by colored entertainers, dancing, and a banquet without speeches a t the Greenbrier. Luncheon as guests of the Carbide and Carbon Chemicals Co. a t Glen Ferris Inn, Glen Ferris, W. Va., and dinner at the Edgewood Country Club, Charleston, both on Thursday's excursion, completed the entertainment program. The ladies were at bridge and tea a t the Greenbrier and at Kate's Mountain Lodge» in addition to
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sight-seeing tours through the mountains surrounding White Sulphur Springs. Winners in the "Bingie, Bangle. Bungle" Golf Tournament were: A. G. Aitchison, J. L. Murray, M.G.Geiger, and Wm.E. Brinker. Fred C. Zeisberg, president of the institute, and Webster N. Jones, vice president, presided a t the meetings.
S t u d e n t Meeting of t h e Indiana Section HE Ninth Biennial Student Meeting of the Indiana Section of the AMERICAN
T CHEMICAL SOCIETY, held a t
Indianapolis
April 29 and 30, found 248 registered and 18 universities and colleges represented. The speakers for the meeting were President F. C. Whitmore, F. C. Frary of the Aluminum Co. of America, and L. C. Stewart of the Dow Chemical Co. At the Faculty Symposium, Dean Blanchard of DePauw, È. F. Degering of Purdue, and President Whitmore spoke.
American Section of Society of Chemical Industry Elects Officers HE American Section of the Society of Chemical Industry announces the election of the following officers for the year 1938-39: chairman, Wallace P . Cohoe; vice chairman, Lincoln T. Work; honorary secretary, Cyril S. Kimball; honorary treasurer, J. W. H. Randall. The following new committee members were elected to take the place of retiring members: James G. Vail, R. L. Murray, A. E. Marshall, N. A. Shepard, D. P. Morgan.
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American Institute of Nutrition E l e c t s Officers T THE fifth annual meeting of the American Institute of Nutrition in Baltimore on March 29, the following officers were elected: president, E. V. McCollum; vice president, T. M. Carpenter; treasurer, G. R. Cowgill; secretary, L. A. Maynard; councilor, Helen S. Mitchell.
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Nichols Medal J u r y HE Board of Directors of the New
T York Section of the AMERICAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY announced a t the annual
meeting on May 6, 1938, the appointment of the following to serve on the Nichols Medal Jury for the 1939 award: John M. Weiss, Chairman, A. W. Hixson, Wm. C. MacTavish, D. P. Morgan, W. W. Winship, and Cornelia T. Snell, Secretary. Fused Quartz Springs ECAUSE it excels the best spring steel in several respects, clear fused quartz is being used as springs to indicate minute differences in weight in the General Electric research laboratory a t Schenectady. Springs made of hairlike filaments of quartz can be stretched to ten times or more their original length and will return exactly; steel springs would undergo a permanent stretching. Quartz has an extremely high melting point, and quartz coils can be used a t elevated temperatures; steel springs lose their temper a t a relatively low temperature. Quartz spirals are not affected by any degree of humidity; steel is subject to corrosion. Quartz is
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practically invulnerable to t h e multitude of chemicals encountered in a laboratory; many affect steel. And, finally, quartz coils weigh far less than, and have resulting advantages over, corresponding steel springs. In laboratory investigations the quartz springs are usually suspended within a glass tube which is maintained a t the desired temperature by immersion in an oil bath. A small glass "boat" suspended from the coil holds the sample under investigation. As the sample varies in weight, so does the length of the quartz spring; and since the length of the spring is proportional to the weight, readings of length give accurate weight values. Measurements are made within an accuracy of 1 mg. The quartz springs are used in measuring weight changes of various materials, under different conditions of heat and humidity. In measuring the moisture absorption of cotton, the sample is suspended from the spring in a vacuum, and the stretch of the cou noted. As water vapor is introduced at different pressures, the amount of absorption c a n n e determined by the increase in length of the spring. Another application has been in measuring the rates of decomposition, in high vacuums, of such materials as organic resins. The quartz coils used in making the measurements are made from rods of the fused material produced in the Thomson Research Laboratory of t h e company at Lynn, Mass. A small section of a quarterinch rod of the quartz is heated to more than 3000° F. with an oxyhydrogen flame. When a sudden, straight pull is applied, the quartz pulls out into a fiber of about 0.006 inch diameter. These threads, 15 or more feet in length, are calipered, and those within a quarter mil of the desired diameters are saved. The thread is made into springs by placing it in a long brass trough leading to a mandrel of the desired diameter. Three small flames of hydrogen in air, giving a temperature of 1800° F . , soften the thread so that it can be coiled on the mandrel, which is being rotated at 2 r. p. m. F r o m a n Engineer's Log OMETIMES a piece of apparatus refuses to behave according to expectations. Something goes wrong. The wiseheimers convene to consider the mystery. When the cogitations do not yield a ready answer, the problem becomes obstinate and a heroic remedy is sought. The prescription becomes involved in proportion to the depth of the mystery! Finally, the complicated diagnoses are refined, a simple remedy develops, and the cloud is dispersed. I t takes time to b e brief. An outstanding example is the secret of the tube failures during the preliminary operation of the new boilers. For two years we suffered some thousands of dollars' loss and many headaches. Then by J. P.'s inspiration, a little baffle was installed in the No. 2 drum a t a cost of $250 and presto, the baffling enigma was solved! Last fall when cold weather set in, an engineer in a western plant developed an uncomfortable rash all over his body. He caught cold, lost sleep and appetite, consulted every doctor in town, quack or legitimate, and tested every conceivable prescription. Finally, in desperation he took off his woolen underwear and all of his ills suddenly evaporated. Thus an important principle is dramatically illustrated by this simple experience.
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DAN Pennsylvania Sugar Co. 1037 North Delaware Ave. Philadelphia. Pa.
GUTLEBEN
MA.Y 20,1938 One Chemist's Hobby PARTICULARLY interesting hobby is that of Lester F. Hoyt of Buffalo, Ν. Υ.— metalcraft in general, and sundials in particular.
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NEWS EDITION sium sulfide (1 ounce of potassium sulfide per gallon) at room temperature. Tints from golden brown to almost black may be produced with this one solution. A beautiful shade of reddish purple may be obtained by immersing copper for 30 to
313 correction for the equation of time, it is possible to tell standard time with a sun* dial within 2 or 3 minutes, if the dial has been correctly designed for the location where it is being used. Sundials can be made of wood, or from a number of weather-resistant metals. I t is even possible to construct a sundial (of the vertical type) from transparent plastic or glass and hang it inside a window. Mr. Hoyt has constructed two such dials—and they work! Perhaps the most interesting type of sundial is the annillary sphere, in which an arrow representing the earth's axis points to the true north and casts its shadow on the inside of a circular band representing the equator and mounted at right angles to the arrow. Some day when time and skill permit Mr. Hoyt intends to attempt such a sundial. Something New PAT reduction for all salaried employees of the General Electric Co., working full time and earning more than $2000 per year, was recently announced by the president of that company. The notice, posted in the works of the company, stated in part that early in 1931 the General Electric Co. went on a five-day week of 8 hours per day for all salaried people and this has been maintained since that time. With work decreasing in the shops, many of the employees unfortunately had to be laid off, while most of the others could only be given less than 40 hours' work. These people, therefore, have already suffered a reduction in weekly income, although there has been no reduction in rates of pav, either wages or salaries, anywhere in the organization. With a continual decline in orders received, the company, to reduce expenses and in order to spread the burden of such reduction as equitably as possible, decided upon the reduction in salaries of all members working full time. On a sliding scale the per cent reduction which is effective above 92000 is from 0.5 per cent on a salary of $2100 to 8 per cent on one of $10,000. The employees of the Elwood American Works, a subsidiary of the CarnegieIllinois Steel Corp., sent petitions to the parent corporation offering to accept a 12 per cent wage reduction in order to keep the local tinplate plant in operation. How refreshing, in these days of complex and little understood labor conditions with general trends in any direction except that of cooperation, to find a group of workmen voting to accept a reduction in pay rather than see a plant close its doors. The Elwood plant opened in 1892 and was one of the first successful tinplate mills in the country. I t is to be hoped that the attitude of the employees may make it possible to keep the mill running, even though other subsidiaries of the Carnegie-Illinois Corp. have advantages in their situations with respect to coal, ore, and shipping facilities. Here is an approach to a labor problem that indicates consideration of a number of factors important both to the company and to the group of employees who have developed special skills, have established their homes, and who might face a difficult period of adjustment should this mill close its doors. But is it not encouraging in these days to find .such an example?
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A wide variety of metals and alloys, including copper, wrought iron, aluminum, sterling silver, pewter, brass, Monel metal, and stainless steel offer the worker in metalcraft a wide choice of raw mate rials and of effects obtainable. Copper is perhaps most likely to be chosen, as its ductility permits it to be readily shaped and hammered, it is relatively cheap, and it lends itself particularly well to etching and coloring. Attractive effects can be obtained by fretwork, "pierced designs," on bracelets, pendants, watch fobs, paper knives, lamp shades, and similar flat articles. The design drawn directly on the metal or transferred with tracing paper is sawed out and finished with fine files. Ham mered work—round, oval, or elongated— may be used alone for ornamenting flat or rounded metal surfaces, or supple mented by added lines and decorations produced with embossing or chasing tools. To etch designs of any desired intricacy on copper, the portions which are to stand out in relief are covered with an asphaltum varnish or quick-drying enamel, including the edges and back of the metal, and the whole article is immersed in dilute nitric acid. The degree of etching will depend on the concentration of the acid and the temperature. Nitric acid of 1 to 4 strength at 70° to 75° F. will usually give a sufficient depth of etching in 2 or 3 hours. Interesting effects can be pro duced by applying powdered vitreous enamels to the depressions in the etched metal, heating to about 1400° to 1500° F. until the enamel fuses, cooling, and finishing by wet polishing with a fine Carborundum stone. Copper can be colored in many ways. The metal is first thoroughly cleaned bv pickling in dilute sulfuric acid (1 to 15), and put immediately into the coloring bath. One of the best and simplest ways to color copper is with a solution of potâs-
60 seconds in a freshly prepared solution of 50 grams of ordinary hypo and 3 cc. of concentrated nitric acid per liter a t 120° F. A simple but surprisingly detailed beginner's book on working in metals is "Metalcraft for Amateurs" by Peter Manzoni. "The Chemical Coloring of Metals" by S. Field and S. R. Bonney is a very satisfactory guide to the coloring and finishing of metals. A series of articles by R. N. Mayall and Margaret W. Mayall on the construction of sundials appeared in 1934-35 in the Scientific American and inspired Mr. Hoyt to try his luck at making a sun The most usual form of sundial is the horizontal type. In this, the part casting the shadow—the "gnomon"—is triangular and is fastened at right angles t o the horizontal base on which the hour lines are marked. There are several other types: vertical dials for east, south, and west walls; polar and equatorial dials of the inclined type with the plane of the dial parallel to the polar axis and the equator, respectively; and lastly the "annillary sphere." The essential feature common to all sundials is that the gnomon must point to the true north (not the magnetic north) and the angle which the gnomon makes with the horizontal must be that of the degree of latitude for the spot where the dial is to be used. The horizontal dial will show all the hours of daylight: the south vertical dial from 6 A. M. to 6 P. M.; the polar dial from about 7 A. M. to about 5 P. M.; the east vertical dial from sunrise to about 11 A. M. ; and the west vertical dial from about 1 p. M. to sunset only. If properly designed and erected a dial will always tell the sun time correctly wherever the sun is shining. Sun time is not watch time, but knowing the corrections for longitude and the daily
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INDUSTRIAL AND ENGINEERING CHEMISTRY knowledge of reactions in liquid a m monia, of t h e chemical behavior of metals, and of the properties of electrolytic solu tions." T h e medals will be presented M a y 20.
VOL. 16, NO. 10
July 5 t o July 30. The courses are: Quan titative Micro Organic Analysis, J. B. Niederl and Victor Niederl; Micro I n organic Analysis, A. Benedetti-Pichler HE first five Westinghouse Research and Julian Rachele: Physical Methods of Fellows have been selected for work Analysis, R. H . M Oiler a n d R. L. Garman. in fundamental science at t h e WestingAny two of t h e three courses can be house Research Laboratories in East taken simultaneously. L a t e afternoon or Pittsburgh. T h e successful candidates, Summer Session on t h e evening hours will suffice for one course; chosen from a group of 50, a r e : Chemistry of the Proteins full-time work will require about 2 weeks R O B E R T O. HAXBY, University of M i n for t h e completion of a single course. nesota. M r . Haxby expects t o receive URING t h e summer session of 1938, a t In each group, one entire d a y will be set his doctor's degree in physics next June. the University of Michigan, special aside for a comprehensive lecture, demon He will carry on research in nuclear phys stration, a n d representative laboratory ics, using t h e large high-voltage generator emphasis will be given to t h e chemistry and metabolism of the proteins. During experiment for members of t h e other now being built in Kast Pittsburgh. the first 4 weeks, a series of lectures dealing groups. J O H N A. H I P P L E , Princeton University. No academic credit is offered for these Mr. Hippie expects to receive t h e degree with various aspects of the proteins will be given by guest lecturers, distinguished courses. They are intended for teachers, of doctor of philosophy in June. He will workers in t h e field of t h e proteins. These industrial a n d research chemists. For design a n d construct a large mass spectro lectures will be supplemented by lec details address t h e Administrative Chair graph of high resolving power for studies in tures, discussions, a n d laboratory work man. Department of Chemistry, Washing molecular structure in the Westinghouse offered by t h e regular staff of t h e D e ton Square College, New York University, laboratories. partment of Biological Chemistry. T h e New York, N . Y . W. E . SHOUPP, University of Illinois. Dr. Shoupp is instructor in physics at t h e advanced courses will be available t o graduate students a n d others whose University of Illinois, where he is actively engaged in studies o n nuclear physics, training is such as t o enable them to pur with the Illinois cyclotron. He h a s made sue these studies with profit. R. Keith Can nan, professor of chem several contributions t o extreme ultra istry, New York University Medical violet spectroscopy as a collaborator of College, will lecture from June 28 t o July 1 P. G. Kruger. At t h e Westinghouse on " T h e Electrochemistry of t h e Amino laboratories, he will continue studies in Acids a n d Proteins." He will be fol nuclear physics, working with W. H. Alvin Anthony H o f f m a n n lowed b y M a x Bergmann, member of the Wells on t h e high-voltage generator. Rockefeller Institute for Medical Re SIDNEY SIEGEL, Columbia University. LVIN ANTHONY HOFFMANN, founder who, from July 5 t o Julv 8, will Dr. Siegel received his doctor's degree two search, and president of t h e Pennsylvania talk on " T h e New Chemistry of the Pro years ago for researches on elastic and Coal Products Co., Petrolia, Pa., for the teins a n d Proteolytic Enzymes." Wil magnetic properties of metals. He will past 20 years, died April 10 in Pittsburgh C. Rose, of the University of Illinois, continue his studies on fundamental prop liam be following a heart attack. He was 58 a t t h e university from July 11 to erties of metals. He plans t o develop will years old. 14 and will discuss " T h e Nutritive methods of growing single crystals of pure July Mr. Hoffmann was born in Pittsburgh, Significance of t h e Amino Acids." Dur metals, a n d of alloys which show order- ing t h e period from July 18 to Julv 21, November 6, 1879. He was a member of disorder transitions in order t o study how t h e AMERICAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY, t h e Vincent du Vigneaud, of George Washing t h e elastic properties of alloys depend on Chemists' Club, Iron Citv Lodge No. 182, University, will lecture on various the arrangement of t he atoms in t h e crystal ton I. O. O. F., and the Business Men's Club phases of the metabolism of proteins with lattice. of Petrolia. special reference t o t h e sulfur-containing W. E. STEPHEN'S, California Institute of amino acids. Technology. Mr. Stephens e x a c t s t o Further information m a y be obtained receive t h e doctor's degree next June for from Howard B . Lewis,* professor of Elon Huntington Hooker researches in nuclear physics conducted biological chemistry. Students wishing in t h e Kellogg Radiation Laboratory in t o register a r e requested t o make ar LON HUNTINGTON H O O K E R , one of t h e Pasadena. H e has studied t he product ion rangements with Professor Lewis prior to country's leading chemical manufac of neutrons by bombarding boron and the opening of the summer session. turers, died of pneumonia May 10 in Pasa nitrogen with high-energy douterons, and dena, Calif., a t t h e age of 68. has worked on the development of a new Mr. Hooker was born in Rochester. type of high-voltage discharge tube. In Ν. Υ., November 23, 1869. He attended East Pittsburgh, h e will continue his re Summer Program on Spectros the University of Rochester, where he re searches on nuclear physics with the large ceived t h e A.B. degree in 1891 and t h e generator a t the Westinghouse labora copy at Μ. Ι. Τ . A.M. degree in 1894, a n d Cornell Uni tories. versity, frOUT which he received t h e degree SIXTH spectroscopy conference will be The five appointments are t h e first t o of C.fc. in 1894 and of P h . D . in 1896. \ held at t h e George Eastman Research be made under a plan announced last De» After postgraduate work on Cornell fel cember, whereby the Westinghouse Elec Laboratories of t h e Massachusetts Insti tric and Manufacturing Co. plans to sup t u t e of Technology on July 18 t o 20, re lowships in France and Switzerland, Mr. Hooker was engaged in t h e construction peating the t y p e of program presented a t port the work of ten young physicists on fundamental studies broadly related t o the conferences held during t h e past 5 sum of the Boston water supply system, in the survey of P a n a m a and Nicaragua Canal the electrical industry. T h e fellows are mers. Reports will be given by spectrosroutes, and in t h e construction of a dam, appointed for one year and are eligible for copists from university and industrial re search and analytical laboratories, and b y water supply, a n d research laboratory one reappointment. for Cornell University. biologists, geologists, metallurgists, chem In 1903 he founded t h e Hooker Electro ists, and physicists who have found spectroscopic equipment useful in their in chemical Co., of which h e was president. For three successive terms, from 192$ to vest igat ions. No fee will be charged. Franklin Medal Awards 1925, M r . Hooker was president of t h e The usual summer courses on practical Manufacturing Chemists' Association. He HE Franklin Institute has awarded its and applied spectroscopy will b e offered was chairman of the Research Corp., a medals t o William Frederick Durand, between June 13 and July 23. Requests director of t h e National Association of professor emeritus of medianical engi for fuller information regarding t h e spec Manufacturers, chairman of the Commit neering at Stanford University, " i n recog troscopy conference, including titles of the tee on Government Competition of the Na nition of his notable achievement as papers t o be presented, and for d a t a re tional Association of Manufacturers, chair pioneer in laboratory research a n d theory garding t h e summer courses, should be of aeronautics, a n d of his diversified and addressed t o George R . Harrison, De man of t h e American Defense Society, and a trustee of t h e University of Rochester. distinguished contributions t o t h e science partment of Physics, Massachusetts In He was a chevalier of t h e French Legion of hydrodynamics and aerodynamics, stitute of Technology, Cambridge Mass. of Honor, a former president of t h e Society particularly t o t h e advancement of the of t h e Genesee, and a member of t h e theory a n d development of aircraft pro AMERICAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY, which he pellers," a n d t o Charles A. Kraus, pro joined in 1916. For m a n y years he had fessor of chemistry at Brown University Modern Methods of Analysis been a leader of the Republican party in a n d President-elect of t h e AMERICAN New York State, and h a d been an inti CHEMICAL SOCIETY, " i n recognition of ASHINGTON SQUARE COLLEGE, N e w mate friend of Theodore Roosevelt. In his numerous and fundamental researches York University, will offer three 1912 h e served a s national treasurer of in chemistry and electrochemistry, particu intensive courses in special analytical the Progressive party. larly his valuable contributions to the technics with a coordinated schedule, from Westinghouse Research Fellowship Appointments
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