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NiSe2 Nanooctahedra as an Anode Material for High-rate and Long-life Sodium Ion Battery Shaohua Zhu, Qidong Li, Qiulong Wei, Ruimin Sun, Xiaoqing Liu, Qinyou An, and Liqiang Mai ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces, Just Accepted Manuscript • DOI: 10.1021/acsami.6b10143 • Publication Date (Web): 12 Dec 2016 Downloaded from http://pubs.acs.org on December 13, 2016
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ACS Applied Materials & Interfaces
NiSe2 Nanooctahedra as an Anode Material for High-rate and Long-life Sodium Ion Battery Shaohua Zhu, 1† Qidong Li, 1† Qiulong Wei, 1* Ruimin Sun, 1 Xiaoqing Liu, 2 Qinyou An 1 and Liqiang Mai 1* 1
State Key Laboratory of Advanced Technology for Materials Synthesis and Processing, Wuhan
University of Technology, Wuhan 430070, China. 2
Center of Materials Research and Testing, Wuhan University of Technology, Wuhan 430070,
China. KEYWORDS: sodium ion batteries, NiSe2 nanooctahedra, anode, high-rate, long-term cycle life.
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ABSTRACT: In this article, we report NiSe2 nanooctahedra as a promising anode material for Sodium-ion batteries (SIBs). It exhibits outstanding long-term cyclic stability (313 mAh/g after 4000 cycles at 5 A/g) and excellent high-rate capability (175 mAh/g at 20 A/g). Besides, the initial coulombic efficiency of NiSe2 is also very impressive (over 90 %). Such remarkable performances are attributed to good conductivity, structural stability and the pseudocapacitive behavior of the NiSe2. Furthermore, the sodium ion storage mechanism of NiSe2 is first investigated by in-situ XRD and ex-situ XRD. These highlights give NiSe2 a competitive strength for rechargeable SIBs.
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INTRODUCTION Rechargeable lithium ion batteries (LIBs) have been widely investigated and successfully commercialized due to their high energy density and outstanding cycling stability.1, 2 However, high cost and the limited of lithium supplies available restrict their development. Recently, sodium ion batteries (SIBs) have attracted extensive attention, because of low cost and abundance of sodium resource in comparison to lithium.3-8 Nevertheless, the ionic radius and molar mass of sodium are larger than those of lithium, which lead to larger volume change and poorer electrochemical performance.9-11 Thus, it is urgent to exploit new electrode materials with high performance for suitable Na-host materials to accommodate reversible sodium ion insertion and deinsertion. Recently, transition metal disulfides and diselenides such as FeS2, MoS2, FeSe2, MoSe2, have been reported as potential anode materials for SIBs due to their unique physical, chemical, electronical properties.12-19 FeS2 and MoS2 both showed a stable discharge capacity of ～200 mAh/g at 1000 mA/g.12, 13 FeSe2, MoSe2 also displayed a discharge capacity of 372 and 364 mAh/g at 1000 mA/g, respectively.14, 15 Nevertheless, the coulombic efficiency (CE) of these anode materials in the first cycle is not high. It indicates that there is still much irreversible initial capacity loss in the first galvanostatic cycle. Besides, Long-term cycle life of anode materials at high current density for SIBs is still a challenge. NiSe2, which has comparable band gap energy with good conductivity (resistivity below 10-3 Ω cm), is a promising electrode material.17-24 Facecentered cubic crystal structure of NiSe2 is the most common and usually be classified as NaCllike group that Ni and Se2 atoms correspond to Na and Cl atoms, respectively. As shown in Figure 1(b), the Se atoms octahedrally bond to the adjacent Ni atoms.23 This structure is very stable. Meanwhile, as an anode material, NiSe2 with conversion mechanism has high theoretical
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capacity (495 mAh/g). When applied as LIBs anode, it exhibited excellent electrochemical performance.20 NiSe2, coated with reduced graphene oxide and carbon (NiSe2-rGO-C), when applied as SIBs anode, also displayed good electrochemical properties (274 mAh/g at 1 A/g).17 However, the complicated process of
preparing NiSe2 and cycle life cannot meet the
requirements of industrial production and demands of people. Therefore, it is challenging but desirable to investigate this material as an anode for the large-scale rechargeable SIBs. Herein, we present a hydrothermal method to prepare NiSe2 nanooctahedra as anode material for SIBs. It shows high specific capacity, long-term cyclic stability (313 mAh/g after 4000 cycles at 5 A/g, 396 mAh/g after 200 cycles at 200 mA/g), and superior rate performance (230 mAh/g at 10 A/g and 175 mAh/g at 20 A/g). Furthermore, the reaction mechanism and the reason of discharge specific capacity decays gradually during the first 50 cycles is first investigated by insitu and ex-situ XRD (different cycle numbers), SAED and HRTEM. EXPERIMENT SECTION Synthesis of NiSe2 Nanooctahedra. NiSe2 nanooctahedra were synthesized via a hydrothermal method. In brief, 2 mmol nickel acetate tetrahydrate ( C4H6NiO4·4H2O, 0.4977 g ) and 8 mmol selenium powder ( Se, 0.6312 g ) were added into deionized water. Then, 30 ml N2H4·H2O (80%) were added into the mixture drop by drop under continuous stirring. After 60 minutes, the mixture heated at 140℃ for 20 h in a Teflon bomb. The black NiSe2 crystals were obtained after cooling to room temperature, centrifuging suspension and drying. Material Characterizations. The phase purity, chemical compositions and crystallographic data of the as-synthesized sample was performed by using a D8 Advance X-ray diffractometer (XRD; Rigaku Dmax-RB with Cu Ka X-ray source, Germany). Transmission electron microscope
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(TEM, JEM-2100F, Japan) and scanning electron microscope (SEM, JSM-7100F, Japan) were used to investigated the morphology and microstructure of the NiSe2. Electrochemical Measurements. The electrochemical performances of NiSe2 nanooctahedra were measured by assembling 2016 coin cells in an Ar-filled glovebox. The working electrodes consisted of 70 wt% of NiSe2 nanooctahedra, 20 wt% electrical conductor (acetylene black) and 10 wt% carboxyl methyl cellulose (CMC) binder on copper foil. Pure sodium disk was used as counter electrode and a 1.0 M sodium trifluomethanesulfonate (NaCF3SO3) in diethyleneglycol dimethylether (DEGDME) as the electrolyte. Galvanostatic charge-discharge tests of as-prepared cells were investigated using the LAND-CT2001A battery test system from 0.3 to 2.9 V. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION The process of synthesizing NiSe2 nanooctahedra and the SEM images of different hydrothermal time are shown in Figure 1a. Generally speaking, the inherent crystal structure dominates the final morphology of nanocrystals, especially in inchoate nucleation and subsequent growth stage. Different morphologies of nanocrystals can be synthesized via delicate control of external factors, for example, temperature, reaction time and surfactants.25,
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The crystal faces with higher
surface energy tend to disappear along with the growth of crystals. According to Gibbs–Wulff’s theorem,27 growth rate of each crystal face is γ {111}
