Natural Resources from the Sea and Soil LYLE c.lF”Ess CUSMICU M G I ” G
I T IS not within thc RC:~C of thrs paper to mention, even leas to describe, all the products availsble to this
DKPARTMENT, UHNaRSm OF MAINE, ORONO,MAINE
bheries by-products, which involves a variety of processing techniquw. Data on the tonnage and value of theae MB from the e a and from productsfor theNew England thesoil. Theyaretoodiveme area are not available to the in nature to catalog and insufauthor. A list of the major ficiently reported on to permit by-producta and the number detailed description. An a t of plants producing them is tempt is made, however, to preaented in Table 111 (8). mention some of the prodnets The value of fish meal DW from both murres that involve a wrtain xmount of rheniiwl procdwed annually in the stat^ of >laine is over $f&l,MM and that of ceshg 88 contrapml to those that are marketed directly. finh oil about 1200,MM (I). The pralurtron of 8 ~ mom 8 in 1950 Althowh Maine is a leading state in the prurluction of p ~ t a t o e ~ , nm l,lM,MM pounds (I). The value of thi product is, of no parlicular refcrence is made to thnt produrt hp II tahlr stork. cournc, dqwndmt upon thc cxwnt to which it ir pmearrd. On the other hand, the conversion of raw potatoea to French f r i t ! potatoes is comidewd ILR nn industry b w d on the processing of a natural m u r r e . Ry the wnie tokm, although the n u u k d n g o f ~ d11, i htent ~ end value of cannd 6 .~~~h in 1 ~ ~ 0 lobetera, clam, and othcr wa foods is a big entcrpriae in S e w V d u a locludiw England, noattempt is made wdiscuaa tlww T-UTI.~X tyi marketed state Pounds By-Pduou dirertly for table contiuniption. Thr availability of thm reMYns 119,863,307 8 33,099,176 murces from bath the sea and aoil is well h a m . However, there ~ ~ ~ ~ 42.108.M3 24.441.845~ I 4 867 ~6221 L3sBa2s1El , 10 ,922.2.W 18 :929 :OB5 may he mme inwrest in the mwlified forma of thew mnturials and ~.~73.4s5 n.ai5.1~ the extent to whirh thcy have I w n utilized. a8.lsa.sea m.sia.7m %sow, fmm the sea available to New England constitute not only a large industry &om the standpoint of direct table stock, but al.0 a ~ M ~ t industry i d concerned with canning and with processing of by-products. A coruidurble. though d i m . industry has been dedopad, w on crop. fmm the soil. R d ia in P-. to impmve ud.ting. product. and develop new ones, an it ia ncognhd that the desired accomplishment. an l a ~ ~ the ~ lw y u l t of planned long-range m a r c h .
@$h@zn
%EL AI.sk.
PROCEPSED MATERIALS FROM THE SEA Although the canning of foods requires relatively little chemical pmeasing, it w e m appropriatt. to mention the size of this industry, if for no other reaeon than to indicste the amount of metals required to fabricate the wn8. The number of plante in the United State8 rngaged in the prodiirtion of rmncd fishery products and hy-products ( 4 ) is listed hy 11wmin Tahlp 1. The New England area ranks third with reepeet to both the numhpr of pmdurul and numhfr of Idante.
Told
It r c n u obvious, therefore, that redourees from the sea availuble to S e w England conntitutr not only a large industry from the standpoint of direct table stovk, hut a substantial industry concerned with ranning these 808 food8 and the processing of by-products. I t in encouraging to note thar considerable r e wawh is in progrrse, the objwt of whirh iR not only to improve exiating p d u e t s . hut also to develop new ones.
Table I. P h t . Engagd in Production of Canned Fishmry Prductn and By-Pmductr in 19.50 Am.
NO.01 Produote
No. 01 Planld
108
100 48
153
44
41 148
268
21s
NsrE h d MiddlS%.otro ChSeaDMke B a y
[(outh A h t i c and (iull G m t Lakes snd M ~ ~ O PRnver P I
Pwih
coy,
4s
m
The extent of thc r n n n d ses food8 industry
20
L(B
reported for
ISSO is indirated in Table II ( 4 ) , ahirh lists thr ma of major Maine ranks third, f~ll~-&gCalifornia w d .4laaka, Funhcrmore, the New England area ~ecountsfor over 1 0 ~ o othevalueof f the total pack of m n e d em food in the United S t a h and Alsaka. The data of Table 11 do not include the canned puck of modified nea Soodp such 89 fish cakes, soups, w d chowders. Thwo arc in the New England ma, for instance, five plants that produce fish cakes, threo that produce- 6nh chomder, and 8cveral other8 that produc~sea food apecialtiee. There is ala, a subetantial industry b u d on othcr marine production.
in the valuc of thew canned produrta.
s17.04.5.017 181.453.535 158.2~4.8~1 s3.7~9.6m 945,382,241 U73.574.128
NATURAL RFSOURCX FROM THE SOIL hliueraln and woad ure not considered in this paper. An in also true of natural rewurvea from the sea, it is impracticable to demribe all the products that are groan from the soil. certain BIBW of New England have soil that is particularly well suited to the growth of cranberries, potatoes, and tobacco. The state ol Maine le& in the production of potatoes. It may not be lpnerally realiaed that a conaiderable induatry &te in New England that is baaed on the pmeasing in modified form of nome of these vegetablesand berripn. There arc about twenty industrial plants occupied in the pi* durtion of potato starch, all of them located in the state of Maine. Thin output places Maine 118 a leading state in this field. The product is widely diatributed in the fields of paper, textilea, and adhesives with neveral sprrkl uws. Also from the patauwe of Maine are produced all of the French friea that are marketed aa frozen k n c h fried p o t a m 8 under a well-horn brand name. The proper combination of soil conditiom, weather. and bhor conditions hae allowed thc New England area to develop a nubstantial industry conewed with the cannine of v m t a h h and
2526
INDUSTRIAL AND ENGINEERING CHEMISTRY
November 1952
Tablo 111. Fisheries By-Product. of New England Ana in 1950
Product
No. of Plants 10 7 10 7 4 3 2
T&
IV.
.
Pack of Canned Vegetables and B l u e b r r i e s in New England Stat- in 1949 (9
Roduot Greenbeam W U bc&M
CWS
CO*
Par Pum k h and aquaah BlUage.r*. Total
219,038 438,847 1,148,087 158.465
48.518
604.187 -~ 2.612.122
berries. The pack of green beans, wax beans, corn, peas, pumpkinins, squash, and blueberries in the year 1949 exceeded 2,330,000 cases. A variety of other products are produced in this area, mch as cranberry sauce and jelly, blueberry jelly, and pickles. %me dehydrated foods are also produced in varying amounts at ditlerent times. During World War I1 a large fraction of dehydrated potatma wa9 supplied to the armed forces from the stnte of Maine. It seem8 evident, then, that there has been developed in the New England a m a substantial, although diverse, industry based on crops from the soil. Furthermore, the writer believes that m c h and industrial development in these fields will result in considerable expansion of existing products and of new products. INDUSTRIAL W
C
H AND DEVELOPMENT8
It
appropriate to quote a statement from an article on “New England’s Pulp and Paper Industry” (S). and manufacturem are displaying awarenw of the ~ face. ~ They e yare drawing heavily on their financial reaourcea to provide the millions of dollars required to replace antiquated machinery and to im rove plant layouts. Of even more aigni6cancs, they are re-enyisting their imaginations and ingenuity and taking advantage of the opportunities presented c
h
~
2327
b{ ,chan@ng t+?a to strengthen t e a positions in the trade. They are making themelves known as murm of a IT vacety of distinctive and hi -specific.%tion pulpa, papers, and pa er hoards in order t o apply tfeii technical knowledge and .skill more advantageously. The following are some of the accomplishments made by the pulp and paper industry in thii area in recent yearn that tend to support this statement‘. The Paper Trade Jonmal(8) describes the exteasive improvement of produrtion facilities made by the 8. D. Warren Co., Cumberland Mills, Maine. Another pulp mill in Maine wm the first to develop and utilize ammonia-base sulfite pulping of wood as an improvement over calcium-base sulfite pulping. Other mills in the New England area have modified their processes to allow the utilization of large fractions of hard wood. Many of the mills have installed expensive equipment to permit better recovery of heat and to allow the production of high grade coated and specialty papers. Another mill has designed a PIOCESE, and expects to have it in operation in the near future, for the production of sulfur dioxide from pyrrhotite. The pr00ess is derigned for approximately goo0 tons of sulfur and will alleviate materially the critical shortage of sulfur. The ore is, of c o w , in close proximity to the mill. It is recognized that them, and other engineering accomplishments, are largely the reault of planned, long-range reeaarch. That such research is in progress, in substantial quantity, is heartening and bespeaks well for the future of industry in New England. LITERATURE CITED (1) Commissioner of Sea and Shore Fisheries. State of Maine,
Au-ta.
Maine. privste communication.
(2) Depsrtment of &s and Shore Fisheries. State of Maine. Augusta,
Maine. statistics.
(3) Federal Reserve Bmk ofBoston, JfoonWlv R o i m (August 1951). (4) Fish and Wildlife &rvim, U.8. Dept. Interior. “Canned Fish and By-Produeta.” C.F.S. 671 (1950).
Food Technologist. Unimnity of Maine, Omno, Maine. private communication. (6) P o w Trade J . , 134. No. 9. 20 (Feb. 29. 1952). (6)
Rec=rvro for review Maroh 31. 1952.
A c c s ~ r rA~u m t 28. 1952.
Timber Resources EDWIN L. GIDDJNGS PENOBSCOT CEEMCAC
N EW. .
England is a heavily forested region, despite widespread opuuon to the contrary. Seventy-seven per cent of her total area is covered by fore&, and those forests are growing a great deal of wable wood. In fact, they are growing as much wood as i~ being removed from them, except in a few special categories. There is an e x c w of uaable hardwoods. This e x c w is 80 great and the hardwoods are 80 ueahle that the National production Authority hae recently received applications for &ilicate of neceesity involvine new DUID facilitias in New England valued at Sll;OOO,000. %he new fhililies are expected to Mmsllme over aoO,000 c o d of hardwood per year, and there rillstill heplenty left. New England eontaina more than 31,000,000arrw of forested
W.. GR8XT WOPXS. MAINE
land (Table I), slightly over half of which, or 17,000,000 acres, is in the state of Maine. New Hampshire, Vermont, Maasaohusetts, Connecticut, and Rhode Island have lesser and leseer amounts. Leas than 1% of this total forest land is noncommemial, 80 that the great bulk of the land is available for the production of timber crops, provided they are cut properly. Each year there is less acreage available for heavy or destructive cutting. The many and varied forest stand6 of New England can he reduced .to four principal forest tm (Fiaure 1). The spruce 61 type that ia found i. the northpi portion aupplies moetof the wood for the extensive pulp and paper industry of New England. Sprure and fir predominate in this type, wilh the 61 rapidly u~ldng the commanding role. Mixed with these two speeies are varying
