Molecular-Cage Method: An Improvement of the Precipitation Method

Jul 12, 2016 - The molecular-cage method is a convenient and universal way of synthesizing nanoparticles in aqueous phase. In this paper, hydroxyapati...
1 downloads 13 Views 20MB Size
Subscriber access provided by RMIT University Library

Article

Molecular-cage method: an improvement of precipitation method in synthesizing nanoparticles Yu Liu, Weidong Chi, Donglin Zhao, Hui Liu, and Yu Deng Ind. Eng. Chem. Res., Just Accepted Manuscript • DOI: 10.1021/acs.iecr.6b01714 • Publication Date (Web): 12 Jul 2016 Downloaded from http://pubs.acs.org on July 19, 2016

Just Accepted “Just Accepted” manuscripts have been peer-reviewed and accepted for publication. They are posted online prior to technical editing, formatting for publication and author proofing. The American Chemical Society provides “Just Accepted” as a free service to the research community to expedite the dissemination of scientific material as soon as possible after acceptance. “Just Accepted” manuscripts appear in full in PDF format accompanied by an HTML abstract. “Just Accepted” manuscripts have been fully peer reviewed, but should not be considered the official version of record. They are accessible to all readers and citable by the Digital Object Identifier (DOI®). “Just Accepted” is an optional service offered to authors. Therefore, the “Just Accepted” Web site may not include all articles that will be published in the journal. After a manuscript is technically edited and formatted, it will be removed from the “Just Accepted” Web site and published as an ASAP article. Note that technical editing may introduce minor changes to the manuscript text and/or graphics which could affect content, and all legal disclaimers and ethical guidelines that apply to the journal pertain. ACS cannot be held responsible for errors or consequences arising from the use of information contained in these “Just Accepted” manuscripts.

Industrial & Engineering Chemistry Research is published by the American Chemical Society. 1155 Sixteenth Street N.W., Washington, DC 20036 Published by American Chemical Society. Copyright © American Chemical Society. However, no copyright claim is made to original U.S. Government works, or works produced by employees of any Commonwealth realm Crown government in the course of their duties.

Page 1 of 23

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 60

Industrial & Engineering Chemistry Research

Molecular-cage method: an improvement of precipitation method in synthesizing nanoparticles Yu Liu*, Weidong Chi, Donglin Zhao, Hui Liu, Yu Deng Key Laboratory of Carbon Fiber and Functional Polymers, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, National Carbon Fiber Engineering Research Center, Beijing 100029, China E-mail: [email protected] Abstract: Molecular-cage method is a convenient and universal way of synthesizing nanoparticles in aqueous phase. In this paper, hydroxyapatite (HA) and Zirconium hydroxide nanoparticles are made by molecular-cage method with hydroxyl-rich solute. Structure, morphology and particle size of the product were analyzed by differential scanning calorimetric analysis (DSC) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The chemical structures of the particles are not affected by the molecular-cage effect. The sizes of nanoparticles and the concentration of solute have corresponding relationship in a limited range. The higher the concentration of solute, the smaller the nanoparticles. Besides, HA nanoparticles are also made by molecular-cage method in a water/ethanol mixture. Keywords: nanoparticles, molecular-cage, precipitation reaction 1. Introduction Nanoparticles have a lot of advantages than ordinary particles, such as, high surface to volume ratio [1], high reactivity, high surface energy and high absorbability. These advantages make them applicable in following areas: catalysts [2,3], drug delivery [4], wave absorbing [5], nano sensors [6,7], and so on. So far, various techniques, such as emulsion and microemulsion method [8], template method [9], mechanochemical method [10], polymer micelle method [11], sol-gel method [12] and microwave method [13] have been used for the synthesis of nanoparticles. But these methods, especially emulsion and microemulsion method, are too complex and costly. Additives like catalysts and surfactants have to be accurately used in the synthesis of nanoparticles by these methods. In another case, although chemical co-precipitation

ACS Paragon Plus Environment

Industrial & Engineering Chemistry Research

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 60

method is a traditional and widely used way of synthesizing particle materials, but the conditions like reaction temperature, solution concentration, stirring speed and pH value [14] must be accurately controlled for a narrow and uniform particle size. All in all, different reaction system and products need different control conditions, therefore it is not universal. In this paper, we find a universal way to synthesis nanoparticles by using molecular-cage effect.

The main advantage of this method is not to need to

design every reaction system. And the concentration of reactants of this method could be higher for the same-size particles than others. In former studies, synthetic templates have been used as molecular cages in the synthesizing of nanoparticles[15-18]. Cages formed by covalent organic frameworks or fiber networks can efficiently block the reactions in nanoscaled regions. These molecular cages have stable configurations. In this paper, we use saccharides as molecular cages. Cages formed by saccharides are dynamic in the reaction system. The reactants and products are blocked by the interaction forces of saccharides.

2. Experimental 2.1. Materials Diammonium hydrogen phosphate ((NH4)2HPO4), calcium chloride (CaCl2), sodium hydroxide (NaOH), glucose (C6H12O6) and sucrose (C12H22O11) were purchased from Beijing Chemical Works. Zirconium oxychloride octahydrate (ZrOCl2·8H2O) was purchased from Aladdin Industrial Corporation. Deionized water was used in all experiments.

ACS Paragon Plus Environment

Page 2 of 23

Page 3 of 23

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 60

Industrial & Engineering Chemistry Research

2.2. Synthesis of nanoparticles In order to synthesis hydroxyapatite (HA) nanoparticles, a aqueous mixture of 0.1 mol L-1 CaCl2 and 0.06 mol L-1 (NH4)2HPO4 was added dropwise to excessive NaOH solution with no additives, 185 g L-1 sucrose and 50/75/100/150/150 g L-1 glucose under continuous stirring respectively. In another method, 0.1 mol L-1 CaCl2 and 0.06 mol L-1 (NH4)2HPO4 was dissolved in 68 mol% ethanol-water solution and added dropwise to excessive NaOH 68 mol% ethanol-water solution under continuous stirring. Zirconium hydroxide (Zr(OH)4) nanoparticles were synthesized by adding 0.1 mol L-1 ZrOCl2 solution dropwise to excessive NaOH solution with no additives, 185 g L-1 sucrose and 200 g L-1 glucose under continuous stirring. 2.3. Characterization Powder X-ray diffraction (XRD, Bruker D8 Advance) were used to identify the crystal structure of the HA nanoparticles. The scans were taken within the 2Θ between 5° and 90°, and operated at an accelerating voltage of 40 kV and an emission current of 40 mA. Morphological characteristic of the nanoparticles were analyzed using scanning electron microscopy (SEM, HITACHI S-4700). The resistance of 18 g L-1 NaOH solution with 0/50/75/100/150/200 g L-1 glucose was measured in a one-meter-long container.

3. Results and discussion 3.1. Mechanism and effect of molecular-cage

ACS Paragon Plus Environment

Industrial & Engineering Chemistry Research

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 60

Molecular-cage method is a variant of traditional template method in which template is always solid or micelle. The structures of traditional template are stable and tangible micro-region and that limits the space of reaction. On the other, in molecular-cage method, micro-region is structured by the solute in a homogeneous system. The nanoscale cages are made by the solute with hydroxyl. The state of the solute and solvent is dynamic; therefore, the molecular-cages are intangible. Fig. 1(a) shows the formation and growth of the products in molecular-cage system. The yellow molecules are solutes that contain hydroxyl (saccharide). The motions of water and reactant molecules are blocked by Van der Wals forces and hydrogen bonds; therefore, dynamic and homogeneous micro-regions are structured in the molecular-cage method. The reactions of synthesizing particles can be blocked in nanoscale spaces so that nanoparticles can be made. Fig. 1(b) is the schematic diagram of molecular-cage method and ordinary method. Blocked by the cages, the particles synthesized by molecular-cage method are small and uniform. The growth of the particles are limited in the molecular-cage system. Without the limit, the products made by ordinary method are less likely to have nanoscale and uniform shapes. In order to investigate the effect of molecular-cage, HA and Zr(OH)4 nanoparticles are synthesized by precipitation reaction. Fig. 2 shows the XRD patterns of HA particles. It confirms that final product of the precipitation reaction is HA and its chemical structure was not affected by the presence of additives of sucrose or glucose. Saccharides are added in the excessive NaOH solutions. Saccharides and the products are stable and will not react in alkaline environments; therefore, the

ACS Paragon Plus Environment

Page 4 of 23

Page 5 of 23

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 60

Industrial & Engineering Chemistry Research

excessive NaOH can insure the stability of the product system. Fig. 3 shows the morphology and particle sizes of HA particles. The size of HA particles synthesized by ordinary precipitation method is larger than 50 nm, and it reduced to 20-30 nm and 5-15 nm while HA particles were synthesized by adding sucrose and glucose, respectively. In ordinary precipitation reaction, without the controlling of pH, reactant concentration, adding rate and stirring speed, the size of HA particles are uneven, due to the changing of pH and reactant concentration in the process of the reaction. These changes directly affected the morphology of the HA particles. In the method of adding sucrose or glucose, the effect of molecular-cage limits the precipitation reaction in nanoscale spaces. The effect of molecular-cage becomes the main influencing factor of the morphology and size of synthesized nanoparticles, that is why the HA particles are nano-sized and uniform. The particle size distributions can be seen in Fig. 4. The above phenomenon happened when Zr(OH)4 particles were synthesized by precipitation reactions. Fig. 5 shows the morphology and particle size of Zr(OH)4 particles. The size of Zr(OH)4 particles made by ordinary precipitation reaction is larger than 50 nm, some of them is larger than 100 nm. Also the morphology and particle size made by ordinary method with no additives is uneven. On the contrary, the particles are much smaller and uniform when they are synthesized by molecular-cage method. Comparison of the size of the particles made by ordinary precipitation method and molecular-cage method are shown in Fig. 6. The results show that the molecular cages can significantly make the particle size smaller. And the method of adding glucose can

ACS Paragon Plus Environment

Industrial & Engineering Chemistry Research

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 60

form smaller nanoparticle than adding sucrose when the two systems have equal molar ratio of hydroxyl. The smaller the hydroxyl-rich solute the smaller the micro-region. Glucose has smaller steric hindrance than sucrose; therefore, the glucose can more efficiently limit the movement of reactants. 3.2. Effect of solute concentration Influence of solute concentration was investigated by adding different quantity of glucose in the precipitation reaction of synthesizing HA particles. As is shown in Fig. 7, the average size of HA particles is 21 nm, 18 nm, 15 nm, 12nm and 10nm when the concentration of glucose is 50 g L-1, 75 g L-1, 100 g L-1 150 g L-1 and 200 g L-1, respectively. Fig. 8(a) shows the variation of NaOH solution’s resistance, in a one-meter-long container, with the concentration of glucose above. The higher the glucose concentration, the larger the resistance of the solution. This phenomenon indicates that the ions’ motion ability and range are limited in the reaction of synthesizing HA particles with the increase of glucose concentration. In this molecular-cage model, the micro-regions can be approximately considered as a sphere. The concentration of glucose is inversely proportional to the surface area of the sphere within limits. The relation of radius of particles (r) and concentration of solute (c) is indicated by r2=k/c

(1)

where k is a constant. This relation is also verified by the HA particles synthesized by adding different quantity of glucose. Fig. 8(b) shows the relation of r2 to 1/c as a linear relation. This linear relation can only be verified in a limited range. When the

ACS Paragon Plus Environment

Page 6 of 23

Page 7 of 23

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 60

Industrial & Engineering Chemistry Research

concentration of saccharide is too low, the sphere-shaped micro-region cannot be structured. And when the concentration of saccharide is too high, the micro-region cannot lock the reactants and products in it, so that the effect of molecular-cage cannot increase with the concentration increase. 3.3. Special molecular cage Apart from the situations above, there is another kind of molecular cage. In the water/ethanol mixture, the water molecules are not independent or continuous, but micro-cluster distributed [19]. Fig. 9 shows the distribution in water/ethanol mixture. The reaction of synthesizing HA particles is an ionic reaction. It cannot happen in the ethanol; therefore, the ethanol molecules can also generate molecular-cage effect. Fig. 10 shows the particle size of HA synthesized in water/ethanol mixture. The particle size is around 15-20 nm.

4. Conclusions Nanoparticles can be made by molecular-cage method. Reactions happen in homogeneous systems. The particle size can be as small as 5-15 nm. Within limits, the smaller the saccharides and the higher the concentration the saccharides, the smaller the nanoparticles. The water/ethanol mixture can also form molecular-cage system to synthesize nanoparticles.

ACS Paragon Plus Environment

Industrial & Engineering Chemistry Research

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 60

Reference: [1] Parakhonskiya, B.V.; Svenskaya, Y.I.; Yashchenok, A.М.; Fattah, H. A.; Inozemtseva, O.A.; Tessarolo, F.; Antolini, R.; Gorin, D.A. Size controlled hydroxyapatite and calcium carbonate particles: Synthesis and their application as templates for SERS platform. Colloid. Surface. B. 2014, 118, 243. [2] Quan, Z.; Heng, Z.; Fei, C.; Hu, L.; Hu, P.; Wei, X.; De-Yu, H.; Song, Y. Nano La2O3 as a heterogeneous catalyst for biodiesel synthesis by transesterification of Jatropha curcas L. Oil. J. Ind. Eng. Chem. 2015, 31, 385. [3] Mostafa, F.; Mohammad, M. K.; Jahangir S. Preparation and characterization of promoted Fe-Mn/ZSM-5 nano catalysts for CO hydrogenation. Int. J. Hydrogen Energy. 2015, 40, 14816. [4] Naxin, M.; Baohua, Z.; Jing, L.; Pei, Z.; Zhonghao, L.; Yuxia, L. Green fabricated reduced graphene oxide: evaluation of its application as nano-carrier for pH-sensitive drug delivery. Int. J. Pharmaceut. 2015, 496, 984. [5] Ilbeom, C.; Dongyoung, L.; Dai, G. L. Radar absorbing composite structures dispersed with nano-conductive particles. Compos. Struct. 2015, 122, 23. [6] Lei, D.;, Huizhu, Z.; Guixia, Y.; Yuehua, L.; Jing, Z.; Ling, W. Ammonia sensing characteristics of La10Si5MgO26-based amperometric-type sensor attached with nano-structured CoWO4 sensing electrode. J. Alloy. Compd. 2016, 663, 86. [7] SK, B.; Sarat K. S. Phenylboronic acid functionalized reduced graphene oxide based fluorescence nano sensor for glucose sensing. Mater. Sci. Eng. C. 2016, 58, 103.

ACS Paragon Plus Environment

Page 8 of 23

Page 9 of 23

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 60

Industrial & Engineering Chemistry Research

[8] Yuxiu, S.; Hua, Y.; Dongliang, T. Microemulsion process synthesis of lanthanide-doped hydroxyapatite nanoparticles under hydrothermal treatment. Ceram. Int. 2011, 37, 2917. [9] Songkot, U.; Jutharatana, K. Sonochemical synthesis of nano-hydroxyapatite using natural rubber latex as a templating agent. Ceram. Int. 2015, 41, 14860. [10] Sang-Hoon, R. Synthesis of hydroxyapatite via mechanochemical treatment. Biomaterials. 2002, 23, 1147. [11] Xiaocui, F.; Tao, Y.; Luoyang, W.; Jibing, Y.; Xiuli, W.;Yinjian, Z.; Chen, W.; Wei, L. Nano-cage-mediated refolding of insulin by PEG-PE micelle. Biomaterials. 2016, 77, 139. [12] Moonis, A. K.; Mohammad, M. A.; Mu, N.; Zeid, A. A.; Mahendra, K.; Tansir, A. Sol–gel assisted synthesis of porous nano-crystalline CoFe2O4 composite and its application in the removal of brilliant blue-R from aqueous phase: An ecofriendly and economical approach. Chem. Eng. J. 2015, 279, 416. [13] Mohamad, N. H.; Morsi, M. M.; Ahmed, A. E.; Sherif, K. Microwave-assisted preparation of Nano-hydroxyapatite for bone substitutes. Ceram. Int. 2016, 42, 3725. [14] Seyed-Iman, R.; Saied, N.; Zufu, L.; Richard, A.; Hala, Z. The influence hydroxyapatite nanoparticle shape and size on the properties of biphasic calcium phosphate scaffolds coated with hydroxyapatite-PCL composites. Biomaterials. 2010, 31, 5498.

ACS Paragon Plus Environment

Industrial & Engineering Chemistry Research

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 60

[15] Ryan, M.; Hai, L.; Yinghua, J.; Aric, S.; Wounjhang, P.; Wei, Z. Template Synthesis of Gold Nanoparticles with an Organic Molecular Cage. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2014, 136, 1782. [16] Bijnaneswar, M.; Koushik, A.; Prodip, H.; Partha, S. M. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2016, 138, 1709. [17] Jing-Liang, L.; Xiang-Yang, L.; Xun-Gai, W.; Rong-Yao, W. Controlling Nanoparticle Formation via Sizable Cages of Supramolecular Soft Materials. Langmuir. 2011, 27, 7820. [18] Desuo, Z.; Xiangyang, W.; Jingliang, L.; Hongyao, X.; Hong. L.; Yuyue, C.Langmuir. 2013, 29 (36), 11498 [19] Yueshan, C.; Cuijuan, Z. Molecular Dynamics Simulation of Ethanol /water Mixture for Structure Properties. J. Taishan Med. Coll. 2007, 28, 263.

ACS Paragon Plus Environment

Page 10 of 23

Page 11 of 23

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 60

Industrial & Engineering Chemistry Research

Fig. 1( (a). a) Simulation diagram of molecular-cage.

Fig. 1(b). Schematic diagram of molecular-cage method and ordinary method.

ACS Paragon Plus Environment

Industrial & Engineering Chemistry Research

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 60

Fig. 2. XRD patterns of HA particles synthesized by precipitation method with (a) no additives; (b) additives of sucrose; (c) additives of glucose.

Fig. 3(a). SEM images of HA particles synthesized by precipitation method with no additives.

ACS Paragon Plus Environment

Page 12 of 23

Page 13 of 23

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 60

Industrial & Engineering Chemistry Research

Fig. 3(b). SEM images of HA particles synthesized by precipitation method with additives of sucrose

Fig. 3(c). SEM images of HA particles synthesized by precipitation method with additives of glucose.

ACS Paragon Plus Environment

Industrial & Engineering Chemistry Research

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 60

Fig. 4(a). Particle size distribution of HA particles synthesized by precipitation method with additives of sucrose.

Fig. 4(b). Particle size distribution of HA particles synthesized by precipitation method with additives of glucose.

ACS Paragon Plus Environment

Page 14 of 23

Page 15 of 23

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 60

Industrial & Engineering Chemistry Research

Fig. 5(a). SEM images of Zr(OH)4 particles synthesized by precipitation method with no addditives.

Fig. 5(b). SEM images of Zr(OH)4 particles synthesized by precipitation method with additives of sucrose.

ACS Paragon Plus Environment

Industrial & Engineering Chemistry Research

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 60

Fig. 5(c). SEM images of Zr(OH)4 particles synthesized by precipitation method with additives of glucose.

Fig. 6. Size of the particles synthesized by (a) ordinary precipitation method; (b) molecular-cage method with additives of sucrose; (c) molecular-cage method with additives of glucose.

ACS Paragon Plus Environment

Page 16 of 23

Page 17 of 23

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 60

Industrial & Engineering Chemistry Research

Fig. 7(a). SEM images of HA particles synthesized by precipitation method with glucose of 50 g L-1

Fig. 7(b). SEM images of HA particles synthesized by precipitation method with glucose of 75 g L-1

ACS Paragon Plus Environment

Industrial & Engineering Chemistry Research

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 60

Fig. 7(c). SEM images of HA particles synthesized by precipitation method with glucose of 100 g L-1

Fig. 7(d). SEM images of HA particles synthesized by precipitation method with glucose of 150 g L-1

ACS Paragon Plus Environment

Page 18 of 23

Page 19 of 23

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 60

Industrial & Engineering Chemistry Research

Fig. 7(e). SEM images of HA particles synthesized by precipitation method with glucose of 200 g L-1

Fig. 8(a). Variation of NaOH solution’s resistance with different concentration of glucose.

ACS Paragon Plus Environment

Industrial & Engineering Chemistry Research

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 60

Fig. 8(b). Particles radius vs. solute concentration plot of reactions of synthesizing HA particles.

Fig. 9. Simulation diagram of water/ethanol mixture.

ACS Paragon Plus Environment

Page 20 of 23

Page 21 of 23

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 60

Industrial & Engineering Chemistry Research

Fig. 10. SEM images of HA particles synthesized in water/ethanol mixture.

ACS Paragon Plus Environment

Industrial & Engineering Chemistry Research

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 60

Figure captions Fig. 1. (a) Simulation diagram of molecular-cage; (b) Schematic diagram of molecular-cage method and ordinary method. Fig. 2. XRD patterns of HA particles synthesized by precipitation method with (a) no additives; (b) additives of sucrose; (c) additives of glucose. Fig. 3. SEM images of HA particles synthesized by precipitation method with (a) no additives; (b) additives of sucrose; (c) additives of glucose. Fig. 4(a). Particle size distribution of HA particles synthesized by precipitation method with additives of (a) sucrose; (b) glucose. Fig. 5. SEM images of Zr(OH)4 particles synthesized by precipitation method with (a) no addditives; (b) additives of sucrose ; (c) additives of glucose. Fig. 6. Size of the particles synthesized by (a) ordinary precipitation method; (b) molecular-cage method with additives of sucrose; (c) molecular-cage method with additives of glucose. Fig. 7. SEM images of HA particles synthesized by precipitation method with glucose of (a)50 g L-1; (b) 75 g L-1; (c) 100 g L-1; (d) 150 g L-1; (e) 200 g L-1. Fig. 8. (a)Variation of NaOH solution’s resistance with different concentration of glucose; (b) Particles radius vs. solute concentration plot of reactions of synthesizing HA particles. Fig. 9. Simulation diagram of water/ethanol mixture. Fig. 10. SEM images of HA particles synthesized in water/ethanol mixture.

ACS Paragon Plus Environment

Page 22 of 23

Page 23 of 23

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 60

Industrial & Engineering Chemistry Research

38x17mm (600 x 600 DPI)

ACS Paragon Plus Environment