LITERATURE
Microfiche Standards Adopted Three government agencies adopt standards to speed up, simplify dissemination of R&D reports UCRL-TRANS-1022(L)
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MICROFICHE. Up to 60 pages of a printed report can be reproduced in microform on a microfiche. The first few blanks, though, will be used for code numbers
Users of government R&D reports have had things made a bit easier for them. Three government agencies have standardized a microfiche system which will make the dissemination and use of these reports faster and simpler. And the agencies themselves will be able to cut costs. The three agencies—Atomic Energy Commission, National Aeronautics and Space Administration, and Depart ment of Defense—will each have switched over to the new system by the early autumn. In operation, microfiche (negative cards containing documents in micro form ) will be used to reproduce all R&D reports from the agencies and their contractors. DOD's documents will actually be handled by the Office of Technical Services of the Department of Commerce. AEC, NASA, and DOD turn out more than 90% of the scientific and technical reports sponsored by the Government. While microfiche itself is not new, the standards agreed to by each agency make for more efficient use of micro fiche. All reports produced by the agencies or their contractors are first 54
C&EN
AUG. 31,
1964
microfilmed. The images of the in dividual pages are arranged on a 105 mm. by 148 mm. (about 4" by 6") negative—the microfiche. Each micro fiche card can contain up to 60 pages. The three agencies have not only agreed to the outside dimensions but to other standard dimensions as w e l l spacing between pages, reduction ratio, and others. These standards make it possible for documents from the three agencies to be viewed and reproduced by the same equipment, using identical viewing screens and projection lenses. Microfiche provides other advan tages: • Limited quantities an be economi cally reproduced from the original microfiche. • Microfiche can be reproduced at relatively low cost as compared with reproducing full size documents. • Microfiche is tailor-made for com pact storage and fast retrieval. Prior to this changeover, each agency used its own system. NASA
used microfiche, but with outside dimensions of 5 " by 8". AEC origi nally used a 3 " by 5" opaque microcard; OTS used microfilm. Each agency also distributes full size docu ments. Each of these systems had its draw backs. AEC's microcards were diffi cult to reproduce; OTS's microfilm was hard to index and created retrieval problems. While NASA's 5" by 8" microfiche did not present these prob lems it was still not compatible with the other two agencies' systems. Early in 1963 NASA and AEC set out to remedy the situation. Both agencies agreed to various standards for microfiche. Although internal dimensions were identical, AEC used a 3" by 5" microfiche and NASA a 5" by 8 " microfiche. Later a standard 4 " by 6" microfiche was agreed on. In the spring of 1963, the Com mittee on Scientific Information of the Federal Council for Science and Tech nology considered the NASA-AEC standard for government-wide adop tion. The Federal Council soon after D O D and adopted the standard. OTS also readily agreed to adopt the standard. OTS, which handles sales of government research and develop ment documents to the public, in May of this year was given responsibility of disseminating DOD's reports. The microfiche system also benefits each agency. AEC, for example, sends out 4 to 6 tons of mail a day. And total mailings are going up at a rate of 20% per year. Thus when ever microfiche can be mailed to a user rather than a printed copy, AEC saves money. Another saving, in space, results from use of microfiche. About 10,000 microfiche can be stored in 250 inches of 4" by 6" file drawer space. This number of full size documents woLild take 300 feet of shelf space. NASA will undergo the least change because of the new system—simply by switching from a 5" by 8" microfiche to a 4" by 6" microfiche. This rela tively simple change, though, will save the agency 2 cents per card, amounting to more than $70,000 a year. OTS, which is only trying to break even, will pass on its savings to the user. Previously OTS charged 80 cents for a microfilmed document of 1 to 20 pages, three cents additional for each page over 20. Microfiche copies will sell for 50 cents the first sheet (containing up to 57 pages) and 25 cents for each additional sheet.
OTS, though, does not expect to sell many microfiche. Its sales to the public have always involved mainly printed copies of documents. And, although some microfiche will be distributed to D O D locations and contractors, OTS expects the bulk of its requests to be for printed copies. This is a problem that faces all three agencies. To make the microfiche system work as well as it should, the number of printed documents distributed by the agencies should be kept to a bare minimum. However, many users prefer a printed copy to a microfiche. AEC will urge its users to use microfiche by sending printed copies only when specifically requested to do so. The equipment to read microfiche, though, can stand some improvement. And it seems unlikely that microfiche will completely replace the printed document even when this equipment is available.
"Systematic Serendipity" Science Citation Index: An International Interdisciplinary Index to the Literature of Science. Vol. I of five volumes, xxx + 496 pages, institute for Scientific Information, 325 Chestnut St., Philadelphia, Pa. 19106. 5 volumes, $700. Reviewed by Dr. Julian F. Smith. Dr. Smith is professor of chemistry at Lenoir Rhyne College and partner in the firm of Singer, Smith 6- Co., technical information consultants. The "Science Citation Index" was seriously hurt by the publicity which introduced it. "For today's complex search requirements . . . the practical solution" is a claim without foundation. The implication that no skill is required in using the index ("the search can be turned over to anyone for look-up") is not true to the nature of searching. A numerical comparison seeks to suggest that the index gives more than three times as much as do the leading abstract index services in nucleonics, medicine, physics, biology, and chemistry combined. The implied conclusion does not conform with reality. Publicity tethered nearer to the truth would serve the publisher better. Such sins as "data . . . was" (page ix) can be forgiven, but the overdone enthusiasm in publicity fliers not so easily. The introduction makes some
sober-sided concessions to reality, admitting (page vi) that the index is not a panacea and (page xiii) that skill in using it must be acquired. Dismissing inflated claims, attentive study reveals a hard core of genuine merit and capacity to serve. Its function is well defined in the admirably succinct statement (page xvi) that it "facilitates feedback in the communication cycle." Its utility is just that sublimely simple but is not simply sublime, as the panegyrics suggest. In world coverage of published citations the contribution of the index is more modest than its publicity. The 613 scanned periodicals represent perhaps 2% of all scientific and technical periodicals. Being carefully selected, they carry a larger fraction of all periodical articles, but still far short of 50%. Sources not feasibly amenable to index coverage but far outnumbering periodical articles include patents, dissertations, new books, bibliographies published as separates, publicly available technical reports, academic and institutional bulletins, and publications of international, national, regional, and local government agencies. It may be generous to estimate that "Science Citation Index" catches 2 to 5% of all published reference citations; at worst, the figure is a tribute to the ingenuity, skill, and energy devoted to a huge undertaking. Citations from the 613 periodicals published in 1961 occupy the five volumes. Annual issues, with cumulations, are contemplated; thus utility will also be cumulative. Several benefits of index searches are suggested in the introduction; imaginative users will find others. No helper can duplicate an inquirer's mind; each user must winnow the crop for good grain, chaff, and germinatable thought-seeds from other fields of endeavor. Always, as stated in the introduction (page xiv), the book is "most helpful when used in conjunction with a large library." Without one, it has little to offer. Perish such a self-contradictory concept as systematic serendipity, but actually the index has introduced system into serendipic browsing for the first time. Like lemon in tea, it flavors the resources of a reference library. Whatever fraction of world citations is caught by the index, that fractions comes alive when examined with skill and imagination. The introduction contains a foreword by Dr. Eugene Garfield, director of the Institute for Scientific Informa-
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31, 1964 C & E N
55
WHEN « ^ χ» CONTAMINATION .*"*> STRIKES
tion. A glossary of terms follows, then a brief explanation of citation index ing, a discussion of the 613 source periodicals, and the 102,000 articles scanned therein, and finally three lists of the source periodicals arranged by abbreviated titles, by full titles, and by country of origin. The complete source article index for 1961 occupies pages 1 to 132; the index of citations, alphabetical by authors, is carried from AABE to CANN in Volume 1, and through Ζ in the remaining four volumes. The work is necessarily expensive; the task is large and production costs are high. Every potential purchaser should assay potential benefits against cost, as in deciding on the purchase of other reference tools. The only significant difference between this work, which is an innovation in litera ture searching, and other reference works is that its utility has been less fully explored. Unbiased individual judgments are needed.
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AUG. 31, 1964
Encyclopedia of Polymer Science and Technology is published by Intersci ence Publishers, 605 Third Ave., New York 16, N.Y. Dr. Herman F. Mark is chairman of the editorial board. The first volume of the series will come out this fall; at least two volumes will be published each year, and the entire set will be 10 volumes. The work will contain a comprehensive treatment of all monomers and poly mers, their properties, methods, and processes for preparation and manu facture.
Pyrodynamics is the title of a new journal of applied thermal processes which began publication the first of this year. This specialized journal is said to bridge the gap between pure science and pure technology. Its in tent is to serve the engineer whose concern is centered more on the nature of the fundamentals he applies than upon the total identity of their field of application. Subscription rates for the quarterly are $25 a year from Gor don and Breach Science Publishers, Inc., 150 Fifth Ave., New York, N.Y. 10011.
Paint and Resin Patents is the title of a recently established abstract journal
published by Translation and Techni cal Information Services, 32 Manaton Rd., London, S.E. 15, England. It is designed to meet the need for lat est information on developments in the paint, lacquer, varnish, and sur face-coating fields and about new res ins, pigments, solvents, and other ad ditives used in them. Patents from the U.S., Canada, Great Britain, France, Germany, Austria, Switzer land, the Netherlands, East Germany, Poland, and the U.S.S.R. will be ab stracted. A year's subscription is $18 (seamail) or $27 (airmail).
NEW BOOKS Modern
Developments
Microscopy.
in
BENJAMIN
Electron
M.
SIEGEL,
editor, xiii -j- 432 pages. Academic Press, Inc., I l l Fifth Ave., New York 3, N.Y. 1964. $13.50. Book brings together a coherent group of original contributions on the applica tions of the electron microscope in many fields. Sample-Size Determination. ARTHUR E. MACE. Χ -f 226 pages. Reinhold Publishing Corp., 430 Park Ave., New York, N.Y. 10022. 1964. $12. Examines in detail some 40 different types of objectives for a research ex periment. Selected Works in Organic Chemistry. A.
N.
NESAIEYANOV.
xvi
+
1172
pages. Macmillan Co., 60 Fifth Ave., New York 11, N.Y. 1964. $30. Translated from Russian. Structure Elucidation of Natural Prod ucts by Mass Spectrometry. Vol. I: Alkaloids.
HERBERT
BUDZIKIEWICZ,
CARL DJERASSI, DUDLEY H. WILLIAMS.
xi -f- 233 pages. Holden-Day, Inc., 728 Montgomery St., San Francisco, Calif. 1964. $10.50. Synthesis of Organosilicon Monomers. A. D. PETROV, B. F. MIRONOV, V. A. PONOMARENKO, E . A . CHERNYSHEV.
492 pages. Consultants Bureau En terprises, Inc., 227 West 17th St., New York, N.Y. 10011. 1964. $22.50. Translated from Russian. Die
Tonerde.
H. GINSBURG, F. W.
WRIGGE. xii -}- 178 pages. Walter de Gruyter & Co., Genthiner Str. 13, 1 Berlin 30, Germany. 1964. DM30. Trademarks Listed with the Pharma ceutical Manufacturers Association. χ -f 115 pages. Pharmaceutical Manu facturers Association, 1411 Κ St., N.W., Washington 5, D.C. 1964. $15 bound; $12.50 unbound. Underground Processing of Fuels. Academy of Sciences of the U.S.S.R. 162 pages. Program for Scientific Translations, 14 Shammai St., Jerusa lem, Israel. 1964. $5.00. Proceedings of the Institute of Fossil Fuels. Translated from Russian. Wheat: Chemistry and Technology. I. HLYNKA, editor. 603 pages. Ameri can Association of Cereal Chemists, Inc., 1955 University Ave., St. Paul 4, Minn. 1964. $18. Book attempts to provide coherent set of reviews of present knowledge on cereal chemistry of wheat.
