Microconcave MAPbBr3 Single Crystal for High-Performance

Subscriber access provided by EKU Libraries

Surfaces, Interfaces, and Catalysis; Physical Properties of Nanomaterials and Materials

Micro-Concave MAPbBr3 Single Crystal for High-Performance Photodetector Han Liu, Xiangfeng Wei, Zhixiang Zhang, Xunyong Lei, Wenchao Xu, Linbao Luo, Hualing Zeng, Ruifeng Lu, and Jiehua Liu J. Phys. Chem. Lett., Just Accepted Manuscript • DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpclett.9b00038 • Publication Date (Web): 06 Feb 2019 Downloaded from http://pubs.acs.org on February 6, 2019

Just Accepted “Just Accepted” manuscripts have been peer-reviewed and accepted for publication. They are posted online prior to technical editing, formatting for publication and author proofing. The American Chemical Society provides “Just Accepted” as a service to the research community to expedite the dissemination of scientific material as soon as possible after acceptance. “Just Accepted” manuscripts appear in full in PDF format accompanied by an HTML abstract. “Just Accepted” manuscripts have been fully peer reviewed, but should not be considered the official version of record. They are citable by the Digital Object Identifier (DOI®). “Just Accepted” is an optional service offered to authors. Therefore, the “Just Accepted” Web site may not include all articles that will be published in the journal. After a manuscript is technically edited and formatted, it will be removed from the “Just Accepted” Web site and published as an ASAP article. Note that technical editing may introduce minor changes to the manuscript text and/or graphics which could affect content, and all legal disclaimers and ethical guidelines that apply to the journal pertain. ACS cannot be held responsible for errors or consequences arising from the use of information contained in these “Just Accepted” manuscripts.

is published by the American Chemical Society. 1155 Sixteenth Street N.W., Washington, DC 20036 Published by American Chemical Society. Copyright © American Chemical Society. However, no copyright claim is made to original U.S. Government works, or works produced by employees of any Commonwealth realm Crown government in the course of their duties.

Page 1 of 22 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 60

The Journal of Physical Chemistry Letters

Micro-Concave MAPbBr3 Single Crystal for HighPerformance Photodetector Han Liu,†,§ Xiangfeng Wei,†,§ Zhixiang Zhang,† Xunyong Lei,‡ Wenchao Xu,† Linbao Luo,†,‖ Hualing Zeng,‡ Ruifeng Lu# and Jiehua Liu†,‖,* †

Future Energy Laboratory, School of Materials Science and Engineering, School of Electronic

Science and Applied Physics, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei, 230009, China ‡ Hefei

National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at Microscale, University of Science and

Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China # School

‖ Key

of Science, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, Nanjing, 210094, China

Laboratory of Advanced Functional Materials and Devices of Anhui Province, Hefei,

230009, China AUTHOR INFORMATION Corresponding Author * [email protected], [email protected]

ACS Paragon Plus Environment

1

The Journal of Physical Chemistry Letters 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 60

Page 2 of 22

Abstract: We report a new suspension method to obtain the cubic MAPbBr3 single crystal with a concave surface for the first time. The cubic MAPbBr3 crystal with micro-concavity possesses the good crystallinity and carrier lifetime. The excellent photoelectric performance was provided by the concave based MAPbBr3 photodetectors due to the good light trapping and shortened carrier pathway. As a result, the concave-based photodetector exhibits the superior responsivity of 62.9 A W−1 and 5.43 A W−1 and EQE of 1.50×104% and 1.30×103% under low-power and high-power 520 nm irradiations of 3.67 μW cm−2 and 35.4 mW cm−2 at 3 V respectively, which are more than 500% higher than those of plane-based photodetector. Especially, the concave based photodetector has an ultrahigh detectivity of 6.5×1012 Jones at ultralow power of 3.67 μW cm−2, 6.5 times as high as that of the planar device.

TOC GRAPHICS

Keywords: perovskite, single crystal, concave surface, photodetector, photoelectric performance


2

Page 3 of 22 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 60


Recently, organic-inorganic lead halide perovskites (MAPbX3) have attracted extensive attention owing to their properties including well-controlled bandgap, high light-absorption coefficient, long carrier transport distance, and few defects.1-6 MAPbX3 polycrystalline films and single crystals are applied in the fields of lasers,7-8 light-emitting diodes (LEDs),9-12 solar cells,1316

and especially photodetectors.17-21 To enhance the performance of devices, many efforts have

been devoted to synthesize high-quality perovskite materials including polycrystalline films or single crystals.22-24 The polycrystalline films with many crystal defects at grain boundaries increase the recombination of the excited carriers.25 High-quality single crystals could possess few defects, fast carrier mobility, and high reliability. Therefore, the high-quality single crystal is more suitable for photodetector fabrication in view of intrinsic properties26-29, compared with films30 and micro/nanocrystals31. Single crystals also exhibit different crystallographic planes and anisotropic photoelectric properties.32 Importantly, the single crystals are more stable than films or micro/nanocrystals in the external environment including temperature, moisture, and light irradiation.31,

33-34

More importantly, large MAPbX3 single crystals were successfully

synthesized with the sizes of two inches or bigger.35-36 MAPbBr3 as one of the most popular members in MAPbX3 family exhibits higher stability than MAPbI3 and wider range for visible-light absorption than MAPbCl3. MAPbBr3 also possesses the cubic crystal symmetry which is favorable to the synthesis of high-quality single crystals.37-38 There are some different crystal-growth methods to obtain the bulk MAPbBr3 single crystals, such as inverse temperature crystallization,27,

39

antisolvent vapor-assisted

crystallization,40 and laser-induced localized growth41. However, the obtained microcrystals or bulks are imperfect geometries, such as a triangular prism, lamina, and cuboid rather than cubelike crystals,40 because the crystal growth on a direction is inhibited by the contacting bottom or


3


Page 4 of 22

wall of the container. It is worth noting that the previous studies have been focused on lattice orientation and optoelectronic performances of different crystal planes,25, 27 crystal concave are still reported on MAPbBr3 single crystals. In view of the characteristics of the scattering light, reflected light and the refractive index of ~2.2,42-44 we think that the optoelectronic performances of concave based MAPbBr3 devices may be improved according to light trapping, carrier-transfer pathway, and high-quality crystal interfaces. Therefore, the most urgent task upon is to synthesize the high-quality concave based MAPbBr3 single crystals. Herein, we develop a new method (suspension method) to obtain MAPbBr3 single crystals with a concavity for the first time. The single crystals are utilized to prepare a concave based photodetector for investigating crystal quality, light trapping, and photoelectric properties. The results demonstrate that the concave-based photodetector has a superior weak-light performance with a high responsivity of 62.9 A W−1 and EQE of 1.50 × 104% at bias voltage 3 V and 520 nm illuminated light with 3.67 μW cm−2. Moreover, the concave based photodetector also exhibits high responsivity of 5.43 A W−1 and EQE of 1.30× 103%, while the plane-based device has low responsivity of 0.98 A W−1 and EQE of 235% when illuminated under high-power light intensity of 35.4 mW cm−2. To obtain the concave crystal surface, MAPbBr3 single crystal was synthesized by using “suspension method” with a glass capillary as 1D micro-template and nucleation center. Figure 1a presents the schematic route of the MAPbBr3 single crystal growing on a capillary glass with an outside diameter of 300 μm. MAPbBr3 could be fast nucleated and grown on the glass capillary rather than the bottom of reactors for common crystal growth methods. The possible reason is that the outer micro-convexity of capillary glass exhibits a higher the interfacial adsorption capacity than the plane (bottom). Interestingly, it is hard to obtain the MAPbBr3


4

Page 5 of 22 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 60


single crystal on the wall of capillary glass only with an outside diameter of 500 and 700 μm. We think the smaller radius of curvature is easier to form crystal seeds. Also, it is important to regulate and control the crystal-growth temperature to reach a supersaturation (slightly above saturation solubility) which can make sure only grow crystal on the capillary glass. Furthermore, the suspension method is an efficient and universal way of exploring concave based MAPbCl3 single crystals (Figure S1).

Figure 1. (a) Schematic route of MAPbBr3 single crystal growth process; (b) Top-view and sideview photographs of MAPbBr3 single crystal; (c) XRD patterns of MAPbBr3 powder, (100) and (210) planes; (d) UV−Vis absorption spectrum and band gap (inset) of MAPbBr3 single crystal.


5


Page 6 of 22

Figure 1b shows the top-view and side-view images of MAPbBr3 single crystal by growing around a capillary glass. The obtained MAPbBr3 single crystal exhibits six square crystal faces, on which the surface defects could be avoided since the crystals growth without contacting the bottom or wall of the bottle. Figure 1c shows the X-ray diffraction (XRD) patterns of the planar surface (100) and the concave surface (210) based on MAPbBr3 single crystals and MAPbBr3 powder. The powder and plane XRD results are in accordance with the previous work.27, 40 There are a series of diffraction peaks of 2-theta (2) at 14.95, 29.97, and 33.59º corresponding to the (100), (200), and (300) lattice planes respectively for the crystal planar surface. The corresponding full widths of half maximum (FWHM) are 0.112, 0.152, 0.231 respectively, which shows MAPbBr3 single crystal has high crystallinity. To obtain the exposed concavity, the single crystal was cut into two parts along the capillary glass. XRD result shows only (210) diffraction peak at 2 = 33.94° with FWHM of 0.122° on the plane of MAPbBr3 single crystals with the concavity, suggesting that the exposed surface is (210) facet with a high-quality single crystal. Figure 1d shows the UV−Vis absorption spectrum and bandgap of the MAPbBr3 single crystal. From the absorption curve from 400 – 850 nm, the wide and strong absorption may provide the basis for selecting the visible-light range of 400-570 nm for the photoelectric device. The absorption edge at around 571 nm indicates the energy band gap (Eg) of 2.17 eV. The value of Eg is very close to the reported value of 2.15 eV for single crystal,27 but smaller than films (2.30 ± 0.10 eV).45-47 The narrower Eg will be beneficial to its optoelectronic application for the wider range of light. Steady-state and time-resolved steady-state photoluminescence (PL and TRPL) spectra are used to investigate the PL performance of MAPbBr3 single crystals by using an excitation light


6

Page 7 of 22 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 60


of 495 nm. In Figure S2, the PL emission peak centered at 527 nm with an FWHM of 20 nm, indicating that few near band-edge defects associated with single crystal surface were observed in the PL spectrum, which corresponds to the previous result.48 Moreover, a blue-shifted emission peak indicates a lower trap density. The carrier lifetime was studied by TRPL measurement as shown in Figure S2b. τav of concave surface is 7.59 ns for the concave surface, higher than 6.74 ns for the planar surface. The result indicates the concave surface has few surface defects on the high-quality single crystal. In Figure S3, Raman spectra also show the characteristic peaks of concave surface are coincide in that of the planar surface, which also provides a useful proof indicating MAPbBr3 single crystal with high-quality micro-concave surface.

Figure 2. (a) Schematic diagrams of CP and PP devices; (b) FESEM image of the concave surface of MAPbBr3 single crystals; (c−d) I−V curves of CP and PP with 3.67−12.02 μW cm−2 at 3 V respectively.


7


Page 8 of 22

Micro-concave MAPbBr3 single crystals could be applied to the photodetectors based on lighttrapping micro-concavity and high-quality crystal surface. The concave and plane based photodetectors are named CP and PP respectively. The details are provided in Supporting Information. Figure 2a illustrates the structure of photodetector based on planar and concave surfaces of MAPbBr3 single crystals. The concave surface of MAPbBr3 single crystal has a width of about ~300 μm as shown in Figure 2b. The current-voltage (I−V) curves of the single-crystal devices were measured in dark and under illuminated by using the laser light of 520 nm with a low-power intensity of 3.67–12.02 μW cm−2 (Figure 2c−d). The dark currents (Idark) were 0.045 and 0.13 μA for PP and CP devices respectively. The larger dark currents implied that the CP possesses a stronger charge transportation capacity. Their currents increase to 0.11 and 0.47 μA at 3 V respectively, when the light densities increase from 0 to 12.02 μW cm−2. In order to further understand the photoelectric performance of the device, we determined the responsivity (R), external quantum efficiency (EQE) and detectivity (D*) which are three key parameters for photodetectors. Responsivity represents the ratio of photon-excited current to irradiation flux. EQEs can be obtained from responsivity by changing the ratio of current/incident light power to electron quantity/photon quantity to evaluate the photocurrent conversion ability of our devices on different lattice planes. D* is the parameter that characterizes the sensitivity of the detector. 17, 49 The equations be shown below:

R=

Ipc ― Idark

(1)

P×S

ℎ𝑐

(2)

EQE = R × 𝑒𝜆 𝐷∗ = R ×

𝑆 2𝑞 × 𝐼𝑑𝑎𝑟𝑘

(3)


8

Page 9 of 22 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 60


Where Ipc is the photocurrent under illumination and Idark is dark current, P is the irradiance power density, and S is the eﬀective illuminated area. Then c stands for the speed of light, e is the elementary charge, and λ is the wavelength of the light source. According to the formula, the photocurrent conversion abilities of our photodetectors based on a plane and concave surface were analyzed. Figure S4 shows that responsivities and EQEs were related to applied voltage and incident light intensity. The value of responsivity and EQE of CP were calculated to be 62.9 and 58.5 A W−1, and 1.50×104% and 1.40×104% under illumination with 520 nm light of 3.67 and 12.02 μW cm−2 at 3 V respectively, much higher than the performance of PP (5.49 and 10.4 A W−1, and 1.31 × 103 and 2.48 × 103%). The performance of CP is one of best results compared with previous works on MAPbX3 based single-crystal photodetectors (Table S1). We also noticed that the weak-light photocurrent still tend to change in an inverse proportion when increasing the light intensity, indicating that the CP exhibits an excellent ultra-sensitivity for weak light.


9


Page 10 of 22

Figure 3. (a−b) Time-dependent photocurrents with on-off cycles and (c) D* for the PP and CP respectively under irradiation of 520 nm with varying light intensities from 3.67 to 12.02 μW cm−2. Time-dependent I−V curves are used to comparing the switching characteristics of the PP and CP. Figure 3a and 3b reflect on-off cycles under different weak-light intensity at 3 V for the PP and CP respectively. The photocurrents are obviously improved when increasing light intensity


10

Page 11 of 22 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 60


for CP, more sensitive than those of PP. The current of PP increased slowly compare with CP which achieves the highest value of 1.26 μA under illumination of 12.02 μW cm−2 at 3 V. D* of the PP and CP were also calculated according to responsivity is displayed in Figure 3c. The high D* of above 6×1012 Jones is obtained from the CP from 3.67 to 12.02 μW cm−2. Especially the CP has an ultrahigh D* of 6.5×1012 Jones at ultralow power of 3.67 μW cm−2, 6.5 times than that of PP. In short, the concave surface possessed superior light harvesting capability and ultrahigh sensitivity under low-power illumination.

Figure 4. (a−b) Photocurrents of devices at 3 V for PP and CP respectively; (c) Responsivities and EQEs of the PP and CP respectively; (d) Time-dependent photocurrents and the switching times under illumination of 35.4 mW cm−2.


11


Page 12 of 22

Furthermore, CP and PP devices were also tested under high-power radiation of 35.4 mW cm−2 based on the planar surface and concave surface. Figure 4a−b show I−V curves of PP and CP devices in the dark and illumination respectively. The dark photocurrent acquired on the concave is 13.0 μA, in contrast to 11.8 μA on the (100) plane at 3 V. The photocurrents on the concavity based (210) is 92.4 μA, much larger than 28.5 μA of PP on the (100) plane. Responsivities and EQEs are provided in Figure 4c. The responsivities and EQEs of both devices also increase with the applied voltages. Responsivities of devices are 5.43 A W−1 and 0.98 A W−1 while EQEs are 1.30×103% and 234% for CP and PP respectively. The results show the responsivities and EQEs more sensitive and efficient than those of PP devices. Figure 4d shows the stability performance of CP and PP devices. CP exhibits an excellent cycling performance with higher photocurrent and faster response time than the performance of PP. the high-power performance of the concave surface also possesses the superior responsivity and EQE due to the light-trapping of microconcave and shortened carrier pathway. In addition, we prepared MAPbBr3 single-crystal photodetector based on a capillary glass with a diameter of 700 μm. Figure S5 shows the photoelectric property of CP with the diameters of 300 and 700 μm at 3 V under illumination of 35.4 mW cm−2 respectively. CP with a concavity of 700 μm has higher photocurrent (112 μA), responsivity (6.6 A W−1) and EQE (1.57×103%) than those of CP with 300 μm at 3 V under radiation of 35.4 mW cm−2. The results show that the diameter of the capillary glass plays important role in the photoelectric performance of devices. We also proposed the internal mechanisms of CP and PP devices in single crystals in Figure 5. Figure 5a-b show the concave surface has an exposed irradiation area of 1.57 times as high as that of the planar surface, that is, the average light intensity on CP device is only ~0.64 time as high as that of PP device. As we all know, besides increasing the scattering and reflection of


12

Page 13 of 22 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 60


light trapping by micro-concave structure, the absorption depth of light and diffusion path of carriers are two key features of the internal mechanism for high-performance devices. Figure 5cd and 5e-f show that the CP devices have the shortened absorption depth of light (d1 175 μm in Solution-Grown CH3NH3PbI3 Single Crystals. Science 2015, 347, 967-970. (6) Wehrenfennig, C.; Eperon, G. E.; Johnston, M. B.; Snaith, H. J.; Herz, L. M. High Charge Carrier Mobilities and Lifetimes in Organolead Trihalide Perovskites. Adv. Mater. 2014, 26, 1584-1589. (7) Xing, G.; Mathews, N.; Lim, S. S.; Yantara, N.; Liu, X.; Sabba, D.; Gratzel, M.; Mhaisalkar, S.; Sum, T. C. Low-Temperature Solution-Processed Wavelength-Tunable Perovskites for Lasing. Nat. Mater. 2014, 13, 476-480. (8) Ha, S. T.; Shen, C.; Zhang, J.; Xiong, Q. H. Laser Cooling of Organic–Inorganic Lead Halide Perovskites. Nat. Photon. 2015, 10, 115-121.


15


Page 16 of 22

(9) Wong, A. B.; Lai, M.; Eaton, S. W.; Yu, Y.; Lin, E.; Dou, L.; Fu, A.; Yang, P. Growth and Anion Exchange Conversion of CH3NH3PbX3 Nanorod Arrays for Light-Emitting Diodes. Nano Lett. 2015, 15, 5519-5524. (10) Xiao, Z.; Kerner, R. A.; Zhao, L. F.; Tran, N. L.; Lee, K. M.; Koh, T.-W.; Scholes, G. D.; Rand, B. P. Efficient Perovskite Light-Emitting Diodes Featuring Nanometre-Sized Crystallites. Nat. Photon. 2017, 11, 108-115. (11) Cho, H.; Jeong, S. H.; Park, M. H.; Kim, Y. H.; Wolf, C.; Lee, C. L.; Heo, J. H.; Sadhanala, A.; Myoung, N.; Yoo, S. Overcoming the Electroluminescence Efficiency Limitations of Perovskite Light-Emitting Diodes. Science 2015, 350, 1222-1225. (12) Tan, Z. K.; Moghaddam, R. S.; Lai, M. L.; Docampo, P.; Higler, R.; Deschler, F.; Price, M.; Sadhanala, A.; Pazos, L. M.; Credgington, D.; Hanusch, F.; Bein, T.; Snaith, H. J.; Friend, R. H. Bright Light-Emitting Diodes Based on Organometal Halide Perovskite. Nat. Nanotech. 2014, 9, 687-692. (13) Yang, D.; Zhou, X.; Yang, R. X.; Yang, Z.; Yu, W.; Wang, X. L.; Li, C.; Liu, S. Z.; Chang, R. P. H. Surface Optimization to Eliminate Hysteresis for Record Efficiency Planar Perovskite Solar Cells. Energy Environ. Sci. 2016, 9, 3071-3078. (14) Mei, A. Y.; Li, X.; Liu, L. F.; Ku, Z. L.; Liu, T. F.; Rong, Y. G.; Xu, M.; Hu, M.; Chen, J. Z.; Yang, Y.; Grätzel, M.; Han, H. W. A Hole-Conductor–Free, Fully Printable Mesoscopic Perovskite Solar Cell with High Stability. Science 2014, 345, 295-298. (15) Liu, M.; Johnston, M. B.; Snaith, H. J. Efficient Planar Heterojunction Perovskite Solar Cells by Vapour Deposition. Nature 2013, 501, 395-398.


16

Page 17 of 22 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 60


(16) Xiao, M.; Huang, F.; Huang, W.; Dkhissi, Y.; Zhu, Y.; Etheridge, J.; Gray-Weale, A.; Bach, U.; Cheng, Y. B.; Spiccia, L. A Fast Deposition-Crystallization Procedure for Highly Efficient Lead Iodide Perovskite Thin-Film Solar Cells. Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 2014, 53, 98989903. (17) Dou, L.; Yang, Y. M.; You, J.; Hong, Z.; Chang, W. H.; Li, G.; Yang, Y. SolutionProcessed Hybrid Perovskite Photodetectors with High Detectivity. Nat. Commun. 2014, 5, 5404. (18) Gao, L.; Zeng, K.; Guo, J.; Ge, C.; Du, J.; Zhao, Y.; Chen, C.; Deng, H.; He, Y.; Song, H.; Niu, G.; Tang, J. Passivated Single-Crystalline CH3NH3PbI3 Nanowire Photodetector with High Detectivity and Polarization Sensitivity. Nano Lett. 2016, 16, 7446-7454. (19) Saidaminov, M. I.; Adinolfi, V.; Comin, R.; Abdelhady, A. L.; Peng, W.; Dursun, I.; Yuan, M.; Hoogland, S.; Sargent, E. H.; Bakr, O. M. Planar-Integrated Single-Crystalline Perovskite Photodetectors. Nat. Commun. 2015, 6, 8724. (20) Feng, J. G.; Gong, C.; Gao, H. F.; Wen, W.; Gong, Y. J.; Jiang, X. Y.; Zhang, B.; Wu, Y. C.; Wu, Y. S.; Fu, H. B.; Jiang, L.; Zhang, X. Single-Crystalline Layered Metal-Halide Perovskite Nanowires for Ultrasensitive Photodetectors. Nat. Electron. 2018, 1, 404-410. (21) Yang, B.; Chen, J. S.; Shi, Q.; Wang, Z. J.; Gerhard, M.; Dobrovolsky, A.; Scheblykin, I. G.; Karki, K. J.; Han, K.; Pullerits, T. High Resolution Mapping of Two-Photon Excited Photocurrent in Perovskite Microplate Photodetector. J. Phys. Chem. Lett. 2018, 9, 5017-5022.


17


Page 18 of 22

(22) Rao, H. S.; Li, W. G.; Chen, B. X.; Kuang, D. B.; Su, C. Y. In Situ Growth of 120 cm2 CH3NH3PbBr3 Perovskite Crystal Film on FTO Glass for Narrowband-Photodetectors. Adv. Mater. 2017, 29, 1602639. (23) Park, N.-G. Organometal Perovskite Light Absorbers Toward a 20% Efficiency Low-Cost Solid-State Mesoscopic Solar Cell. J. Phys. Chem. Lett. 2013, 4, 2423-2429. (24) Snaith, H. J. Perovskites: The Emergence of a New Era for Low-Cost, High-Efficiency Solar Cells. J. Phys. Chem. Lett. 2013, 4, 3623-3630. (25) Lian, Z.; Yan, Q.; Lv, Q.; Wang, Y.; Liu, L.; Zhang, L.; Pan, S.; Li, Q.; Wang, L.; Sun, J. L. High-Performance Planar-Type Photodetector on (100) Facet of MAPbI3 Single Crystal. Sci. Rep. 2015, 5, 16563. (26) Liu, Y. C.; Zhang, Y. X.; Zhao, K.; Yang, Z.; Feng, J. S.; Zhang, X.; Wang, K.; Meng, L. N.; Ye, H. C.; Liu, M.; Liu, S. Z. A 1300 mm2 Ultrahigh-Performance Digital Imaging Assembly using High-Quality Perovskite Single Crystals. Adv. Mater. 2018, 30, 1707314. (27) Zuo, Z.; Ding, J.; Zhao, Y.; Du, S.; Li, Y.; Zhan, X.; Cui, H. Enhanced Optoelectronic Performance on the (110) Lattice Plane of an MAPbBr3 Single Crystal. J. Phys. Chem. Lett. 2017, 8, 684-689. (28) Du, S.; Jing, L.; Cheng, X.; Yuan, Y.; Ding, J.; Zhou, T.; Zhan, X.; Cui, H. Incorporation of Cesium Ions into MA1–xCsxPbI3 Single Crystals: Crystal Growth, Enhancement of Stability, and Optoelectronic Properties. J. Phys. Chem. Lett. 2018, 9, 5833-5839.


18

Page 19 of 22 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 60


(29) Liu, Y. C.; Zhang, Y. X.; Yang, Z.; Yang, D.; Ren, X. D.; Pang, L. Q.; Liu, S. Z. Thinness- and Shape-Controlled Growth for Ultrathin Single-Crystalline Perovskite Wafers for Mass Production of Superior Photoelectronic Devices. Adv. Mater. 2016, 28, 9204-9209. (30) Xing, G. C.; Mathews, N.; Sun, S. Y.; Lim, S. S.; Lam, Y. M.; Grätzel, M.; Mhaisalkar, S.; Sum, T. C. Long-Range Balanced Electron- and Hole-Transport Lengths in OrganicInorganic CH3NH3PbI3 Science 2013, 342, 344-347. (31) Liu, Y. C.; Ren, X. D.; Zhang, J.; Yang, Z.; Yang, D.; Yu, F. Y.; Sun, J. K.; Zhao, C. M.; Yao, Z.; Wang, B.; Wei, Q. B.; Xiao, F. W.; Fan, H. B.; Deng, H.; Deng, L. P.; Liu, S. Z. F. 120 mm Single-Crystalline Perovskite and Wafers: Towards Viable Applications. Sci. China Chem. 2017, 60, 1367-1376. (32) Zhang, P.; Zhang, G.; Liu, L.; Ju, D.; Zhang, L.; Cheng, K.; Tao, X. Anisotropic Optoelectronic Properties of Melt-Grown Bulk CsPbBr3 Single Crystal. J. Phys. Chem. Lett. 2018, 9, 5040-5046. (33) Luan, M. Y.; Song, J. L.; Wei, X. F.; Chen, F.; Liu, J. H. Controllable Growth of Bulk Cubic-Phase CH3NH3PbI3 Single Crystal with Exciting Room-Temperature Stability. CrystEngComm 2016, 18, 5257-5261. (34) Wang, W. F.; Su, J.; Zhang, L.; Lei, Y.; Wang, D.; Lu, D.; Bai, Y. Growth of MixedHalide Perovskite Single Crystals. CrystEngComm 2018, 20, 1635-1643. (35) Liu, Y. C.; Yang, Z.; Cui, D.; Ren, X. D.; Sun, J. K.; Liu, X. J.; Zhang, J. R.; Wei, Q. B.; Fan, H. B.; Yu, F. Y.; Zhang, X.; Zhao, C. M.; Liu, S. Z. Two-Inch-Sized Perovskite


19


Page 20 of 22

CH3NH3PbX3 (X = Cl, Br, I) Crystals: Growth and Characterization. Adv. Mater. 2015, 27, 5176-5183. (36) Liu, Y. C.; Zhang, Y. X.; Yang, Z.; Feng, J. S.; Xu, Z.; Li, Q. X.; Hu, M. X.; Ye, H. C.; Zhang, X.; Liu, M.; Zhao, K.; Liu, S. Z. Low-Temperature-Gradient Crystallization for MultiInch High-Quality Perovskite Single Crystals for Record Performance Photodetectors. Mater. Today 2019, 10.1016/j.mattod.2018.04.002. (37) Quarti, C.; Mosconi, E.; Ball, J. M.; D'Innocenzo, V.; Tao, C.; Pathak, S.; Snaith, H. J.; Petrozza, A.; De Angelis, F. Structural and Optical Properties of Methylammonium Lead Iodide Across the Tetragonal to Cubic Phase Transition: Implications for Perovskite Solar Cells. Energy Environ. Sci. 2016, 9, 155-163. (38) Lozhkina, O. A.; Yudin, V. I.; Murashkina, A. A.; Shilovskikh, V. V.; Davydov, V. G.; Kevorkyants, R.; Emeline, A. V.; Kapitonov, Y. V.; Bahnemann, D. W. Low Inhomogeneous Broadening of Excitonic Resonance in MAPbBr3 Single Crystals. J. Phys. Chem. Lett. 2018, 9, 302-305. (39) Saidaminov, M. I.; Abdelhady, A. L.; Murali, B.; Alarousu, E.; Burlakov, V. M.; Peng, W.; Dursun, I.; Wang, L. F.; He, Y.; Maculan, G. High-Quality Bulk Hybrid Perovskite Single Crystals within Minutes by Inverse Temperature Crystallization. Nat. Commun. 2015, 6, 7586. (40) Shi, D.; Adinolfi, V.; Comin, R.; Yuan, M. J.; Alarousu, E.; Buin, A.; Chen, Y.; Hoogland, S.; Rothenberger, A.; Katsiev, K.; Losovyj, Y.; Zhang, X.; Dowben, P. A.; Mohammed, O. F.; Sargent, E. H.; Bakr, O. M. Low Trap-State Density and Long Carrier Diffusion in Organolead Trihalide Perovskite Single Crystals. Science 2015, 347, 519-522.


20

Page 21 of 22 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 60


(41) Arciniegas, M. P.; Castelli, A.; Piazza, S.; Dogan, S.; Ceseracciu, L.; Krahne, R.; Duocastella, M.; Manna, L. Laser-Induced Localized Growth of Methylammonium Lead Halide Perovskite Nano- and Microcrystals on Substrates. Adv. Funct. Mater. 2017, 27, 1701613. (42) Shi, X. B.; Liu, Y.; Yuan, Z. C.; Liu, X. K.; Miao, Y. F.; Wang, J. P.; Lenk, S.; Reineke, S.; Gao, F. Optical Energy Losses in Organic–Inorganic Hybrid Perovskite Light-Emitting Diodes. Adv. Optical Mater. 2018, 6, 1800667. (43) Yuyama, K.-I.; Islam, M. J.; Takahashi, K.; Nakamura, T.; Biju, V. Crystallization of Methylammonium Lead Halide Perovskites by Optical Trapping. Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 2018, 130, 13612-13616. (44) Brittman, S.; Garnett, E. C. Measuring n and k at the Microscale in Single Crystals of CH3NH3PbBr3 Perovskite. J. Phys. Chem. C 2016, 120, 616-620. (45) Kitazawa, N.; Watanabe, Y.; Nakamura, Y. Optical Properties of CH3NH3PbX3 (X = halogen) and Their Mixed-Halide Crystals. J. Mater. Sci. 2002, 37, 3585-3587. (46) Schulz, P.; Edri, E.; Kirmayer, S.; Hodes, G.; Cahen, D.; Kahn, A. Interface Energetics in Organo-Metal Halide Perovskite-Based Photovoltaic Cells. Energy Environ. Sci. 2014, 7, 13771381. (47) Grancini, G.; Srimath Kandada, A. R.; Frost, J. M.; Barker, A. J.; De Bastiani, M.; Gandini, M.; Marras, S.; Lanzani, G.; Walsh, A.; Petrozza, A. Role of Microstructure in the Electron-Hole Interaction of Hybrid Lead-Halide Perovskites. Nat. Photon. 2015, 9, 695-701. (48) Gu, Z. K.; Huang, Z. D.; Li, C.; Li, M. Z.; Song, Y. L. A General Printing Approach for Scalable Growth of Perovskite Single-Crystal Films. Sci. Adv. 2018, 4, eaat2390.


21


Page 22 of 22

(49) Wu, C. Y.; Pan, Z. Q.; Wang, Y. Y.; Ge, C. W.; Yu, Y. Q.; Xu, J. Y.; Wang, L.; Luo, L. B. Core–Shell Silicon Nanowire Array–Cu Nanofilm Schottky Junction for a Sensitive SelfPowered Near-Infrared Photodetector. J. Mater. Chem. C. 2016, 4, 10804-10811.


22

Microconcave MAPbBr3 Single Crystal for High-Performance

Recommend Documents