258
I N D U S T R I A L A N D E N G I N E E R I N G CHEMISTRY
Detergents and Other Work We have carried on considerable research during recent years in developing some new type detergents; although different from soap in their chemical composition, they possess many of the qualities of soap in use and some advantages not common to soap. Some of these products have been successfully marketed for several years, and others have reached an encouraging stage in pilot-plant development. In addition, research done by our company comprises a multiplicity of other things of more or less importance, such as a n immense amount of formulary work aimed a t devising new articles or improving old, the testing of products from a consumer viewpoint n ith a n eye towards their improvement, and a study of the underlying scientific principles involved in the
Molecular
Vol. 34, No. 2
use of these products. Much of our vork has been to devise new processes of manufacture and to improve old procesaes. The value of research has always been recognized by the management, which has giren wholehearted encouragement to our woik.
Aclrnowledgment In carrying
this type of work, I have necessarily been greatly aided by, and am deeply indebted to, a large number of highly trained and able assistants whose cooperation has not only been helpful but has added to the pleasure of the work. I will make no attempt to mention these men individually except Emil E. Dreger who has now assumed much of the responsibility for carrying the work along. 011
efraction Nomogra Hey; M-a-n a-R-d
D. S. DAVIS \ T a p e University, Detroit, Mich.
A
IDEAL expression for calculating the molecular refraction, R, of a substance must be independent of temperature, pressure, and changes in the state of aggregation. Such an equation, in general use and based upon the Lorentx-Loren2 formula1, is: h;
I
I
/
/
/ 60
“-I I
I
I I I I I
R =
M d
(n2 in2
where -11 = inolecular weight n = refractive index d = density, yrams/cc. 1%and d refer to the same state and condition MolecuIar refractions can be computed readily by the nomograph, the use of which is illustrated as follows: V h a t is the molecular refraction of isopropyl alcohol, CaH70H, when the refractive index at 20” C. is 1.377 and the density a t 20” C. is 0.789 gram per cc.? Folloving the key, connect 60.1, the molecular weight, on the A4 scale with 1.377 on the n scale and mark the intersection with the a! scale Connect this point with 0.789 on the d scale and read the molecular refraction as 17.5 on the R scale. 1
Nernat,
“Theoretical Chemistry”, 8th-10th
London, 3Iacmillan Co., 1923. 40
35
~
- 1)
+ 2)
rd
,
