pared to their melting p>oints> L a Q u e says. Prolonged heating changes alloy structures—redissolving 03r agglomerat ing strengthening compounds formed during some previous h e a t treatment— and retempers alloys ^hardened by phase changes achieved fc>y quenching. Adding metallic oxides o r other com pounds in sintered powder mixtures could make alloys less subject to t h e s e weakening effects, LaQu«s feels. Iron, nickel, a n d coba_lt base alloys in wrought form can carry high loads for long periods at températures u p to at least 1500° F . Molyrodenum, chromium, and possibly zrhenium and tungsten base alloys offer the greatest prospect of extending ithis limit, h e declares. Of these, rnolybdenurm receives the most attention. Althougia molybdenum retains its strength above3 temperatures of 700° F . , it oxidizes rajpidly and sublimation of t h e resulting oxide follows. For u s e at h i g h e r temperatures, t h e r e fore, molybdenum mus-at be shielded from the atmosphere. PIT ogress to date has been a i m e d at developing such protective coatings for molybdenum as:
PRODUCTION ^-*High ^-^High Temperature Strength™ Scientists Look at àt Molybdenum MOLYBDENUM TITANIUM HARDENA8* Ξ INVAR NICKEL ALLOYS STAINLESS STEELS Black Areas Mark Upper Limits For Substantial Strength
ALUMINUM ALLOYS MAGNESIUM ALLOYS
Ο IOO0 2000 MELTING P O I N T - °R.
3000
40OO A"·
5000 5000
-
• Nickel-chromium alloy cladding. • Combination of electro deposited chromium and nickel. • Sprayed or vapor deposited m e t a l s and ceramics. L a Q u e expects that molybdenum cari be protected so that it ^will carry high loads at temperatures «over 2000° F . for a useful period. V Other
Metals Ready for Space Vehicles
Problems a n d
Solutions.
U n d e r some circumstances, designers may provide for actual surface melting of a small a m o u n t of zrnetal in a v e Supersonic aircraft and missiles to provide materials hicle. This t e c h n i q u e w^ould be limited by a need for sufficient mass with high for future space vehicles, says Inco's LaQue enough t h e r m a l conductivity, density, and specific h e a t t o se=rve a s a "heat i- sink." Here, high t h e r m a l stresses • Atmospheres a n d Heat. Com XYNSWKRS T O MANY P R O B L E M S of ma h must be avoided. terials for space vehicles will come bustion of rocket fuels cause m u c:h Other severe thermal stresses will Ceramics, cermets, a n d from answers to similar problems for corrosion. t- result from cooling off t h e inside while supersonic aircraft a n d long range modified graphites, when used as coat i- outer surfaces g e t hot. A combination missiles, according to F r a n k L. L a Q u e ings, a n d linings for combustion cham n. of low coefficient of thermal expansion of International Nickel. These latter bers a n d nozzles, r e d u c e this problem. craft operate under conditions that are Aerodynamic heating relates t:o o and high strength will give least therp mal stress. Tungsten asnd t h e platinum more severe in many ways than those velocity of travel, but the relationship -- group metals m a y p r o ^ e best for this expected in space flight, L a Q u e says. is not simple. Maximum beating oc tg purpose, L a Q u e points out. Earth-bound industrial plants will curs—by stagnation—along the leading T h e "emissivity" of i i i e vehicle's skin benefit as much as, or even more than, edges of wings or guiding vanes of a c- will also help to maintain a heat baicelestial journeyers, L a Q u e told t h e missile, or at t h e nose of a conical sec rn ance. Color and surrface roughness Age of Space Conference sponsored by tion. (Stagnation h e a t comes from c- control emissivity. A «dull black outer Southern Research Institute. Already, bringing air to rest from a high veloc ly surface gives maximuioi cooling b y r a alloys designed for working parts of jet ity.) Even meager data presently ti- diation. A. highly polished a n d gold engines find use in superheaters, piping, available indicate t h a t stagnation tem ts plated interior surface minimizes h e a t a n d turbines for n e w p o w e r plants. peratures well above t h e melting points Principal materials problems pre of many common metals will b>e e irradiated t o inner conopartrnents. :iErosion is another problem. Presented by space travel involve heat reached at relatively low fluid veloci effects. Heat sources include: ties. liminary experiments and theoretical • M e t a l s W e a k e n a t High T e m p e raa computations indicate that either an • Combustion of propelling fuel. t u r e s . Metals known to us today have ^e extra thickness of m e t a l or an expend• Aerodynamic heat, disappointingly low temperatures at able shield will solve erosion problems. ο Sun heat. which they retain their strength as com n- No substantial deterioration t h r o u g h 7 0
C&EN
JUNE
2 4,
1957
K o d a k reports to laboratories o n : filling other people's t a n k cars m o d i f y i n g the spectral distribution o f r a d i a n t e n e r g y . . . h o w p h o t o c o p y i n g f r a y s red t a p e
Synthetic magniloquence
lytically or thermally), dehydrogenation (of primary or secondary al cohols, in liquid- or vapor-phase reaction)» esterification (solids or liquids, saturated c r unsaturated, with monohydric or polyhydric al cohols, with monobasic or polybasic acids), hydrogénation (of unsaturated aldehydes to saturated aldehydes, partial or complete as ordered—deftly done on a huge scale), oxidation (of aldehydes, alcohols, and aromatic compounds to acids containing nothing inorganic other than residual catalyst). NO need to trouble deciding which of our divisions to approach with such propositions in synthesis. Just write Mr. Charles Z. Casey Main Office, Eastman Kodak Company, Rochester 4, Ν. Υ. He'll see that it gets to the right man, and quickly.
Filters: plea and offer By such graphics as above, we have for some years preached to the chemical industry that folly lies in attempting larger-than-laboratoryscale organic syntheses that we can be persuaded to perform instead. That we have not specified what types of synthesis we can under take means what it implies—that we claim ALL of synthetic organic chemistry for our province. This is big talk, but from a big operator magniloquence can be credible even if boorish and even if not every proposal «consummated as a trans action, what with one thing o r another. Though there has been no limit on scope, there has been one of volume, but we have not dwelt o n it.* Now our purpose is to a n nounce that for the following m o lecular manufacturing operations the volume limit is, for practical purposes, off: Acetylation, aldol-type conden sations, anhydride formation, d e hydration (of aldols or ketols, cata*The world-famed price list of some 3600 East man Organic Chemicals covers only those we stock in laboratory quantities. A copy may be obtained from Distillation Products Industries, Rochester 3, Ν. Υ. (Division of Eastman Kodak Company).
Once every few years a queer sense of obligation compels us to spend our hard-earned money on adver tising to acquaint the next cadre of technical people with the existence of Kodak Wratten Filters. Of these precisely dyed little sheets of gelatin we offer at present 116 different species, and though in truth they make little direct contribution to our prosperity, they d o seem to contribute to the convenience of those who desire to modify the spectral distribution of radiant energy by simple and reasonably reproducible means. The data book fciKodak Wratten FiIters,"" which describes them all in the fullest, most quantitative spectrophotometric and colorimetric detail, has recently appeared in its 19th edition. Kodak dealers sell it for 75e. T h e one niggardly favor we would ask in return for our magnanimity in selling the filters is that before an order is placed, this edition, and not cne of its 18 pred ecessors, be consulted for current specifications and designations.
Verifax improfundus Think. Thought need not be pro found to be worthwhile.
This is o n e of α series of r e p o r t s on t h e m e n y products
Think of that Verifax Copier which by now, surely, your organi zation has provided for your con venience. Many a stately house of cards, stuck together with red tape, has crashed to earth since the Veri fax Age dawned. Think. Have a few stimuli : • Where the conservation of time anç^ stenographic labor overrides cerernc^aj^^^^mply jots or types a s u c c i ^ / r ^ ^ B ^ U i i ^ c # r O T of an i n t o r n f e g ^ e r , Sigfcr v^rariém, rhakejBo^rV^rifaxtogQficçpnas that to the correspolKfêltt, pand files the original. Those whose fiature demands some vestige of ceremony can buy a self-inking stamp like the above from R. A. Stewart & Co., 80 Duane Street, New York 7, Ν . Υ. • Wherever a collection of origi nal documents or records must be kept inviolate, there belongs a Veri fax Copier in case anyone should need t o know what is on the 27th sheet in the 37th folder of the 47th drawer. And if some of it is none of his business, that part can be temporarily blocked out before copying by affixing a bit of the thin and easily removed N o . 750 White "Scotch" Tape. • Ofttimes the m a n or office who creates something of value on a piece of paper cannot bother with the petty problems of the hewers of wood and drawers of water who have to take the precious piece of paper and make hay with it. N o w if they could arrange t o get hold of it for the minute required to run off a few Verifax copies— • if the copies a r e made on Veri fax Translucent Copy Paper, they can b e used as "masters" for that reproduction machine they have out in the drafting department. • Some laboratories use the Veri fax offset method to run off copies of the tables of contents of each day's tide of technical journals, to be circulated and checked by those who see something they ought to read. Think, think. The nearest Verifax dealer, // one should be needed, can be located through the Yellow Pages of your telephone directory. Price quoted is subject to change without notice.
a n d services w i t h which t h e Eastman K o d a k Company a n d
Kodak
its divisions are... serving laboratories everywhere JUNE
2 4.
1957
C&EN
71
PRODUCTION
ace Lo-Flow
ROTA-KIT
ι*
For low flow rates from 10cc/min. to 40,000cc/min. for gas, and O.lcc/min. to l,400cc/min. for water. A Compact and Self-Contained Flow Test Kit. Safe Pressure rate 100 lbs. Maximum corrosion resistance. Float and Tube Replacements are Guaranteed Inter changeable. Packed in Attractive Wooden Case. Available from Stock in Vineland and our Louisville, Ky. Warehouse. *• For complete data and prices—Write Department ARK-Β
iiiilBl^ ^ ^ S H
fSISE^.i.jLi- ^ C ^ ^ c J ^ j ^ l ^ ^ ^ ^ B ^ ,
-jùK
IV L^V«JFVtwBl^
ACE GLASS INCORPORATED V I N E L A N D φ N E W JERSEY 6 3 9 - 4 1 SOUTH HANCOCK ST. LOUISVILLE, KY.
W ith B A R E C O · · ·
The manufacture of waxes i^ our/f husiness—our only business! Making a&lpj superior wax is our g o a l from start to _ finish—and not a secondary product of ^ our manufacturing effort?. In fact, a n y ^ "by-products" at Bareco are incidental only to the-refining of wax·,-. /'
• Sales
^ BARECO WAX COMPANY SALES O F F I C E : C&EN
JUNE
2 4.
P I T RiD L i t Ε
CORPORATION
Box 2 0 0 9 , Tulsa, 1957
Butadiene & Chemical
is us
ing a hydraulic system t o operate prod uct v a l v e s in its ne^v Houston butadiene processing plant (C&EN, June 10. page 1 9 ) . The s y s t e m , d e s i g n e d and installed by Rivett-, Inc., Boston, Mass., is o n e tenth the s i z e and h a s o n e tenth the control wiring of a similar electrical control system, Rivett says.
FREE WAX BOOK—Libts type* and specifications to meet your wax problems. Write for your cop-v to Box 2009, Tulsa, Oklahoma
tip
• Fine s i z e d silica ^els, w h e n added t o adhesive formulations, c a n increase b o n d strength markedly, according to Davison Chemical. An e x a m p l e : a d dition of 5% of Syloid 7 5 , a n interme diate density gel, to s y n t h e t i c rubber solvent type adihesives u p s bond strength from 85 t o 20OO, according t o Davison data.
• Texas
This specialization in the study, de-U, velopment and manufacture of micro-JSj| crystalline waxes explains Λvhy so many ~**! Bareco products are unequalled JUr-the industry. u * , It explains, too, w h y Bareco is unique position to offer authoritat assistance to wax users—whatever their problems or product.
A DIVISION
• S e l - R e x Corp. h a s developed what it calls D o p e d Gold Processes by w h i c h it can better electroplate g o l d onto ger manium and silicon s e m i c o n d u c t o r s . T h e c o m p a n y a d d s antimony or other Group III or V eLements t o the bath. T h e result, according to S e l - R e x : plate at room temperature; reproducibly pro duce uniform deposits of the right thickness directly from t h e b a t h .
• Five a n d a half miles o f s t e a m piping at Esso's Bay way, N. J . , refinery h a v e a n e w jacket—aluminirm alloy 3003— to protect it froxn t h e area's com bined marine-in d-ustrial atmosphere. Besides d e f e n d i n g the p i p i n g against weather and corrosion, t h e jacketing plus insulation ha've r e d u c e d heat loss to about 5 % of that from bare pipe, Esso says.
WAX is an END PRODUCT, NOT a by-product!
72
molecular collisions, or "sputtering," is anticipated. B e c a u s e w e are aware of heat and other problems of space travel and ot properties of the zmetals w e can u s e , w e can a v o i d m a n y time-consuming ex periments, LaQue says. A n d it is u n likely that space travel w i l l b e d e l a y e d b y a materials or fabrication problem, he concludes.
Oklahoma
DISTRICT SALES OFFICES: NEW YORK 150 E. 42nd St. CHICAGO 332 S. Michigan Ave. PHILADELPHIA 1 21 S. Brood St.
of
ultrasonic
equipment
are
e x p e c t e d to have a tenfold i n c r e a s e to $ 1 5 0 million t o $ 2 5 0 m i l l i o n - a n nually in 1 0 yea.rs, according t o Rob ert L. Rod, president o f Acoustica As sociates. Rod, a d d r e s s i n g a m e e t i n g of the Acoustical Society of America last month, pointed to c l e a n i n g , liquid level control, m e t a l w o r k i n g (drills, grinders, and friction r e d u c i n g de vices ) , and chemical a n d physical proc essing as some of t h e areas t o watch for increasing use of ultrasonics.
